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Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire for screening children and adolescents for plastic surgery: cross-cultural validation study

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:

Patient-reported outcome measurements assessing the emotional state of children and adolescents who seek plastic surgery are important for determining whether the intervention is indicated or not. The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (child/adolescent and parent versions) for Brazilian Portuguese, test its psychometric properties and assess the emotional state of children and adolescents who seek plastic surgery. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-cultural validation study conducted in a plastic surgery outpatient clinic at a public university hospital.

METHODS:

A total of 124 consecutive patients of both sexes were selected between September 2013 and February 2014. Forty-seven patients participated in the cultural adaptation of the questionnaire. The final version was tested for reliability on 20 patients. Construct validity was tested on 57 patients by correlating the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (child/adolescent and parent versions) with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale.

RESULTS:

The child/adolescent and parent versions of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire showed Cronbach’s alpha of 0.768 and 0.874, respectively, and had good inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.757 and ICC = 0.853, respectively) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.738 and ICC = 0.796, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire is a reproducible instrument with face, content and construct validity.The mood state and feelings among children and adolescents seeking cosmetic surgery were healthy.

KEY WORDS:
Adolescent; Self-image; Surgery, plastic; Depression; Triage

INTRODUCTION

Childhood and adolescence are difficult times because of the enormous pressure imposed by society on people to conform to arbitrary standards of physical appearance.11. Lukash FN. Children’s art as a helpful index of anxiety and selfesteem with plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109(6):1777– 86; discussion 1787–8.,22. Lukash FN. Adolescent plastic surgery. Child Hosp Q. 1996;8(2):73. Standards of beauty help to shape thoughts, which may lead to discrepancy between what is conceived as ideal and the actual personal reality and also to higher demand for plastic surgery33. Brito MJ, Nahas FX, Cordás TA, et al. Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms and Body Weight Concerns in Patients Seeking Abdominoplasty. Aesthet Surg J. 2016;36(3):324–32.

Physical and emotional changes during adolescence may lead to dissatisfaction with physical appearance.44. McGrath MH, Mukerji S. Plastic surgery and the teenage patient. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2000;13(3):105-18.,55. Kamburoğlu HO, Ozgür F. Postoperative satisfaction and the patient’s body image, life satisfaction, and self-esteem: a retrospective study comparing adolescent girls and boys after cosmetic surgery. Aesth Plast Surg. 2007;31 (6)739–45. At present, adolescents tend to seek esthetic and surgical procedures influenced by their peers or to improve interpersonal relationships and increase their feelings of inclusion in a social group.44. McGrath MH, Mukerji S. Plastic surgery and the teenage patient. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2000;13(3):105-18.

According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, about 283,000 cosmetic plastic surgeries were performed on adolescents aged between 13 and 19 in 2012.66. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2012 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. ASPS National Clearinghouse of Plastic Surgery Procedural Statistics, 2013. Available from: https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/News/Statistics/2012/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2012.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/Ne...
In Brazil, there was an increase of 141% in the number of plastic surgical procedures performed on adolescents between 14 and 18 years.77. Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica. Notícias. Número de cirurgias plásticas entre adolescentes aumenta 141 % em 4 anos. Available from: http://www2.cirurgiaplastica.org.br/numero-de-cirurgias-plasticas-entreadolescentes-aumenta-141-em-4-anos/ Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://www2.cirurgiaplastica.org.br/nume...
,88. International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. ISAPS International Survey on Aesthetic/Cosmetic. Procedures Performed in 2013. Available from: http://www.isaps.org/Media/Default/global-statistics/2014%20ISAPS%20Results%20(3).pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://www.isaps.org/Media/Default/globa...
The most common cosmetic procedures sought by girls, both in Brazil and worldwide, are liposuction and breast augmentation, and by boys are gynecomastia and otoplasty for correction of prominent ears.44. McGrath MH, Mukerji S. Plastic surgery and the teenage patient. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2000;13(3):105-18.,,55. Kamburoğlu HO, Ozgür F. Postoperative satisfaction and the patient’s body image, life satisfaction, and self-esteem: a retrospective study comparing adolescent girls and boys after cosmetic surgery. Aesth Plast Surg. 2007;31 (6)739–45. 66. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2012 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. ASPS National Clearinghouse of Plastic Surgery Procedural Statistics, 2013. Available from: https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/News/Statistics/2012/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2012.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/Ne...
According to some authors, improvement in physical appearance is directly associated with increased self-esteem and self-confidence among adolescents.11. Lukash FN. Children’s art as a helpful index of anxiety and selfesteem with plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109(6):1777– 86; discussion 1787–8.,,22. Lukash FN. Adolescent plastic surgery. Child Hosp Q. 1996;8(2):73.,33. Brito MJ, Nahas FX, Cordás TA, et al. Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms and Body Weight Concerns in Patients Seeking Abdominoplasty. Aesthet Surg J. 2016;36(3):324–32.,44. McGrath MH, Mukerji S. Plastic surgery and the teenage patient. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2000;13(3):105-18.,55. Kamburoğlu HO, Ozgür F. Postoperative satisfaction and the patient’s body image, life satisfaction, and self-esteem: a retrospective study comparing adolescent girls and boys after cosmetic surgery. Aesth Plast Surg. 2007;31 (6)739–45.,66. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2012 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. ASPS National Clearinghouse of Plastic Surgery Procedural Statistics, 2013. Available from: https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/News/Statistics/2012/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2012.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/Ne...
,77. Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica. Notícias. Número de cirurgias plásticas entre adolescentes aumenta 141 % em 4 anos. Available from: http://www2.cirurgiaplastica.org.br/numero-de-cirurgias-plasticas-entreadolescentes-aumenta-141-em-4-anos/ Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://www2.cirurgiaplastica.org.br/nume...
,88. International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. ISAPS International Survey on Aesthetic/Cosmetic. Procedures Performed in 2013. Available from: http://www.isaps.org/Media/Default/global-statistics/2014%20ISAPS%20Results%20(3).pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://www.isaps.org/Media/Default/globa...
,99. Simis KJ, Hovius SE, de Beaufort ID, Verhulst FC, Koot HM. After plastic surgery: adolescent-reported appearance ratings and appearancerelated burdens in patient and general population groups. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109(1):9-17.

