Phenotypic , additive genetic and environment correlations of maize landraces populations in family farm systems Luciane

Knowledge of the association between characters is very important in the genetic breeding programs, but there is limited information about correlations between traits in maize landraces in the current literature. The objectives of this study were to estimate phenotypic, additive genetic and environment correlations among traits in maize landraces, which were cultivated in family farm systems, in order to guide the participatory breeding on maize landraces. Between 294 and 400 half-sib progenies from the six populations were evaluated, subdivided in triple 7X7 and 10X10 lattice design, respectively, with single row plots of 4 m long and spaced 1.00 × 0.20 m. Estimates of correlation coefficients are reported for nine traits: grain yield (GY), relation grain weight per ear weight (GE), ears per plant (EP), days to flower (DF), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), percentage of root loding (%L), percentage of stalk loding (%BS) and percentage of damaged ears (%DE). A high number of additive genetic correlation (rA) was obtained between grain yield and the other traits, in maize landraces populations, cycles and locations. For grain yield, the highest averages of the rA estimate were with EP (0.67), GE (0.47) and %DE (-0.63). In contrast to the current published researches, negative correlations between grain yield and days to flower were observed.


Introduction
Brazilian maize landraces populations were originated through Amerindian races, introduced from central and of North America and several commercial materials (Paterniani, 1998;Paterniani et al., 2000;Sánchez et al., 2007).These varieties have been broadly and independently cultivated throughout Brazilian regions and they have relevant socio-economic importance for the family farm systems.As a result, accessions were developed and selected for different environments and morphological characteristics (Paterniani et al., 2000;Warburton et al., 2008;Wietholter et al., 2008).However, more consistent agronomic and genetic knowledge about these collections is still lacking and it is a serious limitation to utilizing, managing, and conserving of maize landrace gene pools (Nass et al., 1993;Andrade et al., 2002;Teixeira et al., 2002).
The use of genotypic correlation helps evaluating the magnitude and direction of associations between characters facilitating the application of indirect selection, because genetic change in a given trait may change other traits, leading to faster and larger genetic gains in maize breeding programs (Vencovsky and Barriga, 1992).There-Sci.Agric.(Piracicaba, Braz.), v.67, n.6, p.685-691, November/December 2010 fore, the selection for another trait may result in indirect response in the low heritable trait, provided the following conditions are satisfied: the genetic correlation between them is substantial, and the heritability of the secondary trait is greater than that of the primary trait (Hallauer and Miranda Filho, 1995).Many authors have estimated genetic correlations among different maize traits in different maize types (Lemos et al., 1992;González et al., 1994;Pinto et al., 2000;Silva et al., 2001;Farias Neto and Miranda Filho, 2001;Saleh et al., 2002;Granate et al., 2002;Daros et al., 2004;Santos et al., 2005;Andrade and Miranda Filho, 2008).However, there is limited published research with genetic correlation estimates for maize landraces.Thus, the objectives of this study were to estimate phenotypic, genotypic and environment correlations among traits in maize landraces, that were cultivated in family farm systems.

Material and Methods
Six maize landraces populations, four with yellow endosperm (Caiano, Carioca, Macaco and Palha Roxa) and two with white endosperm (Cinquentinha and Maizena), that have been improved by the Participatory Breeding Program of Maize Landrace (Ferreira et al., 2006), were used in this study.These landraces were selected individually, through two or three cycles of halfsib family selection, using selection intensity at about 12.0% to 16.3%, according to the methodology showed by Hallauer and Miranda Filho (1995), in family farm systems.
The populations were evaluated with 300 and 400 half-sib progenies in three and four 10X10 lattice experiments, respectively, with three replications each, during the initial cycle of recurrent selection (C0).In the following cycles of the recurrent selection (C1 and C2) 294 half-sib progenies in six 7X7 lattice experiments with three replications (Table 1) were evaluated.Experimental plots were represented by a single row 4 m long, spaced 1 m apart, with 20 plants after thinning.The following traits were taken for analysis: GY -total grain yield corrected for 13.5% moisture (g per plant and t ha -1 ); GErelation grain weight per ear weight; EP -ears per plant; DF -days to flower, (average between days to silk extrusion and days to anthesis); PH -plant height (cm), EH -ear height (cm); %L -percentage of root loding; %BSpercentage of stalk loding; and %DE -percentage of damaged ears.
The half-sib progenies were obtained and evaluated in farms of Paraná and Santa Catarina states, Brazil, using organic systems of production.The climate of these local is subtropical humid (Table 1).
The basic statistical model for variance and covariance analyses following the lattice design is Y ik/j = m + p i + r j + (b|r) k(j) + e ik/j , where Y ik/j is the observed mean of i th progeny in the k th block of the j th replication; m is the general mean; p i is the random effect of the i th progeny; r j is the random effect of the j th replication; (b|r) k(j) is the random effect of k th block of the j th replication; where: M E is the mean squares of error; M P/Exp is the mean squares of progeny within experiments; P E is the mean products of error; P P/Exp is the mean products of progeny within experiments.X and Y refer to pairs of traits (Viana and Regazzi, 1999;Silva et al, 2000).The Student's t test was used to determinate the significance of the phenotypic, additive and environmental correlation coefficients at the 5% and 1% probability levels.

