Fungicides in the management of soybean rust, physiological processes and crop productivity

Alves, Viviane Moreira; Juliatti, Fernando Cezar

doi:10.1590/0100-5405/167203

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ARTIGOS • Summa Phytopathol. 44 (3) • Jul-Sep 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/167203 copy

Fungicides in the management of soybean rust, physiological processes and crop productivity

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Currently, recommendations for the management of Asian soybean rust (ASR) have been based on the application of protective fungicides mixed with triazoles, strobilurins and carboxamides. Thus, this study aimed to assess whether the increased productivity provided by the application of mancozeb is due solely to the fungicidal action of the product or to some physiological changes in the plant and what type of changes these would be. The experiment was conducted from March to June 2015 at the experimental station of the company UDI Research and Development in Uberlândia-MG, using the soybean cultivar 97Y07 RR. Experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replicates and 14 treatments: control, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin (58.45 + 116.55 g ha^-1), azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr (90 + 45 g ha^-1), trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (60 + 70 g ha^-1), tebuconazole + picoxystrobin (100 + 60 g ha^-1), picoxystrobin + cyproconazole (60 + 24 g ha^-1), mancozeb (1125 g ha^-1), azoxystrobin + tebuconazole + difenoconazole (60 + 120 + 75 g ha^-1), and the mixtures: fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin + mancozeb, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr + mancozeb, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole + mancozeb, tebuconazole + picoxystrobin + mancozeb, picoxystrobin + cyproconazole + mancozeb, and azoxystrobin + tebuconazole + difenoconazole + mancozeb, at the same doses mentioned above. The first application of treatments was performed in R1 growth stage, in the absence of symptoms/signs of the disease. Applications, intervals and use of adjuvants were established according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. Disease severity, concentration of chlorophylls and carotenoids, and gas exchange were evaluated. These data were used to plot the progress curve for each variable (AUPC). At the end of the crop cycle, the number of pods per plant, grains per pod, productivity and thousand grain weight (TGW) were quantified. In conclusion, addition of mancozeb to the mixtures fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole and tebuconazole + picoxystrobin potentiated ASR control; mancozeb increased the AUPC for concentration of photosynthetic pigments; when added to the mixture azoxystrobin + tebuconazole + difenoconazole, mancozeb increased the AUPC for chlorophyll concentration; and when added to fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin it raised the AUPC for intrinsic water use efficiency and TGW.

Keywords
Glycine max; Phakopsora pachyrhizi; chlorophyll concentration; photosynthetic rate; chemical contro

T	Tratamentos	Doses (g.ha^-1)	Adjuvantes	N° de aplicações	Intervalo (dias)
1	Testemunha	-	-	-	-
2	Fluxapiroxade + Piraclostrobina	58,45 + 116,55	OM 0,5 % v/v	3	14
3	Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir	90,0 + 45,0	OM 0,6 L ha^-1	3	14
4	Trifloxistrobina + Protioconazol	60,0 + 70,0	OV 0,25 % v/v	3	14
5	Tebuconazol + Picoxistrobina	100,0 + 60,0	OM 0,6 L ha^-1	2	21
6	Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazol	60,0 + 24,0	OM 0,6 L ha^-1	2	14
7	Mancozebe	1.125,00	OM 0,6 L ha^-1	3	14
8	Azoxistrobina + Tebuconazol + Difenoconazol	60,0 + 120,0 + 75,0	OM 0,6 L ha^-1	3	14
9	Fluxapiroxade + Piraclostrobina + Mancozebe	58,45 + 116,55 + 1.125,0	OM 0,5 % v/v	3	14
10	Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir + Mancozebe	90,0 + 45,0 + 1.125,0	OM 0,6 L ha^-1	3	14
11	Trifloxistrobina + Protioconazol + Mancozebe	60,0 + 70,0 + 1.125,0	OV 0,25 % v/v	3	14
12	Tebuconazol + Picoxistrobina + Mancozebe	100,0 + 60,0 + 1.125,0	OM 0,6 L ha^-1	2	21
13	Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazol + Mancozebe	60,0 + 24,0 + 1.125,0	OM 0,6 L ha^-1	2	14
14	Azoxistrobina + Tebuconazol + Difenoconazol + Mancozebe	60,0 + 120,0 + 75,0 + 1.125,0	OM 0,6 L ha^-1	3	14

Aplic.	Data	Trat. aplicados	Temp. (°C)	UR (%)	V. V. (m/s)	Neb.	Início (h)	Fim (h)	Estádio fenológico
1^a	16/03/2015	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14	23,8	69	2,0	CA	16:15	17:00	R1
2^a	30/03/2015	2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14	24,1	63	1,2	CA	09:00	09:45	R3
3^a	06/04/2015	5, 12	25,2	62	1,8	CA	10:30	10:37	R4
4^a	13/04/2015	2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14	26,5	58	1,2	CA	15:00	15:42	R5

