Maturation curves and degree-days accumulation for fruits of 'Folha Murcha' orange trees

Curvas de maturação e graus-dia acumulados para frutos de plantas de laranjeira 'Folha Murcha'

CROP SCIENCE

Maturation curves and degree-days accumulation for fruits of 'Folha Murcha' orange trees

Curvas de maturação e graus-dia acumulados para frutos de plantas de laranjeira 'Folha Murcha'

Neusa Maria Colauto StenzelI, ^*; Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves^II; Celso Jamil Marur^III; Maria Brígida dos Santos Scholz^III; José Carlos Gomes^IV

^IIAPAR - Área de Fitotecnia, C.P. 481 - 86001-970 - Londrina, PR - Brasil

^IIUEL - Depto. de Agronomia, C.P. 6001 - 86051-990 - Londrina, PR - Brasil

^IIIIAPAR - Área de Ecofisiologia

^IVIAPAR - Área de Bioestatística

ABSTRACT

The effect of thermal summation on orange fruit growth on different rootstocks has not been studied for the State of Paraná, Brazil. This research evaluated the growth of fruits by means of maturation curves, and quantified the growing degree-days (GDD) accumulation required for fruit maturation in 'Folha Murcha' orange trees budded on 'Rangpur' lime, 'Volkamer' lemon, 'Sunki' mandarin, and 'Cleopatra' mandarin, in Paranavaí and Londrina, PR. In both locations and all rootstocks, the fruits showed evolution in total soluble solids (TSS) content in relation to GDD accumulation, with a quadratic tendency of curve fitting; total titratable acidity (TTA) had an inverse quadratic fitting, and the (TSS/TTA) ratio showed a positive linear regression. Fruits in Paranavaí presented a higher development rate towards maturity than those in Londrina, for all rootstocks. The advancing of the initial maturation stage of fruits in Paranavaí in relation to those in Londrina occurred in the following descending order: 'Volkamer' lemon (92 days), 'Cleopatra' mandarin (81 days), 'Sunki' mandarin (79 days), 'Rangpur' lime (77 days). In Londrina, trees on 'Rangpur' lime and 'Volkamer' lemon were ready for harvest 8 and 15 days before those on the 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins, respectively. In Paranavaí, the beginning of fruit maturation in trees on 'Volkamer' lemon occurred 15, 19, and 28 days earlier than on 'Rangpur' lime, 'Cleopatra' mandarin, and 'Sunki' mandarin, respectively. Considering 12.8ºC as the lower base temperature, the thermal sum for fruit growth and maturation of 'Folha Murcha' orange ranged from 4,462 to 5,090 GDD.

Key words:Citrus sinensis, thermal summation, juice quality, rootstocks

RESUMO

O efeito da soma térmica no crescimento do fruto de laranja em diferentes porta-enxertos não tem sido estudado no Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Esta pesquisa avaliou o crescimento dos frutos por meio de curvas de maturação e quantificou os graus-dia acumulados (GDA) necessários para a maturação dos frutos em laranjeiras 'Folha Murcha' enxertadas em limão 'Cravo', limão 'Volcameriano', tangerina 'Sunki' e tangerina 'Cleópatra', em Paranavaí e Londrina, PR. Para os dois locais e em todos os porta-enxertos, os frutos apresentaram evolução do teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) em relação ao acúmulo de graus-dia com ajuste de tendência quadrática da curva de regressão; a acidez titulável total (ATT) com ajuste quadrático inverso e o ratio (SST/ATT) regressão linear positiva. Os frutos em Paranavaí apresentaram maior índice de maturação do que em Londrina para todos os porta-enxertos, com antecipação do ponto inicial de maturação na seguinte ordem: limão 'Volcameriano' (92 dias), tangerina 'Cleópatra' (81 dias), tangerina 'Sunki' (79 dias), limão 'Cravo' (77 dias). Em Londrina, as plantas sobre os limões 'Cravo' e 'Volcameriano' apresentaram início da colheita 8 e 15 dias antes daquelas nas tangerinas 'Cleópatra' e 'Sunki', respectivamente. Em Paranavaí, o início da maturação dos frutos das plantas em limão 'Volcameriano' ocorreu 15, 19 e 28 dias mais precoce que o limão 'Cravo', tangerina 'Cleópatra' e tangerina 'Sunki', respectivamente. A soma térmica para o crescimento e maturação dos frutos de laranja 'Folha Murcha' variou de 4.462 a 5.090 GDA.