Results and Discussion
A progeny variation (p < 0.01) was detected for total grain yield (GY), days to flower (DF), plant height (PH), ear height (EH) in all experiments.The others traits had significant progeny effects in the majority of experiments.So, there is genetic variability for the populations in the different cycles and local for the vast majority of evaluated traits (Table 2).
The maximum and minimum population average by local and cycles of selection, were, respectively, 8.18 and 1.86 t ha -1 for grain yield; 0.85 and 0.62 for relation grain weight per ear weight; 1.12 and 0.62 ears per plant; 50.3% and 5.7% for percentage of damaged ears; 111 and 80 for days to flower; 309 and 171 cm for plant height; 197 and 85 cm for ear height; 24.3% and 0% for percentage of root lodging; and, 53.7% and 0.8% percentage of stalk lodging (Table 2).These results show a good perfor-Sci.Agric.(Piracicaba, Braz.), v.67, n.6, p.685-691, November/December 2010 mance of populations in family farm systems for the majority of locals and cycles of selection, when compared to the average of 5.35 t ha -1 (density of 50,000 plants ha -1 ) mean estimates for Brazilian populations (Miranda Filho, 1985), particularly when the rustic environmental conditions in which those experiments were conducted are considered.Poor performance for grain yield and other traits were observed in few locations.
The majority of the traits, evaluated in the cycles and local, exhibited additive correlation coefficients (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) with grain yield.High additive correlations were frequently observed between grain yield and the traits: grain weight per ear weight (GE), ears per plant (EP) and percentage of damaged ears (%DE).High correlations between yield and ears per plant have also been reportedby Lemos et al. (1992), González et al. (1994) and Silva et al. (2001).For the traits days to flower (DF), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), percentage of root loding (%L), percentage of stalk loding (%BS), smaller correlation with grain yield were predominant, but significant for the majority.The high degrees of freedom included in the t test must have contributed to show significant correlation in low estimates.The additive correlation indicated that an increase of grain yield of these maize landraces in family farm systems, is associated with increase of grain weight per ear weight (GE), number of ears per plant (EP) and decrease for percentage of damaged ears (%DE) (Table 3).
For plant height and ear height, frequently, the significant additive correlations with grain yield were positive, ranging from 0.58 to -0.21 and 0.63 to -0.21, and only three cases had low negative estimates (Table 3).(Andrade and Miranda Filho, 2008).Nineteen estimates of r A between grain yield and days to flower (Table 3) were negatives and significant (-0.52 to -0.10), as long as four were positive and significant (0.43 to 0.13), suggesting that the selection of earlier maturity plants, in these maize landraces populations, could result in greater yield.Average estimate of genetic correlations across 13 populations showed that the correlation between these traits presented low value (0.14) (Hallauer and Miranda Filho, 1995).
Although the estimates of r A between grain yield with percentage of root loding (%L) and with percentage of stalk loding (%BS) were significant, there was no clear pattern, with the estimated values oscillating between positive and negative (Table 3).
The average of environmental (r E ), additive genetic (r A ) e phenotypic (r F ) correlation estimates, for six landraces in the cycles and local (Table 4).For the greater part of traits a concordance in the direction and magnitude of r E , r A e r F estimates were observed.In a small amount of cases that discordance existed, which can be attributed to the environmental modifier effects and physiologic mechanisms, which controlled the expression of the traits (Falconer and Mackay, 1996).In almost every association, the additive genetic correlations presented superior magnitudes when compared to the other types of correlation, except for the correlations of grain yield with days to flower, plant height, ear height and percentage of root loding, ears per plant with days to flower and percentage of root loding.The average of additive genetic correlations between the trait grain yield and ears per plant was high and positive (0.67), suggesting that the selection of prolific plants resulted in a gain of selection for yield (Table 4).Similar results were by et (1992), et al. (2005) and González et al. (1994).For grain yield × per-centage of damaged ears a high and negative average of additive genetic correlations (-0.63) was observed, permitting the simultaneous selection of plants that have less damaged ears and bigger yields.Daros et al. (2004) reported an estimate of r A between grain yield × percentage of damaged equal to -0.11, in a research with pop corn.
