Figure 1
The solution of problems of soil engineering (Lambe & Whitman, 1969Lambe, T.W., & Whitman, R.V. (1969). Soil mechanics (576 p.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
Figure 2
Specialization, codification and cognitive continuum (adapted from Parkin, 2000Parkin, J. (2000). Engineering judgment and risk (224 p.). Thomas Telford.).
Figure 3
General plan of the site and of the station (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 4
View of the eastern area of Terreiro do Paço square and the Finance Ministry building, with the location of the tunnel and the station (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 5
Schematic section across the Tagus River, the station and the east tower of Finance Ministry (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 6
Longitudinal geological profile corresponding to the north side of the tunnel and the station with the location of the tunnel accident and the station incidents (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 7
(a) Execution phases of the jet grouting columns of the west portal; (b) Location plan of the columns to be executed from inside the tunnel and the holes executed before the incident occurred (adapted from Ferconsult, 2001Ferconsult, & Metropolitano de Lisboa. (2001). Description of 2000 incident and details of the initial project of the new Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Ferconsult & Metropolitano de Lisboa. Internal document. (in Portuguese).).
Figure 8
Views from the east and west sides of the lining segments 344 to 350 of the extrados of the north side of the tunnel (Salgado, 2014Salgado, F. (2014). Incident at the Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro in July, 2000. In Proceedings of the XIV Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia (28 p.). Coimbra. (in Portuguese).).
Figure 9
(a) Schematic section of the water and soil entrance into the tunnel (Ferconsult, 2012Ferconsult. (2002). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station – general project. Ferconsult. Internal document. (in Portuguese).); (b) Location of the stations of the initial and final project and the accident area (Ferconsult & Metropolitano de Lisboa, 2011).
Figure 10
Cross-sections of the wide and narrow areas of the station (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 11
Plan and northern elevation of the peripheral curtain of secant piles and the shoring system (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 12
Plan of the theoretical position of the piles and the lining wall (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 13
Cross sections of the wide and narrow areas of the station after completion of the last excavation phase (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 14
Struts system of the station wide area and the device for the application of prestress (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 15
View of the curtain and shoring system from the Terreiro do Paço east tower (Brito et al., 2016Brito, J. A. M., Fernandes, M. M., Monteiro, R. F. & Cardoso, A. S. (2016). Rehabilitation of soils and foundations. Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Revista Construção Magazine, 73, 10-17. (in Portuguese).)
Figure 16
Excavation phase below the 3rd struts level on the south and north walls (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 17
Plan of the jet grouting slab (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 18
Representative phases of the construction phase of the wide area (eastern) of the station (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 19
(a) 3D view of the jet grouting treatment on the west portal; (b) Cross section of the west portal plane, showing the area treated with jet grouting (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 20
Typical cross-section of observation devices (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 21
(a) Initial phase of water inflow and dragging of sandy-muddy alluvial deposits in the north corner 5; (b) Most significant water inflow and alluvial deposits shortly after the start of the incident.
Figure 22
(a) Plug of sand bags, cement and concrete bags, about 3 m high; (b) Retaining piles from the narrow area on the north side between axes 3 and 5 after excavation up to the level -20.00 m, plug of sand bags and the underside of the lining wall at the level -18.20 m.
Figure 23
Plan at level -18:00 from survey of the piles position at north corner 5.
Figure 24
Location of pumping holes in the alluvium outside the station (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 25
(a) Curtain piles at the level of the bottom slab; (b) Very significant spacing between primary bentonite-cement piles, in the foreground, and secondary reinforced concrete piles, in the background.
Figure 26
Location of the injected areas outside curtain (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 27
(a) Plan of injection holes in continuous meshes with two and three rows in the north wall in the vicinity of axis 5; (b) Plan of injection holes in meshes located with two rows in the south wall in the vicinity of axes 17 and 18; (c) Vertical cross section in the north corner 5 with indication of the injection holes with manchette tubes and the area treated with multiple injections (Brito & Fernandes, 2006aBrito, J.M., & Fernandes, M.M. (2006a). Terreiro do Paço Lisbon metro station. Design, construction and observation (PPT presentation). In X Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia. Lisboa: SPG (in Portuguese).).
Figure 28
(a) Implantation of three rows of injection holes in the south wall in the vicinity of axis 9; (b) Injection cement grout from the outside of the curtain affluent to the interior near the corner 5 south.