Identification of land use conflicts in Permanent Preservation Area in a Brazilian Amazon sub-basin

Kraeski, Aline; Almeida, Frederico Terra de; Carvalho, Tânia Maria de; Souza, Adilson Pacheco de

doi:10.14393/SN-v35-2023-65724

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Papers • Soc. nat. 35 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.14393/SN-v35-2023-65724 copy

Identification of land use conflicts in Permanent Preservation Area in a Brazilian Amazon sub-basin

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The southern region of the Amazon stands out for the growing agricultural development and installation of large hydroelectric projects. Given this scenario, the objective of this study was to quantify the Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs), Permanent Preservation Areas, of the water bodies of the Teles Pires river basin according to the current legislation, checking whether there is conflict regarding the use and occupation of these areas, and then check for the occurrence of degradation and identify the environmental fragility of the area. Using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), the water bodies located in the study area were delineated and the APPs were delimited according to Law 12,651/2012. To identify the existence of conflicts within these areas, a map of land use and occupation was generated through Maximum Likelihood supervised classification, which was compared with the limits of the APPs, considering conflict areas whose land use is related to anthropic activities. Lastly, the potential and emerging fragility of the area were calculated, considering data of the slope, soil type and land cover/land use. The delimited APP comprised 3.96% of the total area of the basin and it showed a state of low degradation, with 83.83% of the area conserved under native vegetation cover and 15.93% showing conflicting type of use, with the occupation by pastures standing out, and among the APP categories mapped the headwaters were the most impacted. The spatialization of conflicts within the basin indicated that it has a very different conservation pattern, with the most critical areas concentrated in the center-east, where municipalities that have more than 40% of the APP occupied by anthropic activities are located. The north of the basin has areas with higher potential fragility, which is attenuated by the great soil protection.

Keywords
Legal Amazon; Degradation; Water Resources; Teles Pires River

Orbit	225	226	227	228	228	229
Point	70	66; 67; 68; 69; 70	66; 67; 68; 69	65; 66	67	65
Date	06/10/2020	07/03/2020	07/10/2020	07/17/2020	06/15/2020	06/22/2020

Widths of water bodies (meters)	APP (meters)	Lakes or Reservoirs	APP (meters)
Less than 10	30	Natural - rural area	100
10 to 50	50	Natural - rural area (up to 20 ha)	50
50 to 200	100	Natural - urban area	30
200 to 600	200	Artificial	30
More than 600	500	Artificial - rural area (up to 20 ha)	15
Springs	50 (radius)	Artificial - urban area	15

Water	Surfaces covered by water.
Forest	Tree forest vegetation with a high density of trees.
Cerrado	Vegetation with the predominance of shrubby stratum and areas of low-density forest formation.
Pasture	Surfaces composed of natural or planted perennial fodder crops, intended for grazing livestock.
Agriculture	Cultivated areas used for the production of food, fiber and agribusiness commodities.
Burned area	Surfaces that have undergone recent burning processes.
Natural minority areas	Include sandbanks and rock formations.
Anthropic minority areas	Include urban and mining areas.

Weight	Degree of fragility	Slope (%)	Type of soil	Degree of soil protection	Land cover/land use
1	Very Low	0 to 6	-	Very High	Forest
2	Low	6 to 12	Latossolo Vermelho and Vermelho-amarelo (Oxisol)	High	Cerrado
3	Medium	12 to 20	Argissolo Vermelho and Vermelho-amarelo and Nitossolo Vermelho (Ultisol)	Medium	Pasture
4	High	20 to 30	Cambissolo Háplico (Inceptisol) and Plintossolo Pétrico (Plinthic subgroup)	Low	Agriculture
5	Very High	˃30	Gleissolo Háplico and Neossolo Flúvico, Litólico and Quartzarênico (Entisol)	Very Low	Burned area, Natural and anthropic minority areas

Class	Water	Forest	Cerrado	Pasture	Agriculture	Minority areas
Class	Water	Forest	Cerrado	Pasture	Agriculture	Natural	Anthropic
Samples	221	380	269	217	119	26	47
User Accuracy (%)	99.10	82.78	98.93	92.34	89.68	100.00	97.62
Producer Accuracy (%)	100.00	98.68	68.77	94.47	94.96	100.00	87.23

Class	Teles Pires river basin		Regions
	Teles Pires river basin		Upper Teles Pires		Middle Teles Pires		Lower Teles Pires
	Km²	%	Km²	%	Km²	%	Km²	%
Forest	4,551.90	81.18	708.79	74.26	1,617.87	73.20	2,225.24	91.10
Cerrado	148.67	2.65	148.67	15.58	-	-	-	-
Pasture	726.03	12.95	50.89	5.33	488.90	22.12	186.24	7.62
Agriculture	109.35	1.95	42.22	4.42	63.41	2.87	3.71	0.15
Burned area	13.79	0.25	2.25	0.24	11.53	0.52	0.01	0.00
Natural minority area	13.43	0.24	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	13.43	0.55
Anthropic minority area	44.19	0.79	1.65	0.17	28.59	1.29	13.95	0.57

Category	Water bodies	Springs	Natural Lakes	Artificial Lakes	HPP Lakes^* * HPP lakes: lakes of the hydroelectric projects; these values are also counted in artificial lakes. Source: The authors (2021).
Total proportion of APP (%)	96.38	2.18	0.05	1.39	1.03
Conflict areas (%)	15.06	29.35	2.98	21.90	18.69

N. Id	Municipality	% mun/basin	% APP mun/total	Id. N.	Municipality	% mun/basin	% APP mun/total
1	Alta Floresta	100	7.54	18	Nova Mutum	30.16	0.95
2	Apiacás	44.93	10.30	19	Nova Santa Helena	69.95	0.86
3	Carlinda	100.00	2.25	20	Nova Ubiratã	4.72	0.25
4	Cláudia	31.73	0.72	21	Novo Mundo	100	4.30
5	Colíder	100	2.20	22	Novo Progresso	35.90	8.88
6	Guarantã do Norte	70.46	2.22	23	Paranaíta	100.00	5.29
7	Ipiranga do Norte	98.78	1.74	24	Paranatinga	18.84	1.96
8	Itaúba	97.35	2.88	25	Peixoto de Azevedo	15.22	1.35
9	Jacareacanga	34.33	15.90	26	Planalto da Serra	85.02	0.95
10	Juara	20.94	3.01	27	Rosário Oeste	11.11	0.44
11	Lucas do Rio Verde	67.26	0.97	28	Santa Rita do Trivelato	99.91	2.74
12	Marcelândia	18.05	0.86	29	Sinop	81.06	1.46
13	Matupá	58.42	1.80	30	Sorriso	98.37	4.87
14	Nova Brasilândia	18.89	0.28	31	Tabaporã	17.63	1.08
15	Nova Canaã do Norte	99.77	4.89	32	Tapurah	17.77	0.34
16	Nova Guarita	100	0.78	33	Terra Nova do Norte	100	1.48
17	Nova Monte Verde	82.75	3.82	34	Vera	55.98	0.64

Class	P.F.	E.F.	Lower T.P.		Middle T.P.		Upper T.P.
	P.F.	E.F.	P.F.	E.F.	P.F.	E.F.	P.F.	E.F.
	Area Km²	Area Km²	Area Km²	Area Km²	Area Km²	Area Km²	Area Km²	Area Km²
Low	3461.38	5017.52	1278.40	2229.04	1575.67	1967.60	607.29	820.86
Medium	2520.06	1395.29	1138.38	518.12	977.23	660.49	404.45	216.67
High	551.81	150.76	344.00	43.68	149.28	79.31	58.53	27.77
Very High	46.62	3.77	29.73	2.96	15.02	0.56	1.88	0.26

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[1] AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTION

Aline Kraeski and Frederico Terra de Almeida conceived the study, collected and analyzed the data and wrote the text. Tânia Maria de Carvalho collaborated with data analysis and text writing. Adilson Pacheco de Souza collaborated in data collection and analysis and text writing.