Days to flower presented a high positive average of additive genetic correlation with plant height (0.56) and ear height (0.60).These results indicate that selection for earliness would product a reduction in plant and ear heights, in these maize landraces evaluated in family farm systems.High genetic correlations for plant height with days to anthesis (0.67) and days to silk extrusion (0.53) was evidenced by Saleh et al. (2002), in studies us-  ing ten corn synthetic populations.However, Santos et al. (2002) reported that phenotypic correlation between plant height and days to anthesis and days to silk extrusion, ear height and days to anthesis and days to silk extrusion, separately, were not significant.As expected, a high average additive positive genetic correlation between plants and ears heights (0.90) and a low deviation for this trait (0.04) were observed, showing a high association between these traits, over landraces and cycles of selection and local.Similar high estimates were also reported by several authors: 0.89 and 0.95 by Pinto et al. (2000); 0.84 by Silva et al. (2001); 0.78 and 0.80 by Farias Neto and Miranda Filho (2001); 0.97 by Granate et al. (2002); 0.81 and 0.82 by Santos et al. (2005).
The averages of environmental correlations were frequently small, except for the association between plant height and ear height, with coefficient average equal to 0.75.The positive value of environmental correlation demonstrates that both characters were damaged or beneficiated by the same environmental variations and negatives values, which indicate that the environment benefited one of the characters in detriment of the other (Falconer and Mackay, 1996).The highest negative averages of environmental correlations were observed between grain yield and days to flower (-0.31) and grain yield with percentage of damaged ears (-0.35), indicating that the environmental conditions, that lead to increase the days to flower and damaged ears, promote a reduction of yield.This tendency can also be verified through the results showed in Table 2.
The standard errors of the estimates of environmental, additive genetic and phenotypic correlations are  4.The standard errors of the estimates of additive genetic correlations between two traits were bigger than the environmental and phenotypic correlation standard deviations, except between plant height and ear height deviation, when standard deviation of the environmental correlation was higher.
Through the correlations and their standard errors of the estimates it was possible to observe that some associations between traits always presented the same positive (grain yield with relation grain weight per ear weight and ears per plant; percentage of damaged ears with days to flower; days to flower with plant height and ear height; and, plant height with ear height) and negative sign (grain yield with percentage of damaged ears; relation grain weight per ear weight with percentage of damaged ears and days to flower).
The selection in these maize landraces to increase yield is related to the selection of plants more prolific, earlier plants, smaller percentage of damaged ears and higher relation grain weight per ear weight.There is a positive association between taller plants and increased number of days to flower, but with magnitude values that allow the selection of plants with higher yield, small height and number of days to flower.With the exception of the trait days to flower, the correlations observed in landraces within family farm systems are the same presented in several other reports (Lemos et al., 1992, González et al., 1994;Hallauer and Miranda Filho, 1995;Farias Neto and Miranda Filho, 2001;Silva et al., 2001;Saleh et al., 2002;Daros et al., 2004;Santos et al., 2005;Andrade and Miranda Filho, 2008), but with different magnitudes in some cases.
and e ik/j is the error term.The individual variance and covariance analyses were grouped to compute the following estimates for each population, local and cycle of selection: environmental variance ; phenotypic variance of progenies means within experiments

Table 1 -
Landraces populations (Land), cycles (C) and local (L) of selection, counties with locations, lattice types, numbers of experiment (NE) and sowing dates.

Table 2 -
Means and significance of mean squares of progeny within experiments for nine traits 1 in different cycles (C) and local (L).

Table 3 -
Estimates of the additive genetic correlation coefficients (r A ) between grain yield (g per plant) and the other eight characters 1 in different cycles (C) and local (L).grain weight per ear weight, EP -ears per plant, %DE -percentage of damaged ears.DF -days to flower, PH -plant height (cm), EH -ear height (cm), %L -percentage of root loding (%) and %BS -percentage of stalk loding (%).ns, *, **No significant, significant at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively.