O DIAGNÓSTICO DE ENFERMAGEM ‘ ANDAR COMPROMETIDO ’ NOS IDOSOS : REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA DA LITERATURA

Walk is an activity that requires different skills and can be highly complex particularly for the elderly. The aim was to identify the defined characteristics and related factors of the nursing diagnosis impaired walking in elderly. A Systematic literature review, based on a search done between January and March 2014, in the electronic platforms EBSCO Host®, SCOPUS and ISI, and using the search strategy walk* OR gait AND Nurs*. A sample of 36 studies was obtained. A total of 17 defined characteristics and 34 related factors were identified. Among all, nine defined characteristics and 20 related factors are not listed in the diagnosis of NANDA International. This research identified new defined characteristics and related factors not listed in NANDA International. This study is a contribution to the development of the taxonomy of NANDA International, which should represent nursing knowledge, and this highlights some implications for clinical practice, education and further research. DESCRIPTORS: Walking. Gait. Nursing diagnosis. Aged. O DIAGNÓSTICO DE ENFERMERÍA ‘DETERIORO DE LA DEAMBULACIÓN’ EN ANCIANOS: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA DE LA LITERATURA RESUMEN: Caminar es una función que requiere diferentes habilidades y puede ser muy complejo sobre todo para las personas mayores. Lo objetivo fue identificar las características definitorias y factores relacionados de diagnósticos de enfermería marcha comprometida en los ancianos. Revisión sistemática de la literatura, con búsqueda entre enero y marzo de 2014, en las plataformas electrónicas HOST® EBSCO, SCOPUS e ISI, a través de la estrategia de búsqueda walk* OR gait AND Nurs*. Se obtuvo una muestra de 36 estudios. Se identificó 17 y 34 características que definen los factores relacionados. Se encontró que los factores 9 y 20 características definitorias relacionados no se enumeran en el diagnóstico de la NANDA Internacional. Mediante esta Revisión fueron identificados nuevos indicadores clínicos y factores relacionados, en relación a los clasificados hasta la fecha por la NANDA Internacional. Este estudio constituye una contribución para el desarrollo de la taxonomía NANDA Internacional, que representa el conocimiento en Enfermería, con implicaciones para la práctica clínica, la educación y las investigaciones futuras. DESCRIPTORES: Caminata. Marcha. Diagnóstico de enfermaria. Anciano. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072016003350015


INTRODUCTION
People are bipedal beings, who use walking to travel from one place to another and thus ensure their independence.Walking is a highly complex and challenging activity that is controlled by superior brain structures. 1 Changes in walking may occur in humans throughout their life cycle and when unexpected, can put you in vulnerable circumstances.The vulnerability is accentuated even further when referring to the elderly.The sooner the elderly regain the ability to walk, the faster they become independent in other activities of life. 2 The World Health Organization defines elderly according to the socioeconomic status of their country.Thus, every person aged over 60 in developing countries are considered elderly and in developed countries this age is increased to 65 years of age. 3 Rehabilitation nurses have an approach which is focused on the development of patient skills that are needed to return in order to perform this complex task.Planning should be negotiated with the patient, which desirably should be shared with their family or community.With the largest number of elderly in the population, observations were made including an increase in the incidence of chronicdegenerative diseases, which are often accompanied by sequelae, limiting the functional performance and generate dependence. 4The continuing inability to walk can lead to social isolation and the need for a family caregiver.Through analysis of the literature, an idea emerges that the existence of compromised walking in the elderly is highly relevant. 5ue to the importance of walking as a human response and due to the possibility of nursing evaluation and interventions, impaired walking as a nursing diagnosis was proposed by Brenda Emick-Herring to the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association.It was published in 1998 when taxonomy I was in use, and organized according to the Gordon functional health patterns, listed in pattern 6 (Movement). 6In 2006, taxonomy II was revised and organized in 13 domains, and the diagnosis was coded as 00088, and listed in the domain 4 (Activity/Rest) and class 2 (Activity/Exercise). 7 A proposal for taxonomy III was recently disclosed, whose suggestion for this diagnosis is to integrate the domain 4 (Functional) and class 2 (physical ability). 8mpaired walking is defined by NANDA International (NANDA-I) as 'Limitation of independent movement within the environment on foot'. 8he defined characteristics (signs/symptoms observed and reported, which the nurse receives after the data collection, in the most varied sources) are: "impaired ability to climb stairs, impaired ability to overcome curbs, impaired capacity to descend an inclined plane, impaired ability to climb slopes, impaired ability to walk on uneven surfaces, and impaired ability to walk the distance required.:222 Also, in the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP ® ) it is possible to identify the definition for the diagnosis 'impaired walking' (10001046): ability to walk.There are two areas of focus described in this classification: one walking (10020886), defined as, "to mobilize: body movement from one place to another by moving the legs step by step, ability to sustain body weight and walk with effective ambulation, with speed ranging from slow to moderate or fast.:39 The NANDA-I is a classification of nursing diagnoses which is subjected to the greater amount of research studies. 10It is characterized by objectivity and compared to ICNP ® , which is a classification of terms, and is considered more suitable for the clinical reasoning of nurses and to define diagnosis. 7he fact that a diagnosis is included in a classification does not mean it cannot be subjected to research.The development of science and patients' repsonses to health/disease transitions are dynamic and differ culturally.Therefore, research on the concepts of diagnoses and clinical validation is desirable to sustain the evidence-based practice concerning the clinical practice of nurses to what, in fact, are the results of scientific research. 11he aim of this study is to identify the defined characteristics and related factors of the nursing diagnosis impaired walking in the elderly.It is intended to verify the existence of other defined char-acteristics and related factors beyond those which are described in NANDA-I and thus contribute to updating the taxonomy.

METHOD
The authors conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) which is based on scientific rigor through specific strategies that limit the biases selection of items, critically evaluating the articles and summarize the results of relevant studies in a given area, by predetermined criteria and a specific research question.][14] The research question was: what are the defined characteristics and related factors of impaired walking in the elderly?.Data collection took place from January to March 2014.The selection of studies was conducted step by step by two reviewers and, in case of disagreement between reviewers the decision was for the study to proceed to the next step of analysis.The PRISMA protocol was used for the process of identification, selection, eligibility and inclusion of studies (Figure 1).

Figure 1 -Mapping of selection of items to include in the review. Lisbon, Portugal, 2014
The next phase was the full text reading of the selected studies and, simultaneously, filling in a summary table for each article in order to systematize the relevant information.
The attribution of the level of evidence (LE) of the studies was based on the classification of the Joanna Briggs Institute. 15All studies were accepted without making the quality appraisal, in view of the goal of revision.
The process of translation, linguistic and cultural adaptation of the original 'impaired walking diagnosis' (00088), from the original version (American English) to European Portuguese was performed, as it differs from the Portuguese of Brazil, which is one of the official translations of NANDA-I, in particular its statement, definition, defined characteristics and related factors.
The translation process of 'impaired walking' (00088) was agreed, with the exception of the binomial statement that had several suggestions, such as impaired gait, difficulty walking, changes in walking and inability to walk.A meeting with three experts resulted in a consensus for impaired gait, also corresponding to the English version of ICNP ® .
A total of 17 defined characteristics of the diagnosis were identified and comprises the results (Table 1).All defined characteristics listed in NANDA-I have been identified in the results of the SLR, with the exception of 'impaired ability to climb slope'.A total of 11 other defined characteristics emerged in this study that are not listed in the classification, including: 'impaired gait speed' (n=22), 'impaired ability to walk certain distances in given time' (n=20), 'posture change' (n=9), 'engaged walking in rough terrain (evaluation abroad on asphalted and paved floor)' (n=6), 'impaired ability to change the speed of gait' (n=5), 'impaired capacity descending stairs' (n=4), 'impaired walking with other challenges (verbal response to auditory and visual stimuli)' (n=4), 'impaired walking while changing posture (turn your head, lean)' (n=4), 'impaired ability to walk for the required time' (n=3), 'impaired ability to walk forward on flat surface' (n=3) and 'intermittent claudication' (n=2).

DISCUSSION
Walking can be understood as a bipedal locomotion, incorporating the reciprocating motion of lower limbs and maintaining the dynamic balance. 18ait gradually changes during life and, to a large extent, determines daily life activities. 16Walking at home or outside, involves additional challenges, particularly in terms of maintaining the security and independence of the elderly person. 16Other authors reinforce the idea that the elderly have the ability to adapt to expected and unexpected disturbances in gait. 18Thus, the main objective is that the elderly have the ability to walk independently, with lower possible risks. 18Independence is one of the results of gait,which can be highly impaired in some disease situations, and can be considered as a central aspect, for example, the performance of people with multiple sclerosis, which becomes a key role in their capability to perform activities of daily life. 38alking is essential for daily life and depends on balance, joint mobility, endurance and muscular strength. 43Going out for walks is considered the most common physical activity among older people, and is one that is practiced more regularly compared to other more vigorous activities. 43Another study confirms that walking ability is fundamental to life independence. 25The decrease in gait speed is a strong and independent predictor in regards to the need to resort to health care, admission to nursing homes and elderly mortality. 25Fatigue is often the cause of disability in the elderly gait, without it feeling that it may threaten the maintenance of other activities that are considered vital. 25These authors recommend longitudinal studies that have the prognostic value of the speed of gate, as their central theme. 25Gait velocity decreases with age and it is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality. 41n this continuity, another study also states that gait is one of the necessary components for the elderly who have had stroke, who are residents in the community, in order for them to have an inde-pendent life, specifically in relation to the speed, balance and resistance of the gait. 30Other authors stress the idea that independent walking should represent one of the most important challenges of care, because the immobility or difficulty in walking is one of the biggest predictors of institutionalization in the elderly with dementia. 29n the rehabilitation of an elderly person who has undergone hip replacement surgery, the baseline as regards to the previous gait before the fracture, is frequently unachievable, which can lead to permanent changes, with a consequent decline in their quality of life.One of the predictors for the elderly to walk independently once again, is the recovery that they can achieve until the time of discharge. 33 study in elderly patients undergoing thoracic and pelvic surgery revealed that their quality of life is more determined by their functional capacity, than by the personal background they have.The best predictor of functional capacity in the postoperative period is the previous baseline. 46In another study that addresses the increase in walking, the creation of walking programs, telephone contacts, walking groups and the establishment of a pedometer referral programs, are several suggested strategies for the improvement in physical function in elderly Chinese immigrants residing in the United States of America. 20Impaired gait causes restrictions in daily life, and is a phenomenon of interest to nurses in intervention planning. 34mong the 11 new defined characteristics ('impaired ability to walk down stairs', 'impaired ability to walk certain distances at one time', 'impaired ability to walk for the required time', 'impaired capacity in gait speed', 'impaired capacity to change walking speed', 'impaired ability to walk forward on a flat surface', 'impaired walking on rugged terrain, altered posture', 'intermittent claudication', 'impaired walking while doing other challenges' and 'impaired walking while changing posture') that have been identified in this literature, two of them are among the most common ('impaired ability in walking speed' and 'impaired ability to walk certain distances in certain time'), which stresses the importance of revision as well as systematic methods and updating of knowledge for the development of taxonomy and support to nurses in describing elements that help in clinical practice to prepare the proper diagnosis of the elderly.
With regard to related factors, 20 were identified in this review other than those listed in NAN-DA-I ('fatigue', 'walking with a support', 'walking with help', 'neurological impairment', 'cardiorespiratory impairment', 'orthostatic hypotension', 'sleep problems', 'perception of walking ability in compromised safety', 'numerous activities or tasks to be performed simultaneously', 'aging (age ≥65 years)', 'belief', 'medication', 'atrophy of muscle mass', 'management problems of the feet and footwear', 'hard of hearing', 'female gender', 'mental health change', 'institutionalization', 'lack of social support' and 'postsurgical recovery period'), however, we verified that the three most common are those enumerated by NANDA-I ('reduced physical condition', 'impaired balance' and 'fear of falling'), and therefore must be etiologies that nurses can be more attentive of when watching the as well as to direct their questions while interviewing them, and to ask about risk situations at home, among others.
The literature gave many defined characteristics and related factors, specifically 17 clinical indicators and 34 related factors, which may not be conducive to a nursing diagnosis.In this sense, we consider that the clinical validation will bring certain contributions in the identification of the defined characteristics and significant related factors.

CONCLUSION
Causal factors of certain diagnosis can be constituted as the key in decision-making in relation to nursing interventions, which are to be effective and efficient.When there is no evidence of the defined characteristics and related factors to support clinical reasoning, only the use of the statement may compromise the accuracy of the diagnosis.
This study provides evidence and supports what NANDA-I depicts as the defined characteristics and related factors in diagnosing impaired walking ,but on the other hand, clinical manifestations and other etiological factors of the same diagnosis, particularly in the elderly emerges from the literature.
The results of this study emphasize the need to validate this new information in the clinical setting.By validating all of the defined characteristics and related factors in a sample of elderly people, which are all already listed in NANDA-I and those obtained in this study, which could verify its representation in "impaired walking".
Therefore, contribution to the development of the NANDA-I taxonomy, for the purpose of education and for nursing practice, as this SLR contributed to the development and updating of the defined characteristics and related factors in the elderly in relation to the nursing diagnosis of impaired walking (00088).
Clinical validation studies with representative samples to confirm the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of these new elements of diagnosis and randomized controlled trials or quasiexperimental studies to evaluate the effectiveness of certain interventions in the diagnostic indicators are recommended in future research.
The fact that the only availability of the full text is on the EBSCO Host ® platform as well as the fact of all the studies being admitted without making the selection for the assessment of its quality, are considered limitations.
The question was defined by PEO, considering Cochrane guidelines (Population=elderly, Exposure=impaired walking, Outcome=defined characteristics and related factors).The survey was independently conducted by two reviewers on the electronic platforms EBSCO Host ® , SCOPUS and ISI.The inclusion criteria weer as following: date of publication (January 2006 to December 2013); Language Portuguese, English or Spanish; full text availability (for EBSCO Host ® , including CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE Complete, Nursing & Allied Health Collection, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, MedicLatina, Health Technology Assessments and NHS Economic Evaluation Database); origin (national and international studies).Exclusion criteria were defined as: opinion articles related to Population= children, obstetrics and adult, Exposure=robotics and Outcome=gait resulting from amputation of at least one of the lower limbs.The search strategy resulted walk* OR gait AND Nurs*.