Palavras-chave:Citrus sinensis, soma térmica, qualidade de suco, porta-enxertos

INTRODUCTION

Orange production in the State of Paraná is concentrated in the Northern and Northwestern regions; 'Folha Murcha' (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is the second most planted orange variety, because of its characteristics for both, the industry and the fresh fruit market.

The most important rootstock used for this variety is the 'Rangpur' lime. However, because diseases can cause great damages when a single rootstock is used, alternative rootstocks must be sought for each region to ensure productivity and quality (Pompeu Jr., 1991).

The maturation curve for citrus fruits is influenced by air temperature, solar radiation, water availability in the soil, topography, elevation, exposure surface in the plant, and varietal characteristics (Ortolani et al., 1991). One of the most frequently used methods to relate temperature and plant development is the thermal summation, or accumulative growing degree-days (GDD), defined as the sum of mean daily temperatures above a lower base temperature and below a maximum threshold temperature, for the plant to complete its total cycle or to reach a phenological stage (Souza, 1990). This calculation is used to predict phenological sub-periods, staggered production, genetic breeding programming, harvest season planning, and climatic zoning (Montenegro, 1980; Ometto, 1981; Warrington & Kanemasu, 1983; Roberto et al., 2005). In the State of São Paulo, orange varieties require between 2,500 and 3,600 GDD for fruits to attain maturation (Ortolani et al., 1991). The lower base temperature is taken as 12.8ºC and the threshold temperature 36ºC.

The effect of the thermal summation on fruit development under different citrus scion/rootstock combinations is poorly studied, and no information on the maturation of fruits from 'Folha Murcha' orange trees is available for the State of Paraná. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the maturation curves and to quantify the degree-days sums required for development of fruits from 'Folha Murcha' orange trees on four rootstocks in the Northern and Northwestern regions of Paraná.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fruits from 'Folha Murcha' orange trees were evaluated, budded onto 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osb.), 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Ten. and Pasq.), 'Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tan.), and 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.), located in Paranavaí, PR (23º 5'S, 52º 26'W; elevation 480 m), in the Northwestern region and in Londrina, PR (23º 22' S, 51º 10' W; elevation 585 m), in the Northern part of the state. In Paranavaí, the soil is a latosolic dystrophic Red Argisol, with 80 g kg^-1 clay, 10 g kg^-1 silt, and 910 g kg^-1 sand in the 0 - 25 cm layer. In Londrina, the soil has been characterized as a Typic Hapludox, containing 630 g kg^-1 clay, 180 g kg^-1 silt, and 190 g kg^-1 sand in the 0 - 25 cm layer. The climate at both locations was classified as Cfa, according to Köppen. In Paranavaí the mean annual precipitation is 1,499 mm, occurring mainly in spring and summer; the mean annual temperature is 22.1ºC, with a mean relative humidity of 69%. In Londrina, the mean annual precipitation is 1,610 mm, with a tendency to concentrate mainly during spring and summer; the mean annual temperature is 21.2ºC, with a mean relative humidity of 70.7%.

From June 2002 to February 2003, ten fruits were monthly sampled from the four quadrants of the plants per plot, and evaluated for quality. Chemical analyses were carried on fruit juice extracted with an electric squeezer; total soluble solids content (TSS), determined in a manual refractometer, with results expressed in Brix degrees corrected to 20ºC. Total titratable acidity (TTA) was evaluated by titration with NaOH at 0.1 N (AOAC, 1990), and results were expressed as citric acid percentages. The maturation index or ratio was calculated by the relation between TSS and TTA.

The number of days until initial maturation of fruits in each treatment was determined from anthesis (full flowering period – August, 09, 2001 in Paranavaí and August, 02, 2001 in Londrina) until the TSS/TTA ratio reached 12 (beginning of harvest).

For both locations, accumulated growing degree-days (GDD) were calculated using minimum air temperature (Tm) and maximum air temperature (TM), with a lower base temperature (Tb) of 12.8ºC and an upper threshold temperature (TB) of 36ºC; and the following formulas, as suggested by Ometto (1981):

Formula A:

when: Tm > 12.8ºC and TM < 36ºC

Formula B:

when: Tm < 12.8ºC and TM < 36ºC

Formula C:

when: Tm > 12.8ºC and TM > 36ºC

The water balances for the period from June 2001 to February 2003 were calculated for both locations, according to the method of Thornthwaite & Matter (1955), considering an available water storage capacity (AWSC) of 100 mm, using the spreadsheet developed by Rolim & Sentelhas (1998). Graphs for the air and soil temperatures in the municipalities of Londrina and Paranavaí, during the months of June 2001 to February 2003 were also prepared with the data obtained from IAPAR's weather stations. Soil temperature was measured with a geothermometer, at 0900, 1500, and 2100 hours, at a 20 cm depth and the weighted mean was estimated through the formula: Tm = (T_9h + T_15h + (2xT_21h))/4, where Tm is the mean temperature and T is the temperature at the respective times.

Data of total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, and the TSS/TTA ratio were analyzed as a function of growing accumulated degree-days fitting them to several regression models. Fitting was valued by the F test in the analysis of variance and the coefficient of determination was fitted to the number of parameters. The same procedure were applied to the mean TSS/TTA ratio of fruits of the four rootstocks, from Londrina and Paranavai, and the corresponding fitted polynomial lines in the period June 2 to February 3 were also obtained. Results were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System software package (SAS Institute Inc., 2001).

In Paranavaí, fruits were collected from fourteen-year-old plants, in a randomized block design, with four rootstocks, three plants per plot, and four replicates. In Londrina, plants were eight years old, organized as a randomized block design, with four rootstocks, two plants per plot, and five replicates. At both locations, the plants were arranged in a row spacing of 7.0 m × 4.0 m.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The estimated coefficients of determination of the polynomial equations of total soluble solids, total titratable acidity and the TSS/TTA ratio presented all a good fit, with statistical significance for all tested stocks at both locations (Figure 1 and Table 1). An increase in TSS content occurred during the fruit growth and a decline was observed from the beginning of maturation, indicating a quadratic tendency for all stocks, at both locations. Temperature oscillations and rainfall can be responsible for 60 to 70% of the variability in total soluble solids content (Albrigo, 1992). Higher soluble solids contents have been related to drought stress, due to the loss of water contained in the fruits (Reuther & Rios-Castaño, 1969). Excess precipitation can decrease soluble solids contents, possibly because the juice becomes diluted, especially during the maturation period (Chitarra & Chitarra, 1979; Albrigo, 1992; Coelho et al., 1984).

Following accumulated degree-days during the fruit growth and maturation process, a decrease in acidity was observed in the fruits of plants on all stocks, at both locations (Figure 1 - C and D), with an inverse quadratic fitting. Russo (1984) and Jones et al. (1962) similarly observed decreasing in acidity during growth of fruits from 'Washington Navel' and 'Navelina' orange trees. Kimball (1984) reported that the decrease in acidity at maturation was directly related to fruit growth and to increased water absorption and retention capacity, with an interaction with respiratory activity. Higher temperatures can also induce a decrease in acid content (Nogueira, 1979).

The relationship between the TSS/TTA ratio and cumulative degree-days was best fitted with positive linear regressions for fruits at both locations and all stocks (Figure 1 - E and F, and Table 1). The TSS/TTA ratio values in relation to degree-days accumulation in Paranavaí presented a higher maturation index; therefore, maturation in Paranavaí occurs earlier than in Londrina, with a positive linear regression fitting for both locations (Figure 2). Chitarra & Chitarra (1979) observed the same linear behavior for the TSS/TTA ratio for the 'Valência' orange, with a linear regression (r² = 0.96). Marchi (1993) found similar results while studying 'Pera' orange maturation curves in the region of Bebedouro, SP. Also, Volpe et al. (2002) verified a high linear correlation between ratio and degree-days in fruits of 'Valencia' and 'Natal' oranges. The acidity contents were also best fitted to inverse polynomial regressions, while quadratic regressions showed the best fitting for soluble solids content.

The number of days for fruit growth and maturation ranged from 498 to 513 days in Londrina, and from 406 to 434 days in Paranavaí (Table 2). It can also be observed that the initial harvesting stage of fruits in Paranavaí in relation to those in Londrina was anticipated for the tested rootstocks: 'Rangpur' lime (77 days), 'Cleopatra' mandarin (81 days), 'Sunki' mandarin (79 days), and 'Volkamer' lemon (92 days). It was also verified that in Londrina, plants on 'Rangpur' lime and 'Volkamer' lemon were ready for harvest 8 and 15 days before those on the 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins, respectively. In Paranavaí, fruit harvest from plants on 'Volkamer' lemon occurred 15, 19, and 28 days earlier than on 'Rangpur' lime, 'Cleopatra' mandarin, and 'Sunki' mandarin, respectively. This behavior indicates that, at each location, in addition to edaphic-climatic factors, the genetic characteristics of the rootstocks also contributed to influence the date harvest started.

