Health insurance coverage of the elderly and socioepidemiological characteristics associated

Abstracts

OBJETIVO: Analisar fatores epidemiológicos e sociodemográficos associados à saúde de idosos com ou sem plano de saúde. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas entrevistas com 2.143 pessoas de 60 anos e mais, no município de São Paulo, em 2000 e 2006. A variável dependente, dicotômica, foi ter ou não plano de saúde. As variáveis independentes abrangeram características sociodemográficas e de condição de saúde. Foram descritas as proporções encontradas para as variáveis analisadas e desenvolvido modelo de regressão logística que considerou significantes as variáveis com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Houve diferenças, favoráveis aos titulares de planos, para renda e escolaridade. O grupo sem planos privados realizou menos prevenção contra neoplasias e mais contra doenças respiratórias; esperou mais para ter acesso a consultas de saúde; realizou menos exames pós-consulta; referiu menor número de doenças; teve maior proporção de avaliação negativa da própria saúde e relatou mais episódios de queda. Os titulares de planos relataram menor adesão à vacinação e, dentre os que foram internados, 11,1% em 2000 e 17,9% em 2006 tiveram esse procedimento custeado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. A única doença associada à condição de titular de plano privado foi a osteoporose. CONCLUSÕES: Há diferenças representadas pela renda e pela escolaridade favoráveis aos titulares de planos e seguros privados, as quais estão relacionadas com o uso de serviços e com os determinantes sociais de saúde.

Idoso; Serviços de Saúde para Idosos; Sistemas Pré-Pagos de Saúde; Fatores Socioeconômicos

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Health insurance coverage of the elderly and socioepidemiological characteristics associated

Ancianos con y sin póliza de salud y características socioepidemiológicas asociadas

Elizabeth S. C. Hernandes^I; Maria Lúcia Lebrão^II; Yeda A. O. Duarte^III; Jair L. Ferreira Santos^IV

^IMinistério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome. Governo Federal. Brasília, DF, Brasil

^IIDepartamento de Epidemiologia. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

^IIIDepartamento de Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica. Escola de Enfermagem. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

^IVDepartamento de Medicina Social. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Correspondence

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine sociodemographic and epidemiological factors associated with private health insurance coverage in the elderly.

METHODS: A total of 2,143 individuals aged 60 years or more were interviewed in the city of São Paulo in 2000 and 2006. Having private health insurance was the dichotomous dependent variable. Independent variables included sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported health status. The proportions of the variables studied were described and a logistic regression model considering those variables significant at p < 0.05 was constructed.

RESULTS: The elderly with private insurance coverage had significantly higher income and education. The elderly with no private insurance were screened less for cancer and more for respiratory diseases; they waited longer for appointments; they performed less medical tests; they reported fewer conditions and more falls and had a more negative self-rated health. The insured respondents reported lower vaccination rates and, among those hospitalized, 11.1% had their medical costs covered by the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in 2000 and 17.9% in 2006. Osteoporosis was the single condition associated with private health insurance.

CONCLUSIONS: The elderly with private insurance coverage had significantly higher income and education than those with no private coverage, and these differences were associated with service utilization and social determinants of health.

Descriptors: Aged. Health Services for the Aged. Health Maintenance Organizations. Socioeconomic Factors.

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Analizar factores epidemiológicos y sociodemográficos asociados a la salud de ancianos con o sin seguro de salud.

MÉTODOS: Se realizaron entrevistas con 2.143 personas de 60 años y más, en el municipio de Sao Paulo, en 2000 y 2006. La variable dependiente, dicotómica, fue tener o no póliza de salud. Las variables independientes abarcaron características sociodemográficas y de condición de salud. Se describieron las proporciones encontradas para las variables analizadas y se desarrolló modelo de regresión logística que consideró significantes las variables con p < 0,05.

RESULTADOS: Hubo diferencias, favorables a los titulares de pólizas, para renta y escolaridad. El grupo sin seguros privados realizó menos prevención contra neoplasias y más contra enfermedades respiratorias; esperó más para tener acceso a consultas de salud; realizó menos exámenes post-consulta; refirió menor número de enfermedades; tuvo mayor proporción de evaluación negativa de la propia salud y relató más episodios de caídas. Los titulares de pólizas relataron menor adhesión a la vacunación y, entre los que fueron internados, 11,1%, en 2000 y 17,9% en 2006 tuvieron ese procedimiento costeado por el Sistema Único de Salud Brasileño. La única enfermedad asociada a la condición de titular de seguro privado fue la osteoporosis.

CONCLUSIONES: Hay diferencias representadas por la renta y por la escolaridad favorables a los titulares de pólizas y seguros privados, y estas están relacionadas con el uso de servicios y con los determinantes sociales de salud.

Descriptores: Anciano. Servicios de Salud para Ancianos. Sistemas Prepagos de Salud. Factores Socioeconómicos.

INTRODUCTION

Population aging in Brazil and its impact on health system issues are well established in the literature.^13,20,21

The Brazilian health system is based on the principle of "health as a right for all and a duty of the state". Article 196 of the Federal Constitution guarantees the universal provision of public services and allows the market to participate in a complementary way, in the form of companies or professionals.

According to the Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (National Agency for Supplementary Health - ANS),ª there is a tendency for those above the age of 20 to have increasing cover. The elderly have more supplementary health cover in all units of the Federation and the municipality of São Paulo, SP, has the highest concentration of private health plans in the general population.

Although the literature reports high levels of participation in health plans and health insurance among the elderly,^20,21 little research has been carried out focussed specifically on this phenomenon. Whether or not to regulate the behaviour of the elderly in the face of the growing health insurance market is a favourite topic.

The possibility of individuals switching between public and private providers - or using both at the same time - needs to be analysed. There is a lack of information on the peculiarities inherent to the elderly's state of health. The available data are often based on mortality rates, the Brazilian National Health Service (SUS) hospitalisations, records of notifiable diseases and administrative records from public health programmes and services.

This article aims to analyse the socio-economic characteristics and state of health of the elderly and their correlations with having private health insurance.

METHODS

This is a cohort study based on SABE (the Health, Well-Being and Ageing Survey)¹⁸ with a sample of 2,143 over 60s selected using probability sampling of clusters representative of the elderly population in the municipality of São Paulo in 2000.

In 2006, after deaths (30.3%), unable to locate (6.5%), being institutionalised (0.5%), moving away (2.4%) and refusal to participate (8.3%), 1,115 individuals were re-interviewed.

The sample was divided into two groups: individuals who did not have private health insurance (Pb) and those who had some form of health plan (Pr). The Pb group primarily made use of the public health service providers whereas the Pr group used private providers. For the context of this study, health service provider is the body responsible for covering the costs of the service received, as the State makes use of both its own network of services and those outsourced to third parties. We evaluated those with and without a health plan in 2001 and 2006.

The dependent variable was dichotomous, having, or not, a health plan. The independent variables covered socio-demographic (age, sex, level of education, income) and health questions (diseases and disorders, self-evaluations of health, use of services and preventative activities undertaken in health services).

We carried out descriptive analysis of the ratios obtained for the variables. In order to verify correlation, we carried out univariate analysis using the second order Rao-Scott correction for complex samples. The significance level was 20% to include the variable in the multiple analysis. A model was produced to verify the correlations, using stepwise logical regression to rank the relevance of each explanatory variable. Those with p < 0.05 were considered to be significant. The data were analysed using Stata software, version 8.

The study was approved by the Ethical Research Committee of the Faculty of Public Health from USP and by the National Ethical Research Committee (315/99, 17.6.1999).

RESULTS

In both periods, there was a larger proportion of women with private health insurance. But the difference was statistically significant, when 51.3 of those who had a private health plan were women.

In the second period, women formed the majority in all age groups except 70 to 74 and 80+ years old, in which men represented 59.3% and 53% respectively. Among the older women (80+), 61.2% did not have health insurance in 2000. Men predominantly had the lower ratios for having a health plan: 34.2% for the 65 to 69 age group in 2006 (Table 1).

Those who had private health plans had higher levels of education and there was a direct relationship between the number of years spent in the educational system and having health insurance (Table 1). Although the Pr group was smaller, it had a greater concentration of income ≥ five minimum salaries (MS). Around 71.0% of the women and 75.2% of the men in the Pb group had income < one MS. The proportion of women with a lower income decreased in 2006 among the Pb group, a result not observed in the males (Table 1).

In 2000 there were more reports of high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease among the women in the Pb group. In 2006, there were fewer women in this group with high blood pressure and diabetes, with the rate of those suffering from heart disease similar to that of 2000. The incidence of embolism / stroke was very similar in both periods for both men and women in the Pb group (Table 2).

Men in the Pb group reported more falls. This sub-group had the highest rate of falls of the four groups studied during these two periods (Table 2).

The number of women in the Pb group who evaluated their own health negatively in 2000 is noteworthy when compared to the number of men: (77.9% and 49% respectively). In 2006, conversely, the women's evaluations were more positive. The greatest number of "good/excellent" evaluations were from the women in the Pr group (Table 3).

In 2006 there was a small decline in the number of negative evaluations from those in the Pb group, and an increase in the Pr group. However, more than 45% of evaluations were favourable in all categories for the Pr group.

Around 80% of men in the 2000 Pb group had a "worse" view of themselves when compared with their peers. Although this proportion decreased in 2006, it continued to be larger among the subgroups 963.)%) (Table 3). Women continued to give themselves the worst evaluations compared with the previous 12 months, although there was a smaller number of women from the Pb group in the "worst" category in 2006 (Table 3).

The relative quantities for 'service use' were described without being subdivided by sex, as the variables were not affected by influences specific to sex or gender.

Of those who reported waiting more than 90 days for an appointment, 80.4% were from the Pb group. In 2006, this proportion decreased to 51.7%. Waiting times increased for the Pr group between 2000 and 2006. Although the Pr group continued to wait for less time than their counterparts, the distance between the figures for the two groups shrank. In 2000, 19.6% of individuals in the Pr group waited more than 90 days for an appointment: in 2006 this figure was 48.3% (Table 4).

Of those who waited between 16 and 30 days, 72.9% and 51.0% in 2000 and 2006, respectively, were from the Pb group. In other words, waiting between 16 and 30 days for an appointment was common in both groups in the second period (Table 4).

More service users from the Pb group waited more than 90 days for the care they required, whereas the majority of service users in the Pr group experienced a wait of eight to 15 days. The average waiting time for the Pb group was 18 days in 2000 and increased to 41 days in 2006. The Pr group's average waiting time also increased, from eight to 20 days. On average, individuals in both groups had to wait twice as long in 2006 as in 2000.

Waiting times at treatment centres did not vary much between the two groups. In 2000, 56.3% of those who waited less than 15 minutes were in the Pr group, as were 55.3% of those who waited longer (31 to 60 min). More than 60% of those who waited up to 30 minutes were from the Pr group in 2006. Of those who waited more than an hour, 74.6% were from the Pb group (Table 4).

In 2000, 11.1% of those who reported having private health insurance and who needed treatment had their procedure paid for by the SUS. In 2006, this proportion was 17.9% (Table 4).

The only preventative health activities in which Pb users overtook Pr users was in vaccination against respiratory diseases: more than 50% of those vaccinated, in both periods, were from the Pb group (Table 5).

Women in the Pb group underwent fewer check-ups and the proportion who had these decreased even further in 2006. In 2000, 40.3% of women who didn't have private health insurance reported having had a mammogram in the previous two years. In 2006, this proportion lowered to 35.4%. Among those who did have private health insurance, the figures were 59.7% and 64.8% respectively (Table 5).

Around 47% of the women in the Pb group, and 53% in the Pr group had a smear test in 2000; in 2006 these figures were 38.2% and 61.8% respectively. 59.7% of women in the Pr group had a mammogram in 2000 and 64.8% in 2006 (Table 5).

Men's participation in preventative health activities followed a similar pattern to that of the women: those without a private health plan had fewer prostate exams and more vaccinations. Of those who underwent prostate exams in 2000, 59.1% were in the Pr group and in 2006 this figure was 45.8% (Table 5).

The logistic regression analysis carried out for the women in the 2000 period showed correlations between having a health plan and the following: high level of education and income; reports of osteoporosis; self-evaluating health as good or excellent when compared to others of the same age; vaccinations; receiving requests for additional tests in less than 15 days after the consultation. Among the men the associated variables were high levels of education and undergoing prostate exams, adjusted for income, reports of osteoporosis, self-evaluation of health and requesting tests.

In 2006, for women, the following variables correlated: high levels of education and income; reports of osteoporosis; receiving requests for additional tests; undergoing mammograms and being seen within 30 minutes of arriving at the centre. For men the following correlated: high income; undergoing prostate exam and being seen within 30 minutes of arrival.

DISCUSSION

The results confirm that income is a determiner in the choice of health care provider, and consolidate level of education as a proxy of income. Although income was not significant in 2000, level of education was for men and both explain the possession of private health insurance in 2006. The weighting of income as an explanatory variable in possession of private health insurance confirms the results of other studies.^2,7,20

The variables of state of health are shown to be outcomes associated with having a health plan. The results do not allow us to establish a linear association between chronic illness and basic health care provider. The Pb and Pr groups are similar in terms of illness and disorders common in ageing (high blood pressure and diabetes). Reports of diseases which required more complex diagnoses (cancer and osteoporosis) were more prevalent in the Pr group.

In the Pb group, there was an unexpected decline in reports of joint disease for both sexes and of high blood pressure and diabetes in women, and a simultaneous increase in these illnesses in the Pr group. This result may be linked to the fact that the interviewees reported illnesses diagnosed by a health professional. There may have been an increase in the proportion of diagnoses and those possessing health plans had greater access to these. The population covered by health insurance makes more use of services, increasing their chances of obtaining a diagnosis.¹³ We should bear in mind survival bias, as there were more deaths in the Pb group.

Women possessing health insurance had access to diagnoses of lung disease and osteoporosis; they did not seek them as they were aware of these conditions. This conclusion is based on other associated factors for both sexes in the two periods, such as undergoing mammograms and prostrate exams, requesting additional tests after consultations and shorter waiting times for appointments among those who had health plans.

High consumption of services by those who have health plans is usually the principal argument in favour of moral hazard in the insured versus insurance provider relationship.^6,22 In work which compared surveys by PNAD (Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostra de Domicílios) from 2003 and 2008, Instituto de Estudos de Saúde Suplementar

Research has shown that women evaluate their own health more negatively, though the variables with greater explanatory power are related to factors such as the presence of chronic illness, social determinants or levels of difficulty in carrying out everyday tasks.^5,17

Waiting times increased for those with private health insurance who used public services for expensive procedures, such as those requiring a hospital stay. Among those with health plans, only 58% in 2000 and 56.0% in 2006 underwent all the tests requested after consultations. This suggests difficulty of access to more complex procedures, even for those who had a health plan.

The reason given by those in the Pb group for not having tests-cost - allows us to assume that they were unable to have the tests carried out by public health care providers. This is connected to the organisation of provision of more complex services which, in turn, reflects inequalities in health services provided.

Travassos et al²³ analysed two national surveys on health and lifestyle, whose results showed that what is covered by private health plans depends on income and is more extensive in higher income groups and among residents in the south east region. After being adjusted for age, sex and morbidity, those possessing health insurance had a greater chance of using health services. Such results agree with studies which indicate health plans as an explanatory factor in the inequality in the consumption of health services.

