Homicide impunity in Brazil between 2006 and 2016

Nery, Felipe Souza; Nadanovsky, Paulo

doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002284

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Original Article • Rev. Saúde Pública 54 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002284 copy

Homicide impunity in Brazil between 2006 and 2016

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To describe the level and temporal trends of homicide impunity in Brazil.

METHODS

This is an ecological study that calculated two impunity indexes by dividing the total number of homicides committed in a 5-year period by the number of individuals arrested for murder (homicide impunity) or any other cause (general impunity) two years after this period. The Prais-Winsten linear regression model with serial autocorrelation correction was used to estimate the temporal trend of the impunity indexes.

RESULTS

Between 2009 and 2014, 328,714 homicides were recorded in Brazil, but only 84,539 prisoners were serving sentences for this kind of crime in 2016. This shows that the number of homicides in Brazil exceeded in 244,175 the number of individuals in prisons for this crime. The impunity index ranged from 3.9 in 2006 to 3.3 in 2014. All states reached values above 1. Rio de Janeiro stood out negatively, with values above 20. São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Distrito Federal showed the lowest impunity indexes for homicide, with values below 2. Eight states showed a downward trend in the overall impunity index.

CONCLUSIONS

Most Brazilian states presented extremely high impunity indexes values. However, from 2010 to 2012, Brazilian society started to effectively combat impunity for serious violent crimes, including homicide. In São Paulo, this positive trend arose in the mid-1990s and that state currently shows impunity indexes values similar to those of developed countries.

Homicide, legislation & jurisprudence; Violence; External Causes; Criminal Liability; Ecological Studies

Regions and states	Homicides	Prisoners for murder	Prisoners for any cause	Number of homicides for every 100 prisoners for murder in 2016	Number of homicides for every 100 prisoners for any cause in 2016*

	2009–2014	2016	2016	2009–2014	2009–2014
Brazil	328,714	84,539	726,712	389	45
North	35,311	7,610	50,285	464	70
Acre	1,156	228	5,364	507	22
Amapá	1,393	112	2,680	1244	52
Amazonas	7,065	1,526	11,390	463	62
Pará	19,656	3,445	14,212	571	138
Rondônia	3,113	1,672	10,832	186	29
Roraima	848	348	2,339	244	36
Tocantins	2,080	279	3,468	746	60
Northeast	122,542	19,494	129,742	629	94
Alagoas	12,483	2,087	6,957	598	179
Bahia	34,013	1,952	15,294	1742	222
Ceará	20,580	4,746	34,566	434	60
Maranhão	10,898	1,159	8,835	940	123
Paraíba	8,959	1,640	11,377	546	79
Pernambuco	20,705	5,056	34,556	410	60
Piauí	3,068	919	4,032	334	76
Rio Grande do Norte	6,835	606	8,809	1128	78
Sergipe	5,001	1,329	5,316	376	94
Midwest	30,574	9,109	61,161	336	50
Distrito Federal	5,195	4,099	15,194	127	34
Goiás	14,803	2,411	16,917	614	88
Mato Grosso	6,528	253	10,362	2,580	63
Mato Grosso do Sul	4,048	2,346	18,688	173	22
Southeast	101,756	39,967	378,047	255	27
Espírito Santo	10,342	3,563	19,413	290	53
Minas Gerais	25,631	9,512	68,354	269	37
Rio de Janeiro	29,748	-	50,219	-	59
São Paulo	36,035	26,892	240,061	134	15
South	38,531	8,359	107,040	461	36
Paraná	19,898	3,009	51,700	661	38
Rio Grande do Sul	13,745	2,668	33,868	515	41
Santa Catarina	4,888	2,682	21,472	182	23