Volpe (1992) reported that in the state of São Paulo, there are maturation season differences for citrus fruits among many regions due to altitude and latitude, which are conditioning factors of the temperature regime, with an expected difference of thirty days in the north of the state relative to its central region. Similarly, Coelho et al. (1984), studying 'Pera' orange fruits in Brazil, and Cooper et al. (1963), studying 'Valência' orange in USA, verified that citrus fruits reach the maturation index more quickly in regions with higher temperatures. According to Kimball (1984), under normal conditions temperature seems to be the most important factor, although several factors such as rootstocks, varieties, soil conditions, stress caused by frost, diseases, drought, and high fruit yield, interfere on citrus fruit growth. In addition, Volpe et al. (2000) pointed out that the fruit maturation index is also greatly influenced by water balance, since water deficit during this period may influence the increase in TSS content and cause earlier maturation.

The thermal summation required for fruit growth and maturation in 'Folha Murcha' plants on the evaluated rootstocks (Table 2) showed the following descending order for Londrina and Paranavaí, respectively: 'Sunki' mandarin (5,090 GDD and 4,799 GDD), 'Cleopatra' mandarin (4,999 GDD and 4,668 GDD), 'Rangpur' lime (4,898 GDD and 4,610 GDD), and 'Volkamer' lemon (4,897 GDD and 4,462 GDD). Based on Table 2, the difference in thermal sums for fruits were 8.8% and 5.7% between the lowest and the highest value, for Paranavaí and Londrina, respectively. The thermal summation results in this work for both locations were near the value found by Martínez-Pérez (1999) for the conditions in the region of Bebedouro, SP, for fruits of 'Folha Murcha' orange onto 'Swingle' citrumelo, with a thermal sum of 4,789 GDD. Even though conceptually the thermal summation value should be constant regardless of location, this theory assumes that daily and nightly temperatures affect plant growth and development equally, and that other elements would have little significance when compared with the temperature effect. However, other variables (solar radiation, soil temperature, water availability, air humidity, wind, nutritional condition, and plant health) also affect plant metabolism and influence development of processes in citrus plants (Camargo et al., 1974). For Ortolani et al. (1991), the cumulative degree-days method presented limitations, but explained 80% of maturation evolution and could be used to compare regions. Reuther (1973) considered that in order to evaluate thermal summation in different locations, there should be a minimum of edaphoclimatic homogeneity between the areas comprised in the study.

The thermal summation differences obtained for fruits produced in Paranavaí and Londrina probably arose from the interaction among some factors. The mean air temperature in Paranavaí (23.1ºC) was higher than in Londrina (22.0ºC) (Figure 3). The mean soil temperature was also higher in Paranavaí (25.3) than in Londrina (23.7) (Figure 4). The water deficit was more pronounced in Paranavaí (Figure 5) than in Londrina (Figure 6), due to lower water retention capacity of the soil in Paranavaí.

CONCLUSIONS

In both locations and all rootstocks, the fruits in 'Folha Murcha' orange plants showed evolution in total soluble solids content in relation to degree-days accumulation, with a quadratic tendency of regression fitting; total titratable acidity had an inverse quadratic fitting, and the TSS/TTA ratio a positive linear regression.

Fruits of 'Folha Murcha' plants grafted onto the four rootstocks in Paranavaí had a higher maturation index than those in Londrina. In Paranavaí, 'Volkamer' lemon induced earlier fruit maturation than the other rootstocks. In Londrina, 'Volkamer' lemon and 'Rangpur' lime matured earlier than 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins.

The thermal summation for fruit growth and maturation of 'Folha Murcha' oranges ranged from 4,462 to 5,090 GDD.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To CNPq and EMBRAPA, for the scholarships of Carmen S. J. V. Neves and Neusa M. C. Stenzel, respectively. To IAPAR for financial support.

Received April 01, 2005

Accepted April 28, 2006

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  03 July 2006
• Date of issue
  June 2006

History

• Accepted
  28 Apr 2006
• Received
  01 Apr 2005