Thus, indications for plastic surgery may help some adolescents who feel different and uncomfortable in their own body to break out of social isolation.44. McGrath MH, Mukerji S. Plastic surgery and the teenage patient. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2000;13(3):105-18.,55. Kamburoğlu HO, Ozgür F. Postoperative satisfaction and the patient’s body image, life satisfaction, and self-esteem: a retrospective study comparing adolescent girls and boys after cosmetic surgery. Aesth Plast Surg. 2007;31 (6)739–45.,66. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2012 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. ASPS National Clearinghouse of Plastic Surgery Procedural Statistics, 2013. Available from: https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/News/Statistics/2012/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2012.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/Ne...
In fact, plastic surgery leads to psychological changes by modifying the physical appearance, and therefore is considered to be a psychological intervention.1010. Neto MS, Abla LE, Lemos AL, et al. The impact of surgical treatment on the self-esteem of patients with breast hypertrophy, hypomastia, or breast asymmetry. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2012;36(1):223–5.,1111. Ferraro GA, Rossano F, D’Andrea F. Self-perception and self-esteem of patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2005;29(3):184–9.,1212. de Brito MJ, Nahas FX, Barbosa MV, et al. Abdominoplasty and its effect on body image, self-esteem, and mental health. Ann Plast Surg. 2010;65(1):5–10. Thus, its impact is not only esthetic but also, especially, psychosocial. It is known that esthetics produces individual and social wellbeing.99. Simis KJ, Hovius SE, de Beaufort ID, Verhulst FC, Koot HM. After plastic surgery: adolescent-reported appearance ratings and appearancerelated burdens in patient and general population groups. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109(1):9-17.,1010. Neto MS, Abla LE, Lemos AL, et al. The impact of surgical treatment on the self-esteem of patients with breast hypertrophy, hypomastia, or breast asymmetry. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2012;36(1):223–5.,1111. Ferraro GA, Rossano F, D’Andrea F. Self-perception and self-esteem of patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2005;29(3):184–9.,1212. de Brito MJ, Nahas FX, Barbosa MV, et al. Abdominoplasty and its effect on body image, self-esteem, and mental health. Ann Plast Surg. 2010;65(1):5–10.,1313. Flageul G, Godefroy M, Lacoeuilhe G. [The therapeutic function of the aesthetic surgery]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2003;48(5):247–56.

Body dysmorphic concerns may result in social anxieties and emotional conflicts among children and adolescents.11. Lukash FN. Children’s art as a helpful index of anxiety and selfesteem with plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109(6):1777– 86; discussion 1787–8.,22. Lukash FN. Adolescent plastic surgery. Child Hosp Q. 1996;8(2):73. Moreover, the presence of physical characteristics and appearance differing from the cultural standard of beauty may trigger bullying, which in turn causes psychological disorders among vulnerable individuals. Thus, the perception of a defect or flaw in physical appearance may contribute towards development of a mental disorder in individuals with neurobiological vulnerability and psychological fragility.33. Brito MJ, Nahas FX, Cordás TA, et al. Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms and Body Weight Concerns in Patients Seeking Abdominoplasty. Aesthet Surg J. 2016;36(3):324–32.

Depression is the most common psychological disorder in contemporary society,1414. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Dernier O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602. with a prevalence of 2% among children and 4% to 8% among adolescents.1414. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Dernier O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602.,1515. Jane Costello E, Erkanli A, Angold A. Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(12):1263–71. The World Health Organization reported that depression is the most common disorder among children and adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age and is the predominant cause of disability in both genders. Suicide is one of the three leading causes of death in this age group.1616. World Health Organization. Health for the world’s adolescents: a second chance in the second decade. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. Available from: http://apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/files/1612_MNCAH_HWA_Executive_Summary.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://apps.who.int/adolescent/second-de...
Mental health problems during childhood and adolescence are common and may be associated with various difficulties, including behavioral, emotional, social and academic functioning problems, thus affecting the development and use of potential resources.1717. Saur AM, Loureiro SR. Qualidades psicométricas do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades: revisão da literatura [Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a literature review]. Estud Psicol (Campinas). 2012;29(4):619–29.

