Incident Command System and risk communication: reflections from nuclear emergencies

Santos, Mario Theophilo da Rocha; Silva, Marcos Vinicius de Castro; Cardoso, Telma Abdalla de Oliveira

doi:10.1590/0103-11042020E207I

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ESSAY • Saúde debate 44 (spe2) • July 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042020E207I copy

Incident Command System and risk communication: reflections from nuclear emergencies

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Nuclear power plants are designed with systems dedicated to offering a high degree of protection to their workers, the population, and the environment. Between the levels of protection of the population and the environment, there is the nuclear emergency plan. This plan must contain a specific segment related to the management of risk communication to the population. Historically, risk communication techniques have emerged to minimize harm to people, through population panic control strategies. However, this issue is currently underdeveloped in Brazil in the field of nuclear safety. Thus, this work aimed to establish an initial proposal on the use of the theory of Incident Command System as a strategy for managing risk communication in the event of accidents at the Almirante Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant located in Brazil.

KEYWORDS
Information management; Organizations for planning and care in disasters; Nuclear emergency control center; Nuclear power plants

Description Level	Health and Environment	Impact on facilities	Defense
Major Accident Level 7	Major release of radioactive material with widespread health and environmental effects requiring the implementation of planned and extended measures.	-	-
Serious accident Level 6	Significant release, which requires the implementation of planned measures.	-	-
Accident with wider consequences Level 5	Limited release likely to require implementation of some planned measures. Several deaths from radiation.	Severe damage to reactor core. Release of large quantities of radioactive material within a facility. It may be the result of a major accident or fire.	-
Accident with local consequences Level 4	Minor release with unlikely implementation of planned measures, other than local controls. At least one death from radiation.	Fuel melt or damage to fuel, resulting in more than 0.1% release of core inventory. Release of significant quantities of radioactive material within a facility with a high probability of public exposure.	-
Serious incident Level 3	Exposure greater than ten times the statutory annual limit for workers. Non-lethal effect on health (e.g., burns).	Severe dispersion with rates greater than 1 Sv/h in an operating area. Acute effects on a worker's health, with low probability of public exposure.	Near accident at a nuclear power plant with no safety provisions remaining. Lost or stolen highly radioactive sealed source. Highly radioactive sealed source, without adequate radiation procedures.
Incident Level 2	Exposure of a member of the public in excess of 10 mSv. Exposure of a worker in excess of the annual statutory legal limits.	Radiation levels of more than 50 mSv/h. Significant contamination within the facility.	Significant failures in safety barriers. Found highly radioactive sealed orphan source, device or transport, with safety provisions intact. Inadequate packaging from a highly radioactive sealed source.
Anomaly Level 1	-	-	Exposure of a person in excess of statutory annual limits. Minor problems with safety barriers. Low activity lost or stolen radioactive source, device or transport package.

Accident	Chernobyl	Fukushima
Amount of radioactive substances released into the atmosphere	5.2.10¹⁸18 Lipscy P, Kushida K, Incerti T. The Fukushima disaster and Japan’s nuclear plant vulnerability in comparative perspective. Environ Sci Technol. 2013; 47(12):6082-8. Bq	6.3.10¹⁷17 Palestino CSF, Dias FP. Aspectos sociais dos vinte anos desde o acidente radiológico com césio-137. In: Helou S. editor. Césio-137: consequências psicossociais do acidente de Goiânia. 2. ed. Goiânia: UFG; 2014. p. 120-33. Bq
Territorial contamination	450,000 km²2 International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA TECDOC nº 955. Generic assessment procedures for determining protective actions during a reactor accident [internet]. Vienna: IAEA; 1997. [acesso em 2019 mar 10]. Disponível em: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_955_prn.pdf. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publicatio...	8,000 km²2 International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA TECDOC nº 955. Generic assessment procedures for determining protective actions during a reactor accident [internet]. Vienna: IAEA; 1997. [acesso em 2019 mar 10]. Disponível em: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_955_prn.pdf. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publicatio...
Contamination of the territory of other countries	250,000 km²2 International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA TECDOC nº 955. Generic assessment procedures for determining protective actions during a reactor accident [internet]. Vienna: IAEA; 1997. [acesso em 2019 mar 10]. Disponível em: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_955_prn.pdf. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publicatio... in Western Europe	0 km²2 International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA TECDOC nº 955. Generic assessment procedures for determining protective actions during a reactor accident [internet]. Vienna: IAEA; 1997. [acesso em 2019 mar 10]. Disponível em: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_955_prn.pdf. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publicatio... (a)
Evacuation Area	10,800 km²2 International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA TECDOC nº 955. Generic assessment procedures for determining protective actions during a reactor accident [internet]. Vienna: IAEA; 1997. [acesso em 2019 mar 10]. Disponível em: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_955_prn.pdf. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publicatio...	1,100 km²2 International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA TECDOC nº 955. Generic assessment procedures for determining protective actions during a reactor accident [internet]. Vienna: IAEA; 1997. [acesso em 2019 mar 10]. Disponível em: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_955_prn.pdf. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publicatio...
Number of evacuees	400,000 people	83,000 people
Acute radiation mortality within 4 months after the accident	28	0

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[1] Collaborators

Santos MTR (0000-0003-0801-9067)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). , Silva MVC (0000-0001-7461-0109)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). and Cardoso TAO (0000-0002-5430-7273)^* * Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). also contributed to the design, data collection, preparation of the draft and writing, critical review of the content and approval of the final version of the manuscript