Regions and states	Years

	2006	2008	2010	2012	2014
Brazil	3.9	3.9	3.2	3.8	3.3
North	3.6	3.5	4.1	5.5	4.0
Acre	1.1	0.8	1.2	3.3	4.4
Amapá	2.4	2.5	2.5	10.5	10.7
Amazonas	5.5	5.0	5.3	8.6	4.0
Pará	5.4	5.3	5.6	5.3	4.8
Rondônia	2.9	2.3	2.5	3.6	1.5
Roraima	1.9	1.7	2.4	1.9	2.1
Tocantins	2.2	3.5	3.4	15.1	6.4
Northeast	3.8	5.6	3.8	7.0	5.4
Alagoas	11.1	7.6	6.9	10.3	5.1
Bahia	6.1	8.6	11.5	17.7	14.7
Ceará	2.3	-	1.8	2.4	3.9
Maranhão	4.5	7.1	7.1	12.9	8.2
Paraíba	2.1	5.2	2.5	5.4	4.7
Pernambuco	4.0	3.6	2.9	10.2	3.3
Piauí	2.3	2.9	2.7	4.2	2.9
Rio Grande do Norte	2.7	2.9	3.6	11.6	10.0
Sergipe	4.4	4.3	3.7	4.8	3.3
Midwest	2.6	2.5	2.2	3.0	2.9
Distrito Federal	1.4	1.3	1.1	1.1	1.1
Goiás	4.3	3.8	4.2	8.9	5.4
Mato Grosso	2.5	3.0	2.6	7.9	21.9
Mato Grosso do Sul	2.9	2.2	1.9	1.6	1.4
Southeast	4.4	3.5	2.8	2.3	2.1
Espírito Santo	5.0	4.5	3.5	2.8	2.4
Minas Gerais	5.3	4.6	3.6	2.8	2.3
Rio de Janeiro	-	21.8	25.9	25.5	-
São Paulo	2.6	1.9	1.4	1.2	1.1
South	3.8	4.4	4.1	5.0	3.8
Paraná	3.5	4.4	4.5	6.6	5.4
Rio Grande do Sul	7.8	9.3	8.4	5.5	4.3
Santa Catarina	1.8	1.7	1.5	2.2	1.5

Regions and states	Years

	2006	2008	2010	2012	2014
BRAZIL	0.54	0.49	0.46	0.42	0.38
North	0.62	0.62	0.65	0.52	0.60
Acre	0.23	0.18	0.21	0.19	0.19
Amapá	0.44	0.52	0.13	0.42	0.45
Amazonas	0.70	0.62	2.07	0.62	0.54
Pará	0.92	1.09	1.15	1.24	1.17
Rondônia	0.48	0.35	0.35	0.14	0.24
Roraima	0.34	0.30	0.32	0.36	0.31
Tocantins	0.53	0.50	0.52	0.28	0.52
Northeast	0.86	0.83	0.92	0.92	0.81
Alagoas	2.71	2.45	2.02	1.71	1.53
Bahia	0.88	0.95	1.74	1.75	1.87
Ceará	0.60	0.59	0.62	0.62	0.53
Maranhão	0.87	0.91	1.16	1.13	1.08
Paraíba	0.39	0.51	0.62	0.66	0.68
Pernambuco	1.10	0.92	0.73	0.70	0.48
Piauí	0.76	0.68	0.67	0.67	0.67
Rio Grande do Norte	0.48	0.41	0.47	0.59	0.69
Sergipe	0.84	0.76	0.80	0.75	0.82
Midwest	0.36	0.36	0.36	0.35	0.36
Distrito Federal	0.44	0.39	0.34	0.30	0.28
Goiás	0.68	0.66	0.72	0.69	0.76
Mato Grosso	0.42	0.39	0.44	0.49	0.53
Mato Grosso do Sul	0.26	0.31	0.28	0.25	0.18
Southeast	0.52	0.41	0.31	0.25	0.22
Espírito Santo	0.84	0.82	0.64	0.54	0.43
Minas Gerais	0.45	0.45	0.38	0.33	0.32
Rio de Janeiro	1.48	1.30	0.86	0.62	0.49
São Paulo	0.37	0.24	0.17	0.14	0.12
South	0.35	0.36	0.41	0.45	0.30
Paraná	0.37	0.43	0.54	0.62	0.31
Rio Grande do Sul	0.35	0.34	0.37	0.39	0.34
Santa Catarina	0.26	0.23	0.22	0.24	0.19

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[1] Correspondence: Paulo Nadanovsky Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, sala 7021-D 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil E-mail: nadanovsky@ims.uerj.br