A high percentage of individuals with private health plans had hospital stays paid for by the SUS at a moment when the more aged cohort could have demanded more complex resources. This data concords with studies which report a tendency for the State to finance more expensive procedures.¹⁵

Those with private insurance making use of public health care providers is a common practice in the municipality of São Paulo. Research by Ibope

The low take up of vaccination among those with health plans is also reported in other studies. Francisco et al⁹ found fewer reports of vaccination among those with higher levels of education and other research^8,12 does not show a link between vaccination and socio-demographic characteristics, with the exception of age. These studies only analysed individuals using public health service providers. However, investigating this tendency among the elderly with private health plans is an issue to be further researched.

We did not find any studies which linked undergoing a mammogram with having private health insurance, but with higher socio-economic conditions, enabling us to assume that undergoing these more complex tests is associated with this condition.¹⁶

Low adherence to prevention of cervical cancer among women of the Pb group may be associated with the fact that health policies give priority to women aged 35 to 59.¹⁸

Studies have shown a link between prostate cancer and low levels of education, as well as between this cancer and not undergoing preventative examinations.^10,11 Access to prevention through clinical examinations is influenced by socio-economic conditions and the individuals with access to private health care providers have more chance of having them.

The population who make use of health plans is older than the general population^3,4 and the influence of variables relating to general state of health is not significant in explaining possession of private health insurance.² Studies investigating the classification of prevailing types of plans in Brazil allow us to question the validity of arguments based on information asymmetry such as moral hazard and adverse selection.^2,4

Bahia et al³ classify health plans into "Private enterprise", "public enterprise", "individual" and "dependent". The first two are defined by their connection with occupation, i.e. the individual has a determined plan for belonging to a specific professional category, with little or no choice in the conditions. The type which really represents the consumer with choice is the "individual plan" category, acquired directly from the provider and totally unsubsidized.

In line with the theory of absence of information asymmetry, studies show the low significance of variables connected with state of health in explaining possession of private health plans among the elderly.^7,13 "Health plan" in the sense of an outcome can be seen in the work of Lima-Costa et al¹⁴ and Travassos et al.¹⁹ The first shows greater uptake of preventative services among those who have private health insurance, regardless of sex and level of education. The second shows the probability of using health services by those segments covered by plans is greater than that of those without a plan, even after adjusting for age sex and morbidity.

In the socioeconomic aspect we found differences in favour of those who had health plans and private insurance, represented by the variables "income" and "level of education". In the epidemiological aspect, the differences were related to use of services and social health determinants. The only illness associated with having a private health plan was osteoporosis, the diagnosis of which requires more complex resources, which are more accessible to private providers. Moreover, between 2000 and 2006 there was a higher mortality rate among those who did not have private health insurance.

Evidence that epidemiological reasons outweighed social and economic issues in determining possession of private health insurance were not found. However, continuing investigation into health care models appropriate for a population with an increasing number of both individuals and health demands is recommendable, in the context of a society which needs to improve in guaranteeing its people's basic rights, always bearing in mind the reality of the technological and health supplier market.

REFERENCES

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• 2. Bahia L, Costa AJL, Fernandes C, Luiz RR, Cavalcanti MLT. Segmentação da demanda dos planos e seguros privados de saúde: uma análise das informações da PNAD/98. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2002;7(4):671-86. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232002000400006
• 3. Bahia L, Simmer E, Oliveira DC. Cobertura de planos privados de saúde e doenças crônicas: notas sobre utilização de procedimentos de alto custo. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2004;9(4):921-9. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232004000400013
• 4. Bahia L, Luiz RR, Salm C, Costa AJL, Kale PL, Cavalcanti MLT. O mercado de planos e seguros de saúde no Brasil: uma abordagem exploratória sobre a estratificação das demandas segundo a PNAD 2003. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2006;11(4):951-65. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232006000400017
• 5. Barreto SM, Figueiredo RC. Doença crônica, autoavaliação de saúde e comportamento de risco: diferença de gênero. Rev Saude Publica. 2009;43(Supl 2):38-47. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102009000900006
• 6. Baumgardner JR. Rand J Econ. The interaction between forms of insurance contract and types of technical change in medical care. 1991;(22):36-53. DOI:10.2307/2601006
• 7. Bós AMG, Bós AJG. Determinantes na escolha entre atendimento de saúde privada e pública por idosos. Rev Saude Publica 2004;38(1):113-20. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102004000100016
• 8. Donalisio MR, Ruiz T, Cordeiro R. Fatores associados à vacinação contra influenza em idosos em município do Sudeste do Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2006;40(1):115-9. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102006000100018
• 9. Francisco PMSB, Donalisio MR, Barros MBA, César CLG, Carandina L, Goldbaum M. Fatores associados à vacinação contra a influenza em idosos. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2006;19(4):259-64. DOI:10.1590/S1020-49892006000400006
• 10. Gonçalves IR, Padovani C, Popim RC. Caracterização epidemiológica e demográfica de homens com câncer de próstata. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2008;13(4):1337-42. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232008000400031
• 11. Hall SE, Holman CD, Wisniewski ZS, Semmens J. Prostate cancer: socio-economic, geographical and private-health insurance effects on care survival. BJU Int. 2005;95(1):51-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05248.x
• 12. Lima-Costa MF. Fatores associados à vacinação contra gripe em idosos na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Rev Saude Publica. 2008;42(1):100-7. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102008000100013
• 13. Lima-Costa MF, Guerra HL, Firmo JOA, Vidigal PG, Uchoa E, Barreto SM. The Bambuí Health and Aging Study (BHAS): private health plan and medical care utilization by older adults. Cad Saude Publica. 2002;18(1):177-86. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2002000100018
• 14. Lima-Costa MF, Firmo JO, Uchoa, E. A estrutura da autoavaliação da saúde entre idosos: Projeto Bambuí. Rev Saude Publica. 2004;38(6):827-34. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102004000600011
• 15. Pina JA, Castro HA, Andreazzi MFA. Sindicalismo, SUS e planos de saúde. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2006;11(3):837-46. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232006000300031
• 16. Sclowitz ML, Menezes AMB, Gigante DP, Tessaro S. Condutas na prevenção secundária do câncer de mama e fatores associados. Rev Saude Publica. 2005;39(3):340-9. DOI:10.1590/S0034-89102005000300003
• 17. Scott WK, Macera CA, Cornman CB, Sharpe PA. Functional health status as a predictor of mortality in men and women over 65. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50(3):291-6. DOI10.1016/S0895-4356(96)00365-4
• 18. Thuler LCS. Mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero no Brasil. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2008;30(5):216-8. DOI:10.1590/S0100-72032008000500002
• 19. Travassos C, Viacava F, Fernandes C, Almeida CM. Desigualdades geográficas e sociais na utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2000;5(1):133-49. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232000000100012
• 20. Veras R, Parahyba MI. O anacronismo dos modelos assistenciais para os idosos na área da saúde: desafios para o setor privado. Cad Saude Publica. 2007;23(10):2479-89. DOI:10.1590/S0102-311X2007001000022
• 21. Veras RP, Caldas CP, Araújo DV, Mendes RKW. A assistência suplementar de saúde e seus projetos de cuidado para com o idoso. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2008;13(4):1119-26. DOI:10.1590/S1413-81232008000400007
• 22. Zweifel P, Manning WG. Moral hazard and consumer incentives in health care. In: Culyer AJ, Newhouse JP, editors. Handbook of Health Economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2000. v.1A, p.409-59.

^b

stated that individuals with health insurance showed a greater prevalence of chronic illness. Better access to diagnoses by those possessing health insurance enabled early detection of these diseases. Moreover, there is a difference in age groups: those with health plans make up a more elderly population.

^3,4

^c

(Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics.) of 29,439 residents showed that 15% of those who used public services had private health plans.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Mar 2013
• Date of issue
  Dec 2012

History

• Received
  26 Jan 2012
• Accepted
  24 May 2012