DRIS norms for evaluating the nutritional state of apple tree

Normas DRIS para avaliação do estado nutricional da macieira

SOILS AND PLANT NUTRITION

DRIS norms for evaluating the nutritional state of apple tree

Normas DRIS para avaliação do estado nutricional da macieira

Gilmar Ribeiro NachtigallI, ^*; Antonio Roque Dechen^II

^IEmbrapa Uva e Vinho, C.P. 130 - 95700-000 - Bento Gonçalves, RS - Brasil

^IIUSP/ESALQ - Depto. de Ciência do Solo, C.P. 9 - 13418-900 - Piracicaba, SP - Brasil

ABSTRACT

For Brazilian conditions there are still no studies on the use of the diagnosis and recommendation of the integrated system (DRIS) for nutritional diagnosis of the apple tree. The nutritional diagnosis of the apple tree is made using the criterion of sufficiency range. The aim of this report is to establish DRIS norms to interpret the results of apple tree leaf analysis in South Brazil. The study covered the apple producing areas of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, in 70 orchards selected for their high productivity and employment of excellent management techniques. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc were determined in leaf samples. DRIS indices were calculated using two criteria for the choice of the ratio order of nutrients (F value - ratio of the variance of the relationships among nutrients between the reference group and the low productivity group, and R value - correlation coefficients between the productivity values and the relationship between pairs of nutrients) and three forms to calculate the nutrient functions (methods of Beaufils, Jones and Elwali & Gascho). The two criteria for the choice of the ratio order of the nutrients selected different ratios. The concentrations of nutrients presented positive correlations (P < 0.01) with the respective indices DRIS, except for N. The defined DRIS norms are applicable for the nutritional diagnosis of apple trees.

Key words:Malus Domestica, DRIS norms, foliar diagnosis

RESUMO

Para as condições brasileiras, ainda não existem estudos sobre a utilização do sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação (DRIS) para a diagnose nutricional da macieira, cujo diagnóstico nutricional das plantas é feito utilizando o critério de faixa de suficiência. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer normas DRIS, visando à interpretação dos resultados de análises de folhas de plantas de macieira no Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado nas regiões produtoras de maçã do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina, em 70 pomares selecionados quanto à produtividade e técnicas de manejo do pomar. Foram determinadas as concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, boro, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco nas amostras de folhas. Os índices DRIS foram calculados utilizando-se dois critérios para a escolha da ordem da razão dos nutrientes (valor "F" - razão de variância das relações entre nutrientes entre o grupo de referência e de baixa produtividade e valor "R" - coeficientes de correlação entre os valores de produtividade e a relação entre os pares de nutrientes) e três formas de cálculo das funções dos nutrientes (métodos de Beaufils, Jones e Elwali & Gascho). Os dois critérios para a escolha da ordem da razão dos nutrientes selecionaram razões diferentes. As concentrações dos nutrientes apresentaram correlações positivas (P < 0,01) com os respectivos índices DRIS, com exceção do N. As normas DRIS definidas são aplicáveis para o diagnóstico nutricional da macieira.

Palavras-chave:Malus Domestica, normas DRIS, diagnose foliar

INTRODUCTION

The method DRIS uses binary relations among nutrients, incorporating the concept of primary indices, different from the traditional methods of foliar diagnosis like the critical level and sufficiency range (Costa, 1999). The calculation of DRIS indices depends, initially, on the establishment of standard values or reference norms. For this, it is necessary to select a population of high productivity (reference population), from the premise that there is a significant relation between the supply of nutrients and their contents in the plant, so that increases or decreases in their concentrations provide variation in the productivity.

Once the reference population is defined, the norms are obtained. These are constituted of the relations between all pairs of nutrients and their respective standard deviations and coefficients of variation (Beaufils, 1973). In the calculations of the DRIS method only one type of relationship is used for each pair of nutrients. Several criteria to select the most appropriate relation have been proposed. Bataglia & Santos (1990) evaluated the relations among nutrients in the direct order and in the inverse order and they concluded that the order of the relation could interfere in the results of calculation for the citrus indices of nutrients, especially if the functions are obtained by method of Jones (1981).

One of the most commonly used criteria to select the relationship among nutrients is the criterion of the highest relation of variances between the populations of low productivity and the populations of high productivity - "F value" (Letzsch, 1985; Walworth & Summer, 1987). Nick (1998) proposed the criterion called "R Value" to choose the ratio order of nutrients in the application DRIS for trimmed coffee plants. The ratio order is chosen according to the result in the highest absolute value of the correlation coefficient (r) among the values of the response variable of the plant and the ratio between pairs of nutrients, either in the direct order or in the inverse order.

The objective of this work was to establish appropriate norms for the apple tree crop in South Brazil, seeking to use the DRIS method for its nutritional diagnosis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was carried out in the apple producing area of Campos de Cima da Serra (28º30'S and 50º56'W), in Rio Grande do Sul, and Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe (27º01'S and 50º55'W) and Planalto Serrano (28º17'S and 49º56'W), in Santa Catarina, Brazil. The predominant soils in these areas are Humic Xanthic Hapludox and Tipic Hapumbrept.

The data collection was accomplished in properties (large, medium, and small size) with the following characteristics: a) located in the main apple producing areas of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina; b) having records of superior productivity in their regional average; c) being managed by a specialist in agronomy; d) presenting a detailed survey of productivity; e) presenting cultivar diversity, rootstock and spacings; f) having been planted between 1991 and 1998, and g) presenting records of crop management practices.

Based on these characteristics, 70 apple tree orchards were selected to collect information on the reports of the areas during the harvests of 2002 and 2003. The monitored variables were: production, cultivar, rootstock, spacing, year of planting, cultural practices, pest management, fertilizer management and corrective measures, made through a questionnaire filled out by the responsible technician of the orchard.

In each orchard 20 plants were selected for their uniformity, in order to sample leaves. The collection of leaves was accomplished during January 15 to February 15, this period begin considered the standard time for the foliar diagnosis in apple orchards (Magnani et al., 1997). The leaf contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were determined as described by Freire (1998).

Averages, standard deviations and the coefficient of variations of the values of the relationships of pairs of the nutrient concentrations were calculated for the harvests of 2002 and 2003 of the discharge populations and of low productivity. For both populations results were excluded regarding the concentrations of iron, manganese and zinc, whose values were above the concentration considered normal for the crop (Basso et al., 1986).

To choose the ratio order of nutrients two criteria were used. The first, proposed by Nick (1998), called "R value", consists of the calculation of the correlation coefficients (r) among the productivity values and the relationship between pairs of nutrients, either in the direct order or in the inverse order. The order of the relationship that presents the larger absolute value of the correlation coefficient (r) is selected:

where: | r A/B | = absolute value of the correlation coefficient between the productivity and the ratio among the concentrations of the nutrients A and B of the population; | r B/A | = same as above for nutrients B and A.

The second criterion, described by Letzsch (1985) and Walworth & Summer (1987), called "F value", consists of the calculation of the ratio of the variance of the relationships among nutrients between the reference group (r) and the one of low productivity (b), either in the direct order or in the inverse order. It is selected the order of relationship that presents the larger variance ratio between the high and the low productivity groups:

where: s² (A/B)_r = Variance of the ratio among the concentrations of the nutrients A and B of the reference population (r); s² (A/B)_b = same for nutrients A and B of the population of low productivity (b); s² (B/A)_r = same for nutrients B and A of r; s² (B/A)_b = same for nutrients B and A of b.

The Indices DRIS for the nutrients were calculated as proposed by Beaufils (1973), Elwali & Gascho (1984) and Jones (1981), using the software Microsoft Excel^TM. To evaluate the efficiency of the three methods, considering the two criteria of choice of the ratio order of nutrients, the Indices DRIS for each nutrient were related with the concentrations of the respective nutrients and their significance of the correlation were verified, using the Lineal "General Linear Models" (GLM) of the SAS statistical package (SAS Institute, 1985).

To calculate the concentrations of the nutrients in the leaves equivalent to the nutritional balance obtained by the DRIS methods, relationships were established, (linear model) between the concentrations of the nutrients and their respective DRIS indices. It was considered that plants present nutritional balance for a given nutrient when the values of the indices, defined for the DRIS methods, are close to zero (Walworth & Summer, 1987).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The productivity of fruits varied from 11.4 to 104.0 t ha^-1 (Figure 1) and considering that the mean productivity of the the apple trees, in the last three harvests, in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná correspondend to 26.9 t ha^-1 (ABPM, 2004), it becomes evident that the average of production of the orchards used in this work (47.3 t ha^-1) was much superior to the overall average of the area. This indicates that the sampling proposed for the definition of the DRIS norms was adequate, since it includes orchards of high productivity.

For the frequency distribution, only 20% of the orchards presented productivity below 30 t ha^-1, value considered low for this crop, although similar to the average of the south of Brazil. In 60% of the sampled orchards the productivity varied from 30 to 55 t ha^-1, a production range considered of economical return, while 20% of the orchards presented productivities above 55 t ha^-1, values considered high, altained only under with high technology.

For the establishment of the DRIS norms for the apple tree crop, orchards of high productivity (reference population) were defined as those that presented productivities above 40 t ha^-1 for normal harvests and above 30 t ha^-1 for harvests with alternation, using the mean results of the two harvests to generate the DRIS norms. The results of the concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn in the leaves larger than the concentration considered normal for the crop (Basso et al., 1986), were not included in the definition of the norms. Samples from established orchards were eliminated when the conduction system was of low density.

The mean values, the coefficients of variation and the standard deviation for the concentrations of nutrients in the leaves, for the reference population and for the population of low productivity (Table 1) indicate that the concentrations of nutrients were larger for the reference population in relation to the population of low production, except for K, Zn and B. Considering that the sampling of leaves is made when fruits are in their growth phase, the verification of larger concentrations of K, Zn and B in the leaves of the population of low production is probably related to smallest demand of these nutrients for the fruits (drains), as compared to the demand of the reference population, mainly for K and B.

The mean concentrations of the nutrients used to generate the DRIS norms for the conditions of South of Brazil (Table 1) were inferior to those used by Singh et al. (2000), in India, for Mn, Zn and, mainly for Ca and Fe. For the other nutrients the concentrations were similar. For the conditions of New Zealand (Goh & Malakouti, 1992) and Hungary (Szücs et al., 1990; Szücs & Kállay, 1990), the concentrations of Ca were also superior to the ones obtained here.

The two criteria used for the choice of ratio order of nutrients: "R value" and "F value" selected different ratios, mainly when the nutrients P, K and Fe were involved (Table 2). For the "R value", it is important to mention that for most of the relationships among nutrients, lower relationships between the ratio of each pair of nutrients and the productivity of fruits were observed. Only for the relationships P/K, Fe/K, Fe/Mg, B/N, B/P and B/Fe correlation coefficients were obtained greater than 0.40. In many of the cases, the choice of the relationship was accomplishment using very low correlation coefficients.

Having the DRIS norms defined, the standard procedure was established for the calculation of the DRIS indices, using the two criteria for the choice and the three methods most commonly used for DRIS studies: proposed by Beaufils (1973), proposed by Jones (1981) and proposed by Elwali & Gascho (1984).

The correlation coefficient among the DRIS indices obtained (Table 3) indicates that positive and significant correlations are verified (P < 0.01) between the concentrations of nutrients and the respective DRIS indices, except for N. Lower relationships among the DRIS indexes for N and the concentration of N have also been observed for other perennial crops like cherry and hazelnut (Righetti et al., 1988), citrus (Salvo, 2001) and coffee plant (Reis Jr. et al., 2002). For N, the DRIS index is strongly dependent on the concentration of the other nutrients in the leaves, while for the other nutrients the DRIS indices are dependent on their own concentrations.

The "R-value" presented better adjustments among the DRIS indices and the concentrations of the nutrients for the methods Beaufils (1973) and Elwali & Gascho (1984), while the "F value" presented better adjustment among the DRIS indices and the concentrations of the nutrients for the method Jones (1981).

Considering that the plant presents nutritional balance for a given nutrient when the values of the indices, defined by the DRIS method, are closer to zero (Walworth & Summer, 1987), the nutrient concentration was graphically established for the equivalent leaf (at nutritional balance), using the data adjustment. The point of nutritional balance, so defined, presents coincidence with the concentration considered normal for the criterion of sufficiency range (Basso et al., 1986), except for N, K and Mn, when the DRIS method indicated equivalent concentrations to greater than the concentrations considered normal for the crop (Table 4). Conversely, the point of nutritional balance obtained by the DRIS methods for each nutrient was superior at the critical level (concentration that defines the inferior limit of the normal range (Basso et al., 1986)).

CONCLUSIONS

The two criteria ("R value" and "F value") for the choice of the ratio order of nutrients selected different ratios. The concentrations of the nutrients presented positive and significant correlations (P < 0.01) with the respective DRIS indices, except for N. The defined DRIS norms are applicable for the nutritional diagnosis of the apple tree.

Received June 08, 2005

Accepted April 10, 2007

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  28 May 2007
• Date of issue
  June 2007

History

• Accepted
  10 Apr 2007
• Received
  08 June 2005