T	Tratamentos¹ 1 Médias seguidas por letras distintas, na coluna, diferem entre si pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 0,05 de significância; KS, FLevene, FAditividade: estatisticas dos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene e Tukey para aditividade, respectivamente; valores em negrito indicam, resíduos com distribuição normal, variâncias homogêneas e aditividade, todos a 0,01.	AACPD
T		Severidade	FAS²	CA		CB		CT
1	Testemunha	1743,029	h	68,345	b	10,535	b	78,880	c
2	Fluxapiroxade + Piraclostrobina	942,463	e	78,931	a	14,271	b	93,201	a
3	Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir	357,006	b	84,942	a	14,737	b	99,679	a
4	Trifloxistrobina + Protioconazol	462,023	c	83,791	a	17,684	a	101,474	a
5	Tebuconazol + Picoxistrobina	721,327	d	84,069	a	14,391	b	98,459	a
6	Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazol	631,283	d	81,937	a	13,732	b	95,669	a
7	Mancozebe	1154,008	f	80,375	a	12,365	b	92,739	a
8	Azoxistrobina + Tebuconazol + Difenoconazol	1442,152	g	73,912	b	14,698	b	88,610	b
9	Fluxapiroxade + Piraclostrobina + Mancozebe	580,388	d	80,496	a	13,343	b	93,839	a
10	Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir + Mancozebe	221,754	a	84,728	a	16,169	a	100,897	a
11	Trifloxistrobina + Protioconazol + Mancozebe	306,279	b	86,445	a	17,510	a	103,955	a
12	Tebuconazol + Picoxistrobina + Mancozebe	403,451	b	82,647	a	16,693	a	99,341	a
13	Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazol + Mancozebe	594,043	d	81,881	a	15,754	a	97,634	a
14	Azoxistrobina + Tebuconazol + Difenoconazol + Mancozebe	1125,069	f	80,224	a	15,894	a	96,118	a
	KS	0,066		0,094		0,055		0,086
	F Levene	2,110		1,236		0,637		1,276
	F Aditividade	0,004		0,390		0,390		0,757
	CV	6,060		5,670		16,310		5,970

T	Tratamentos¹ 1 Médias seguidas por letras distintas, na coluna, diferem entre si pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 0,05 de significância; KS, FLevene, FAditividade: estatísticas dos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene e Tukey para aditividade, respectivamente; valores em negrito indicam , resíduos com distribuição normal, variâncias homogêneas e aditividade, todos a 0,01.	AACPD A		A/Ci		A/gs
1	Testemunha	695,289	b	2,656	b	1224,217	b
2	Fluxapiroxade + Piraclostrobina	802,023	a	3,201	a	1388,726	b
3	Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir	821,231	a	3,270	a	1467,310	a
4	Trifloxistrobina + Protioconazol	822,895	a	3,278	a	1434,999	a
5	Tebuconazol + Picoxistrobina	790,227	a	3,105	a	1397,142	b
6	Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazol	828,332	a	3,363	a	1520,714	a
7	Mancozebe	746,655	b	2,919	b	1352,506	b
8	Azoxistrobina + Tebuconazol + Difenoconazol	697,979	b	2,730	b	1284,103	b
9	Fluxapiroxade + Piraclostrobina + Mancozebe	848,405	a	3,581	a	1711,213	a
10	Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir + Mancozebe	799,234	a	3,223	a	1538,759	a
11	Trifloxistrobina + Protioconazol + Mancozebe	840,266	a	3,406	a	1452,822	a
12	Tebuconazol + Picoxistrobina + Mancozebe	810,823	a	3,252	a	1477,161	a
13	Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazol + Mancozebe	784,026	a	3,104	a	1499,033	a
14	Azoxistrobina + Tebuconazol + Difenoconazol + Mancozebe	751,255	b	2,950	b	1346,666	b
	KS	0,095		0,116		0,090
	F Levene	1,684		1,213		2,317
	F Aditividade	1,109		5,436		0,751
	CV	8,020		9,950		8,830

T	Tratamentos¹ 1 Médias seguidas por letras distintas, na coluna, diferem entre si pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 0,05 de significância; KS, FLevene , FAditividade: estatisticas dos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene e Tukey para aditividade, respectivamente; valores em negrito indicam , resíduos com distribuição normal, variâncias homogêneas e aditividade, todos a 0,01.	NVP		NGV (g)		M1000G		Produtividade
T		NVP		NGV (g)		(kg/ha)
1	Testemunha	38,250	d	2,355	b	102,842	b	1242,810	c
2	Fluxapiroxade + Piraclostrobina	47,675	b	2,353	b	124,558	b	2210,009	b
3	Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir	50,075	a	2,433	a	136,933	a	3164,058	a
4	Trifloxistrobina + Protioconazol	45,475	b	2,445	a	140,450	a	2879,630	a
5	Tebuconazol + Picoxistrobina	43,400	c	2,410	b	135,575	a	2297,030	b
6	Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazol	45,025	b	2,390	b	134,650	a	2233,934	b
7	Mancozebe	47,525	b	2,525	a	111,900	b	1749,276	c
8	Azoxistrobina + Tebuconazol + Difenoconazol	41,000	d	2,420	b	116,375	b	1299,492	c
9	Fluxapiroxade + Piraclostrobina + Mancozebe	43,700	c	2,373	b	141,508	a	2327,197	b
10	Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir + Mancozebe	50,850	a	2,400	b	147,608	a	3343,629	a
11	Trifloxistrobina + Protioconazol + Mancozebe	47,250	b	2,488	a	144,217	a	2946,174	a
12	Tebuconazol + Picoxistrobina + Mancozebe	47,750	b	2,345	b	139,833	a	2522,061	b
13	Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazol + Mancozebe	45,225	b	2,385	b	125,233	b	2278,037	b
14	Azoxistrobina + Tebuconazol + Difenoconazol + Mancozebe	45,125	b	2,400	b	115,767	b	2259,786	b
	KS	0,112		0,085		0,065		0,101
	F Levene	1,073		2,317		1,230		1,731
	F Aditividade	0,188		0,505		0,024		2,088
	CV	5,810		2,520		8,040		15,630

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[1] Autor para correspondência: Viviane Moreira Alves (viviane_agro@yahoo.com.br)