Excessive concern regarding appearance may conceal psychopathological states that are not always easily identified and may lead to iatrogenic and medico-legal problems if neglected.1818. Vila-Nova da Silva DB, Nahas FX, Ferreira LM. Factors influencing judicial decisions on medical disputes in plastic surgery. Aesthet Surg J.2015;35(4):477-83. Thus, validation of patient-reported outcome measurements can help in rapidly screening and identifying depression among children and adolescents, since psychological disorders may not only affect their emotional, social and academic life,1919. Harper G, Marks A, Nelson WM. Teen depression: overlooked and undertreated. Patient Care. 2002;36(12):37-43. Available from: https://business.highbeam.com/436950/article-1G1-94044544/teen-depression-overlooked-and-undertreated. Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
https://business.highbeam.com/436950/art...
but also influence patient satisfaction with the results of surgery2020. Malick F, Howard J, Koo J. Understanding the psychology of the cosmetic patients. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21 (1 ):47–53.,2121. Shridharani SM, Magarakis M, Manson PN, Rodriguez ED. Psychology of plastic and reconstructive surgery: a systematic clinical review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(6):2243-51.

OBJECTIVE

To translate, culturally adapt and validate the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (child/adolescent and parent versions)2222. Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, et al. Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1995;5:237-49. Available from: http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/AngoldMFQarticle.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/AngoldMFQart...
for Brazilian Portuguese; to test the psychometric properties, reproducibility and validity of the instrument; and to assess the emotional state of children and adolescents who seek plastic surgery.

METHODS

This study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de São Paulo (approval number 32664) and was conducted in accordance with the Brazilian Ethical Review System for research involving human beings. It also conformed to the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and their parents or legal representatives after the procedures had been fully explained to them and prior to their inclusion in the study. Patient anonymity was assured. This study was conducted between September 2013 and February 2014.

Patients were consecutively recruited at the Plastic Surgery Outpatient Clinic of the “Jesus” Municipal Hospital and Barra Day Hospital in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The parents or legal representatives of the patients also participated in the study. The eligibility criteria were that patients of both sexes, aged between 8 and 17 years, showing preoccupation with physical appearance associated with subjective distress, and who were seeking plastic surgery, could be included. The exclusion criteria were lack of ability to understand the interview questions and presence of psychotic disorders.

A convenience sample (non-probability sample) of all consecutive patients who met the study criteria was selected to participate in the study. We assessed the highest possible number of eligible patients during the study period; none declined participation. Out of the 124 patients admitted, 47 participated in the cultural adaptation of the scale, 20 were included in the reliability analysis on the final version of the instrument and 57 participated in the construct validity assessment. The construct validity was assessed through correlating the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, in its child/adolescent and parent versions, with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale. The participants in each phase were not included in the other phases of the study.

The number of patients participating in the cultural adaptation, reliability and validity phases was similar to that used in previous studies evaluating the psychometric properties of social construct measurements in plastic surgery populations,2323. Dini GM, Ferreira LM, Quaresma MR. Adaptação cultural e validação da versäo brasileira da escala de auto-estima de Rosenberg [Translation into Portuguese, cultural adaptation and validation of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale]. Rev Soc Bras Cir Plást (1997). 2004;19(1):41-52.,2424. Jorge RT, Sabino Neto M, Natour J, et al. Brazilian version of the body dysmorphic disorder examination. Sao Paulo Med J. 2008;126(2):87–95.,2525. Piccolo MS, Gragnani A, Daher RP, et al. Burn Sexuality Questionnaire: Brazilian translation, validation and cultural adaptation. Burns. 2013;39(5):942-9.,2626. Piccolo MS, Gragnani A, Daher RP, et al. Validation of the Brazilian version of the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B-Br). Burns. 2015;41(7):1579–86.,2727. Brito MJ, Duarte LS, Sabino Neto M, et al. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS): Brazilian Portuguese translation, cultural adaptation and validation. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2015;37(4):310–6.,2828. Ramos TD, Brito MJ, Piccolo MS, et al. Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale for patients seeking esthetic surgery: cross-cultural validation study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016;134(6):480–90.,2929. de Lima EL, de Brito MJ, de Souza DM, Salomé GM, Ferreira LM. Crosscultural adaptation and validation of the neonatal/infant Braden Q risk assessment scale. J Tissue Viability. 2016;25(1 ):57–65. and was in accordance with the methodology internationally accepted and used for translation, cultural adaptation and validation of instruments.3030. Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(12):1417–32.,3131. Guillemin F. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of health status measures. Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24(2):61–3.,3232. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186–91.,3333. Gandek B,WareJE Jr. Methods for validating and norming translations of health status questionnaires: the IQOLA Project approach. International Quality of Life Assessment. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11 ):953–9.,3434. Sapnas KG, Zeller RA. Minimizing sample size when using exploratory factor analysis for measurement. J Nurs Meas. 2002;10(2):135–54. According to Sapnas and Zeller,3434. Sapnas KG, Zeller RA. Minimizing sample size when using exploratory factor analysis for measurement. J Nurs Meas. 2002;10(2):135–54. the traditional protocol for determination of an adequate sample size based on power analysis is not appropriate for studies assessing the psychometric properties of social construct measurements; a total sample size of 50 subjects or more is adequate for representing the study population.3434. Sapnas KG, Zeller RA. Minimizing sample size when using exploratory factor analysis for measurement. J Nurs Meas. 2002;10(2):135–54.

The instrument

The present study was conducted after Dr. Angold, the author of the original version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, granted permission to translate, culturally adapt and validate the instrument for Brazilian Portuguese.

The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire2222. Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, et al. Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1995;5:237-49. Available from: http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/AngoldMFQarticle.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/AngoldMFQart...
is derived from the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire,3535. Costello EJ, Benjamin R, Angold A, Silver D. Mood variability in adolescents: a study of depressed, nondepressed and comorbid patients. J Affect Disord. 1991 ;23(4):199–212. which was developed to assess depressive signs and symptoms among children and adolescents between 8 and 17 years of age.3636. Messer SC, Angold A, Costello J, et al. Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents: factor composition and structure across development. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1995;5:251-62. Available from: http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/messermfqarticle.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/messermfqart...
,3737. Kent L, Vostanis P, Feehan C. Detection of major and minor depression in children and adolescents: evaluation of the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):565–73.

The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire is a brief selfreport instrument for screening for depressive symptoms and for assessing moods and feelings among children and adolescents; it is also available in a parent version. Thirteen items involving affective and cognitive components are rated on a scale from 0 to 2, where 0 indicates no symptom and 2 indicates depressive symptoms. The total score is calculated as the sum of ratings for the 13 items, with higher scores indicating mental health impairment of greater severity.

Translation

The original version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire was translated from English into Brazilian Portuguese by two independent translators. Only one of the translators was informed about the objectives of the study, so as to obtain a conceptual rather literal translation of the scale.3030. Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(12):1417–32. Both translations were evaluated by a multidisciplinary group composed of two plastic surgeons, a psychologist and an anesthesiologist. All items were checked for possible mistakes made during the translation and were evaluated for content validity. A Brazilian Portuguese consensus version of the questionnaire was then obtained by combining elements from both translations. The consensus version was adequately adapted for linguistic context and care was taken to preserve all essential characteristics of the original instrument. Idiomatic, semantic, conceptual and cultural equivalences were considered during the translation phase.

Next, the consensus version was back-translated into English by two independent translators who did not have any knowledge about the original questionnaire or purpose of the study. Both backtranslated versions were evaluated and compared with the original questionnaire by the same multidisciplinary group, to check for possible errors made during back-translation. A consensus back-translated version was created and compared with the original English version, and minor differences were resolved by discussion. This analysis resulted in development of consensus version 1 of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in Brazilian Portuguese, which was appropriately adapted to the linguistic and cultural context of the target population, while maintaining all the essential characteristics of the original questionnaire in English.

Cultural adaptation or pretesting

Version 1 of the questionnaire was administered to 20 patients and their respective parents, who were interviewed separately, to test for possible failures of the respondents to comprehend the items. After these patients had given informed consent for their participation, they were given the opportunity to express their comprehension of the questionnaire and suggest any changes they considered necessary. All patients and parents understood that the questionnaire items related to emotional state.

The interview data were collected and evaluated by the multidisciplinary team, and then version 2 of the scale was created, including adaptations that were necessary for patients and parents to properly understand all items. When patients failed to understand the meaning of an item, the question was reworded, while always maintaining the same semantic concept, so that the essential structure of the instrument was unchanged.

Version 2 of the scale was then administered to 27 different patients and their respective parents. The final version was obtained when patients, translators and healthcare professionals reached a consensus (Appendix 1).

Psychometric evaluation

After translation and cultural adaptation, the final version was tested for internal reliability and for face, content and construct validity, on 20 and 57 target patients and parents, respectively.

Reliability

Cronbach’s alpha (α) was used to evaluate the internal consistency and reliability of the instrument. It indicates the degree to which a set of items measures a single latent construct, thus determining the internal consistency or average correlation of items in a survey instrument and estimating its reliability.

Cronbach’s alpha ranges from 0 to 1. Alpha values greater than 0.7 indicate acceptable to high reliability3838. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1 (8476)307–10.,3939. De Vellis RF. Scale development: Theory and application. 2nd ed. London: Sage; 2003. When the overall Cronbach’s alpha value is low (< 0.7), an item-by-item analysis should be carried out to evaluate whether an item should be excluded from the scale to increase the consistency of the instrument. The item-by-item analysis is performed by observing the correlation of each item with the other items of the instrument (item-total correlation) and by calculating “alpha if item deleted” for each item. If the item-total correlation is low and the alpha value if item deleted is higher than the overall alpha, it may be appropriate to remove this item from the scale.

Test-retest reliability (reproducibility) is the ability of an instrument to produce stable or similar results from repeated administration when no change in the patients’ characteristics has occurred.3333. Gandek B,WareJE Jr. Methods for validating and norming translations of health status questionnaires: the IQOLA Project approach. International Quality of Life Assessment. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11 ):953–9. Studies have reported retesting as early as a few hours after baseline testing.2424. Jorge RT, Sabino Neto M, Natour J, et al. Brazilian version of the body dysmorphic disorder examination. Sao Paulo Med J. 2008;126(2):87–95.,2525. Piccolo MS, Gragnani A, Daher RP, et al. Burn Sexuality Questionnaire: Brazilian translation, validation and cultural adaptation. Burns. 2013;39(5):942-9., 2626. Piccolo MS, Gragnani A, Daher RP, et al. Validation of the Brazilian version of the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B-Br). Burns. 2015;41(7):1579–86.,2727. Brito MJ, Duarte LS, Sabino Neto M, et al. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS): Brazilian Portuguese translation, cultural adaptation and validation. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2015;37(4):310–6.,2828. Ramos TD, Brito MJ, Piccolo MS, et al. Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale for patients seeking esthetic surgery: cross-cultural validation study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016;134(6):480–90. The longer the time that elapses is, the lower the measured reliability will be, and the more likely it will be that knowledge or attitudes have in fact changed.4040. Trochim WMK.The research methods knowledge base. 2nd ed. Ohio: Atomic Dog Publishing; 2001. The instrument was tested for test-retest reliability (reproducibility) in three interviews conducted by two independent interviewers. Twenty patients and parents were interviewed by investigator 1 and the interview was repeated by investigator 2 three hours later, on the same day. After two weeks, the instrument was administered to the same patients and parents by investigator 1 only. Inter and intra-rater reliability analyses were performed. This phase of testing is used to verify the precision of the instrument in measuring the properties for which it was designed.3131. Guillemin F. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of health status measures. Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24(2):61–3.,3232. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186–91.

Statistical analysis on test-retest reliability was performed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r).

Validity

In this study, face validity was determined through a consensus reached by the multidisciplinary group responsible for the Brazilian version of the questionnaire during its cultural adaptation.

Content validity is defined as the degree to which items are representative of the construct of interest. The content validity of the instrument was examined in each phase of the study by the multiprofessional group and determined through reaching a consensus.

Construct validity was tested on 57 patients and respective parents. This is the process in which the correlation of a measurement with other variables is tested for theoretical consistency. Construct validity was tested by comparing the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire with scales that are considered to be associated with mood and feelings, using convergent and divergent validity analyses.

Convergent validity refers to the degree to which two measurements of constructs that theoretically should be related are in fact related. Assessment of convergent validity does not require use of a gold standard. It was measured by studying the correlations between domains of the child/adolescent and parent versions of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the child and parent versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.1717. Saur AM, Loureiro SR. Qualidades psicométricas do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades: revisão da literatura [Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a literature review]. Estud Psicol (Campinas). 2012;29(4):619–29.,1818. Vila-Nova da Silva DB, Nahas FX, Ferreira LM. Factors influencing judicial decisions on medical disputes in plastic surgery. Aesthet Surg J.2015;35(4):477-83.,1919. Harper G, Marks A, Nelson WM. Teen depression: overlooked and undertreated. Patient Care. 2002;36(12):37-43. Available from: https://business.highbeam.com/436950/article-1G1-94044544/teen-depression-overlooked-and-undertreated. Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
https://business.highbeam.com/436950/art...
,2020. Malick F, Howard J, Koo J. Understanding the psychology of the cosmetic patients. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21 (1 ):47–53.,2121. Shridharani SM, Magarakis M, Manson PN, Rodriguez ED. Psychology of plastic and reconstructive surgery: a systematic clinical review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(6):2243-51.,22,23,2424. Jorge RT, Sabino Neto M, Natour J, et al. Brazilian version of the body dysmorphic disorder examination. Sao Paulo Med J. 2008;126(2):87–95.,2525. Piccolo MS, Gragnani A, Daher RP, et al. Burn Sexuality Questionnaire: Brazilian translation, validation and cultural adaptation. Burns. 2013;39(5):942-9.,2626. Piccolo MS, Gragnani A, Daher RP, et al. Validation of the Brazilian version of the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B-Br). Burns. 2015;41(7):1579–86.,2727. Brito MJ, Duarte LS, Sabino Neto M, et al. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS): Brazilian Portuguese translation, cultural adaptation and validation. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2015;37(4):310–6.,2828. Ramos TD, Brito MJ, Piccolo MS, et al. Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale for patients seeking esthetic surgery: cross-cultural validation study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2016;134(6):480–90.,2929. de Lima EL, de Brito MJ, de Souza DM, Salomé GM, Ferreira LM. Crosscultural adaptation and validation of the neonatal/infant Braden Q risk assessment scale. J Tissue Viability. 2016;25(1 ):57–65.,3030. Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(12):1417–32.,3131. Guillemin F. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of health status measures. Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24(2):61–3.,3232. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186–91.,3333. Gandek B,WareJE Jr. Methods for validating and norming translations of health status questionnaires: the IQOLA Project approach. International Quality of Life Assessment. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11 ):953–9.,3434. Sapnas KG, Zeller RA. Minimizing sample size when using exploratory factor analysis for measurement. J Nurs Meas. 2002;10(2):135–54.,3535. Costello EJ, Benjamin R, Angold A, Silver D. Mood variability in adolescents: a study of depressed, nondepressed and comorbid patients. J Affect Disord. 1991 ;23(4):199–212.,3636. Messer SC, Angold A, Costello J, et al. Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents: factor composition and structure across development. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1995;5:251-62. Available from: http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/messermfqarticle.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/messermfqart...
,3737. Kent L, Vostanis P, Feehan C. Detection of major and minor depression in children and adolescents: evaluation of the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):565–73.,3838. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1 (8476)307–10.,3939. De Vellis RF. Scale development: Theory and application. 2nd ed. London: Sage; 2003.,4040. Trochim WMK.The research methods knowledge base. 2nd ed. Ohio: Atomic Dog Publishing; 2001.,4141. Goodman R.The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):581-6. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire has 25 items grouped into five subscales (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity-inattention, peer problems and prosocial behavior subscales) that assess positive and negative attributes of children and adolescents between 4 and 16 years of age. Higher scores on the prosocial behavior subscale reflect strengths, whereas higher scores on the other four subscales reflect difficulties. The instrument is available in three versions (child, parents and teachers).1717. Saur AM, Loureiro SR. Qualidades psicométricas do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades: revisão da literatura [Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a literature review]. Estud Psicol (Campinas). 2012;29(4):619–29. The correlation between the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was tested using Pearsons linear correlation.

Divergent validity demonstrates that the construct of interest (e.g. depression) is different from other constructs that might be present in the study (e.g. loss of self-esteem). Assessment of divergent validity does not require use of a gold standard. Divergent validity was determined by comparing scores on the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, in its child/adolescent and parent versions, with scores on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale,2323. Dini GM, Ferreira LM, Quaresma MR. Adaptação cultural e validação da versäo brasileira da escala de auto-estima de Rosenberg [Translation into Portuguese, cultural adaptation and validation of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale]. Rev Soc Bras Cir Plást (1997). 2004;19(1):41-52. using Pearsons linear correlation. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale is a 10-item measurement of self-esteem distributed over two domains: self-confidence and self-deprecation. The total score ranges from 0 to 30, where 0 indicates the highest level of self-esteem and 30 indicates the lowest level of self-esteem.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the data for normal distribution. The Wilcoxon test was performed to evaluate differences in mean scores between the child/adolescent and parent versions of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, because the data were not distributed normally. Student’s t test for independent samples was used for comparisons of mean scores in the child/adolescent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, between age groups.

To evaluate the responsiveness of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, floor and ceiling effects were considered to be present if more than 10% of the respondents achieved the lowest or highest possible score, respectively.

The IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), and the Stata 12 software (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas, USA) were used for data analysis. All statistical tests were performed at a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05). Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

RESULTS

A convenience sample of 124 consecutive patients of both sexes was selected to participate in the study. No patient declined to participate. The flow diagram showing the initial recruitment and the final sample of patients is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.
Flow diagram showing the initial recruitment and final sample of patients.

Overall, most patients 63.7% (n = 79) were boys; 48.4% (n = 60) were Caucasians; 86.3% (n = 107) had completed their primary education; the mean age was 12.1 ± 2.5 years; and 91.9% (n = 114) of the legal guardians who completed the parent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire were the child’s natural parents (Table 1).

Table 1.
Characteristics of the children and adolescents in each phase of the study

Cultural adaptation or pretesting

The purpose of the cultural adaptation or pretest was to evaluate whether the items of the translated instrument were clearly formulated. Thus, the 47 patients who participated in the pretest were not included in the statistical analysis.

Version 1 of the questionnaire was administered to 20 patients and respective parents. All the respondents understood that the items were about emotional states relating to mood and feelings. However, 20% (n = 4) of the children and adolescents and 15% (n = 3) of the parents did not understand the term “restless” (“inquieto” in Brazilian Portuguese) in item 4 (version 1), so the term was changed to “agitated” (“agitado” in Brazilian Portuguese) in both the child/adolescent and the parent version of the instrument.

The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire version 2 was then applied to another 27 children and adolescents and their parents, and the cross-cultural equivalence of the scale was retested. The patients and their parents had no doubts about the questionnaire items and found the instrument easy to understand. The mean time taken to answer the questionnaire was five minutes.

Questionnaire scores

The mean scores on the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, in the child/adolescent version (n = 77) and the parent version (n = 77) were 6.1 ± 4.4 and 6.9 ± 5.6, respectively. This showed that although the patients were dissatisfied with their physical appearance, they were mentally healthy. No significant difference was observed between scores from the child/adolescent and parent versions of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (P = 0.407; Wilcoxon test), and only a low correlation was found between the two versions of the instrument (r = 0.268; P = 0.019).

No significant age-related differences in scores from the child/ adolescent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire were found between children up to 11 years of age and those 12 years and older (P = 0.139; Students t test), thus showing that age had no impact on the degree of body dissatisfaction.

Internal consistency

The child/adolescent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (n = 77) showed acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.768). All items contributed to the internal consistency of the scale, except for item 4, which showed an α of -0.086, thus indicating almost complete absence of correlation of this item with the others. Deletion of item 4 (I felt very agitated) increased the internal consistency (α = 0.808), as shown in Table 2. The parent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (n = 77) showed good internal consistency (α = 0.874), with all items contributing favorably towards the internal consistency of the scale (Table 2).

Table 2.
Internal consistency analysis. Statistical summary of scores from the child/adolescent and parent versions of the Short Mood anc Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) (n = 77)

No floor or ceiling effect was present for the child/adolescent and parent versions of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, thus showing that both versions had good responsiveness.

Test-retest reliability

Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were investigated in a sample of 20 patients and respective parents. The child/adolescent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire demonstrated good inter-rater reliability (r = 0.808; ICC = 0.757; P < 0.001) and intra-rater reliability (r = 0.801; ICC = 0.738; P < 0.001), as seen in Table 3. The parent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire also had good inter-rater reliability (r = 0.894; ICC = 0.853; P < 0.001) and intra-rater reliability (r = 0.816; ICC = 0.796; P < 0.001), as listed in Table 4.

Table 3.
Inter and intra-rater reliability of the child/adolescent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ-C) (n = 20)
Table 4.
Inter and intra-rater reliability of the parent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ-P) (n = 20)

Construct validity

Construct validity was evaluated in a sample of 57 adolescent patients and their parents. There was a low correlation between the child/adolescent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the child version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (r = 0.295; P = 0.044), and a moderate correlation between the child/adolescent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the Rosenberg SelfEsteem scale (r = 0.495; P < 0.001).

A moderate correlation was found between the parent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (r = 0.581; P< 0.001).

DISCUSSION

The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire2222. Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, et al. Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1995;5:237-49. Available from: http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/AngoldMFQarticle.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/AngoldMFQart...
is a brief selfreport questionnaire that captures specific information about depressive symptoms and can serve as a decision-support system for selecting children and adolescents as candidates for plastic surgery. In contrast to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), which is intended for use by psychiatrists in making diagnoses of mental disorders such as depression, the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire is a brief, easy-to-use, objective screening tool that can be administered by healthcare professionals in general, thus allowing symptom tracking.

General guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of quality-oflife instruments were followed to ensure quality in the cross-culturally adapted Brazilian version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Appendix 1). Patients and healthcare professionals who were experienced in management of plastic surgery patients participated in the evaluation of this instrument.3030. Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(12):1417–32.

The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire was validated in a population sample of esthetic surgery patients (n = 77). The most common complaint among these children and adolescents was prominent ears, as reported by other researchers,44. McGrath MH, Mukerji S. Plastic surgery and the teenage patient. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2000;13(3):105-18.,55. Kamburoğlu HO, Ozgür F. Postoperative satisfaction and the patient’s body image, life satisfaction, and self-esteem: a retrospective study comparing adolescent girls and boys after cosmetic surgery. Aesth Plast Surg. 2007;31 (6)739–45.,66. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2012 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. ASPS National Clearinghouse of Plastic Surgery Procedural Statistics, 2013. Available from: https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/News/Statistics/2012/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2012.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
https://d2wirczt3b6wjm.cloudfront.net/Ne...
,4242. Cooper-Hobson G, Jaffe W. The benefits of otoplasty for children: further evidence to satisfy the modern NHS. J Plast Reconstr Aesth Surg. 2009;62(2):190–4.,4343. Bradbury ET, Hewison J, Timmons MJ. Psychological and social outcome of prominent ear correction in children. Br J Plast Surg. 1992;45(2):97-100.,4444. Rhew IC, Simpson K, Tracy M, et al. Criterion validity of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and one- and two-item depression screens in young adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2010;4(1 ):8. and the main motivation for seeking otoplasty was marked psychological and social distress, a finding consistent with previous studies.4242. Cooper-Hobson G, Jaffe W. The benefits of otoplasty for children: further evidence to satisfy the modern NHS. J Plast Reconstr Aesth Surg. 2009;62(2):190–4.,4343. Bradbury ET, Hewison J, Timmons MJ. Psychological and social outcome of prominent ear correction in children. Br J Plast Surg. 1992;45(2):97-100.,4444. Rhew IC, Simpson K, Tracy M, et al. Criterion validity of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and one- and two-item depression screens in young adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2010;4(1 ):8. The mean age of 12 years was similar to what was found by Rhew et al.4444. Rhew IC, Simpson K, Tracy M, et al. Criterion validity of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and one- and two-item depression screens in young adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2010;4(1 ):8. in a validation study on the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.

The 47 patients who were interviewed to assess the crosscultural equivalence of the translated Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire3232. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186–91. found that the instrument was easy to understand. The mean time taken to answer to the questionnaire was five minutes.

The instrument showed good internal consistency (child/adolescent version, α = 0.76; parent version, α = 0.87), compared with the original instrument (child/adolescent version, α = 0.85; parent version, α = 0.87),2222. Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, et al. Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1995;5:237-49. Available from: http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/AngoldMFQarticle.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Jul 18).
http://devepi.duhs.duke.edu/AngoldMFQart...
as well as good inter-rater reliability (child/ adolescent version, ICC = 0.76; parent version, ICC = 0.85), compared with the original scale (child/adolescent version, ICC = 0.73; parent version, ICC = 0.75),3535. Costello EJ, Benjamin R, Angold A, Silver D. Mood variability in adolescents: a study of depressed, nondepressed and comorbid patients. J Affect Disord. 1991 ;23(4):199–212. and intra-rater reliability (child/adolescent version, ICC = 0.73; parent version, ICC = 0.79).

Item 4 of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire had to be changed in both the child/adolescent and parent versions, and negatively affected the internal consistency of the scale. Similarly, Lundervold et al.4545. Lundervold AJ, Breivik K, Posserud MB, Stormark KM, Hysing M. Symptoms of depression as reported by Norwegian adolescents on the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. Front Psychol. 2013;4:613. found excellent internal consistency for all items of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, except for item 4. Sharp et al.4646. Sharp C, Goodyer IM, Croudace TJ.The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ): a unidimensional item response theory and categorical data factor analysis of self-report ratings from a community sample of 7-through 11 -year-old children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2006;34(3):379-91. reported that items 3, 4 and 7 had no discriminatory power, especially for high scores, but contributed towards screening for patients reporting low scores from the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. The variables of restlessness and tiredness, which are assessed in these items, may be related to changes to sleep-wake pattern during adolescence, resulting from physiological and psychological factors.4747. Gradisar M, Gardner G, Dohnt H. Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: a review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep. Sleep Med. 2011 ;12(2):110-8. In this study, the lowest scores reported were for items 3, 4 and 7, which assessed restlessness, tiredness and concentration problems, respectively, which are symptoms of depression.4545. Lundervold AJ, Breivik K, Posserud MB, Stormark KM, Hysing M. Symptoms of depression as reported by Norwegian adolescents on the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. Front Psychol. 2013;4:613. The low scores indicated that despite the distress with their physical appearance, the patients were mentally healthy.

The validity of the instrument was tested by comparing the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire with similar tools.3333. Gandek B,WareJE Jr. Methods for validating and norming translations of health status questionnaires: the IQOLA Project approach. International Quality of Life Assessment. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11 ):953–9. The Brazilian versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale are cross-culturally adapted and validated instruments that measure aspects of mental health. The moderate and low correlations of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, respectively, indicated that the study participants were mentally healthy. The children and adolescents reported a mean score of 9.9 ± 3.9 on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, thus indicating good self-esteem, which is a mental health indicator. Individuals with good self-esteem are less likely to have depression.1212. de Brito MJ, Nahas FX, Barbosa MV, et al. Abdominoplasty and its effect on body image, self-esteem, and mental health. Ann Plast Surg. 2010;65(1):5–10.

The fact that the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire assesses various emotional problems and is not specific to depressive symptoms may explain the low correlation between the two questionnaires. The moderate correlation between the parent version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire suggested that parents provided a more rigorous evaluation of both the mental condition of their children4747. Gradisar M, Gardner G, Dohnt H. Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: a review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep. Sleep Med. 2011 ;12(2):110-8. and their own subjectivity. However, the correlation between parent and child perception showed that although there was an affective bond between them, there was also independence of affections and presence of individuality. Parents can be a relevant source of information.99. Simis KJ, Hovius SE, de Beaufort ID, Verhulst FC, Koot HM. After plastic surgery: adolescent-reported appearance ratings and appearancerelated burdens in patient and general population groups. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109(1):9-17. Children often cannot adequately express their feelings about physical issues that may be affecting them emotionally. This highlights the importance of validating the child/adolescent and parent versions of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire.

Although the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire assesses emotional problems and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale measures self-deprecation, these instruments were not designed to specifically measure depressive signs and symptoms among children and adolescents. Thus, the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire is a valuable screening tool for rapid and simple detection of mental health impairment among children and adolescents, and may provide support for selecting patients for plastic surgery procedures.

This study was conducted mostly on boys and the main motivation for seeking plastic surgery was prominent ears. This is a limitation on the generalization of the results. Further studies are necessary to test the performance of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in different populations of children and adolescents.

CONCLUSIONS

The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire was translated, culturally adapted and validated for Brazilian Portuguese and was named the “Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire-Escola Paulista de Medicina/UNIFESP” or SMFQ-EPM/UNIFESP. It is a reliable instrument, showing face, content and construct validity. The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire indicated that the mood state and feelings of children and adolescents seeking cosmetic surgery were healthy.

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Appendix 1. Brazilian Portuguese version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) for children/adolescents and parents

QUESTIONÁRIO CURTO SOBRE HUMOR E SENTIMENTOS

Versão para autoavaliação

Este formulário se destina a registrar seus sentimentos e ações recentes.

Para cada pergunta, pedimos que marque como você se sentiu ou agiu nas duas últimas semanas.

Se a afirmação refletir seu sentimento a maior parte do tempo, marque a coluna VERDADE. Se for verdadeira apenas algumas vezes, marque a coluna ALGUMAS VEZES. Se a afirmaçâo nâo se aplicar a voce, marque a coluna NÄO É VERDADE.

Verdade Algumas vezes Não é verdade
Eu me senti muito mal ou infeliz
Eu não gostava de absolutamente nada
Eu me senti tão cansado/a que só ficava sentado/a sem fazer nada
Eu me senti muito agitado/a
Eu me senti como se não valesse mais nada
Eu chorei muito
Achei dificil raciocinar ou me concentrar
Eu me odiei
Eu fui uma pessoa má
Eu me senti sozinho/a
Eu pensei que ninguém me amava de verdade
Eu pensei que nunca chegaria a ser tão bom/a como as outras crianças/adolescentes
Eu fiz tudo errado/a
QUESTIONÁRIO CURTO SOBRE HUMOR E SENTIMENTOS

Versäo para avaliação de pais/responsaveis

Este formulário se destina a registrar seus sentimentos e ações recentes.

Para cada pergunta, pedimos que marque como você se sentiu ou agiu nas duas ultimas semanas.

Se a afirmação refletir seu sentimento a maior parte do tempo, marque a coluna VERDADE. Se for verdadeira apenas algumas vezes, marque a coluna ALGUMAS VEZES. Se a afirmação não se aplicar a você, marque a coluna NÃO É VERDADE.

Verdade Algumas vezes Não é verdade
Ele/a se sentiu muito mal ou infeliz
Ele/a não gostava de nada
Ele/a se sentiu tão cansado/a que so ficava sentado/a, sem fazer nada
Ele/a se sentiu muito agitado/a
Ele/a se sentiu como se não valesse mais nada
Ele/a chorou muito
Ele/a achou dificil raciocinar ou se concentrar
Ele/a se odiou
Ele/a achou que era uma pessoa má
Ele/a se sentiu sozinho/a
Ele/a pensou que ninguém o/a amava de verdade
Ele/a pensou que nunca chegaria a ser tão bom/a como as outras crianças
Ele/a achou que fazia tudo errado
  • Sources of funding: None

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    06 Nov 2017
  • Date of issue
    Nov-Dec 2017

History

  • Received
    13 Apr 2017
  • Accepted
    03 May 2017
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