Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

O DIAGNÓSTICO DE ENFERMAGEM 'ANDAR COMPROMETIDO' NOS IDOSOS: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA DA LITERATURA

RESUMO

Andar é uma função que pressupõe competências diversas e pode ser altamente complexa particularmente para os idosos. O objetivo foi identificar as características definidoras e os fatores relacionados do diagnóstico de enfermagem andar comprometido no idoso. Foi feita revisão sistemática da literatura, com pesquisa entre janeiro e março de 2014, nas plataformas eletrónicas EBSCOhost(r), SCOPUS e ISI, através da estratégia de pesquisa walk* OR gait AND Nurs*. Obteve-se uma amostra de 36 estudos. Identificou-se 17 características definidoras e 34 fatores relacionados. Constatou-se que nove caraterísticas definidoras e 20 fatores relacionados não estão listados no diagnóstico da NANDA Internacional. Esta pesquisa permitiu identificar indicadores clínicos e factores relacionados para além dos que estão classificados na NANDA Internacional. Este estudo constitui um contributo ao desenvolvimento da taxonomia da NANDA Internacional, que deve representar o conhecimento da disciplina de Enfermagem, e que tem implicações na prática clínica, na educação e em novas pesquisas.

DESCRITORES:
Caminhada; Marcha; Diagnóstico de enfermagem; Idoso

ABSTRACT

Walk is an activity that requires different skills and can be highly complex particularly for the elderly. The aim was to identify the defined characteristics and related factors of the nursing diagnosis impaired walking in elderly. A Systematic literature review, based on a search done between January and March 2014, in the electronic platforms EBSCO Host(r) , SCOPUS and ISI, and using the search strategy walk* OR gait AND Nurs*. A sample of 36 studies was obtained. A total of 17 defined characteristics and 34 related factors were identified. Among all, nine defined characteristics and 20 related factors are not listed in the diagnosis of NANDA International. This research identified new defined characteristics and related factors not listed in NANDA International. This study is a contribution to the development of the taxonomy of NANDA International, which should represent nursing knowledge, and this highlights some implications for clinical practice, education and further research.

DESCRIPTORS:
Walking; Gait; Nursing diagnosis; Aged

RESUMEN

Caminar es una función que requiere diferentes habilidades y puede ser muy complejo sobre todo para las personas mayores. Lo objetivo fue identificar las características definitorias y factores relacionados de diagnósticos de enfermería marcha comprometida en los ancianos. Revisión sistemática de la literatura, con búsqueda entre enero y marzo de 2014, en las plataformas electrónicas EBSCO Host(r) , SCOPUS e ISI, a través de la estrategia de búsqueda walk* OR gait AND Nurs*. Se obtuvo una muestra de 36 estudios. Se identificó 17 y 34 características que definen los factores relacionados. Se encontró que los factores 9 y 20 características definitorias relacionados no se enumeran en el diagnóstico de la NANDA Internacional. Mediante esta Revisión fueron identificados nuevos indicadores clínicos y factores relacionados, en relación a los clasificados hasta la fecha por la NANDA Internacional. Este estudio constituye una contribución para el desarrollo de la taxonomía NANDA Internacional, que representa el conocimiento en Enfermería, con implicaciones para la práctica clínica, la educación y las investigaciones futuras.

DESCRIPTORES:
Caminata; Marcha; Diagnóstico de enfermaria; Anciano

INTRODUCÃO

As pessoas são seres bípedes, que recorrem ao andar para se deslocarem de um lugar para outro e garantem, desta forma, a sua independência. Andar é uma atividade altamente complexa e desafiante que é controlada por estruturas cerebrais superiores.11. Lord S, Rochester L. Walking in the real world: Concepts related to functional gait. J Physiotherapy [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2015 Fev 15]; 35(3):126-30. Available from: http://physiotherapy.org.nz/assets/Professional-dev/Journal/2007-November/2007Novcommentary.pdf
http://physiotherapy.org.nz/assets/Profe...
Alterações no andar podem ocorrer no ser humano ao longo do seu ciclo de vida e, quando inesperadas, podem colocá-lo em circunstâncias de vulnerabilidade. A vulnerabilidade acentua-se, ainda mais, quando referente ao idoso. Quanto mais cedo o idoso recuperar a capacidade de andar, mais depressa se torna independente para outras atividades de vida.22. Baixinho C. Capacidade de deambulação após fractura do colo do fémur: Revisão sistemática da literatura. Rev Referência. 2008; II(8):79-86.

A Organização Mundial de Saúde define idoso conforme o nível socioeconômico do país respetivo. Assim, em países em desenvolvimento, é considerada idosa toda a pessoa com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos e em países desenvolvidos essa idade passa para os 65 anos.33. Organização Mundial da Saúde. Ageing and life course [Internet]. [cited 2015 fev 15]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ageing/en.
http://www.who.int/ageing/en...

Os enfermeiros de reabilitação têm uma abordagem centrada no desenvolvimento de competências do paciente que são necessárias para voltar a desempenhar esta tarefa complexa. O planeamento deve ser negociado com o paciente, que desejavelmente deverá estar inserido na sua família ou comunidade. Com o maior número de idosos na população observou-se o aumento na incidência de doenças cronicodegenerativas, que muitas vezes são acompanhadas por sequelas, que limitam o desempenho funcional e geram dependência.44. Marques-Vieira C, Sousa L, Carias J, Caldeira S. Nursing diagnosis "impaired walking" in elderly patients: Integrative literature review. Rev Gaúcha Enferm [Internet]. 2015 Mar [cited 2015 Apr 18]; 36(1):104-11. Available from: http://www.seer.ufrgs.br/RevistaGauchadeEnfermagem/article/viewFile/48602/33598
http://www.seer.ufrgs.br/RevistaGauchade...
A manutenção da incapacidade de andar poderá originar isolamento social e a necessidade de um cuidador familiar. Da análise da literatura, emerge a ideia que a probabilidade de existir andar comprometido nos idosos é altamente relevante.55. Tavares DMDS, Dias, FA. Capacidade funcional, morbidades e qualidade de vida de idosos. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2015 Feb 7]; 21(1):112-20. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/tce/v21n1/en_a13v21n1.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/tce/v21n1/en_a1...

Pela importância que tem o andar enquanto resposta humana e pela possibilidade de avaliação e intervenção do enfermeiro, o andar comprometido constitui um diagnóstico de enfermagem que foi proposto por Brenda Emick-Herring à North American Nursing Diagnoses Association. Foi publicado em 1998, quando vigorava a taxonomia I, organizada de acordo com os padrões funcionais de Gordon, no padrão 6 (Movimento).66. North American Nurses Diagnosis Association. Nursing diagnoses: Definitions and classification (1999-2000). Philadelphia (US): North American Nurses Diagnosis Association; 1999. Em 2006 foi revisto e integrou a taxonomia II, organizada em 13 domínios, com o código 00088, inserido no domínio 4 (Atividade/Repouso) e na classe 2 (Atividade/Exercício).77. Herdman TH, editor. NANDA International - Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and classification 2012-2014. Oxford (UK): Wiley-Blackwell. 2012. Recentemente foi divulgada uma proposta para taxonomia III, cuja sugestão para este diagnóstico é integrar o domínio 4 (Funcional) e a classe 2 (Habilidade física).88. Herdman TH, Kamitsuru S, editors. NANDA International - Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and classification 2015-2017. Oxford (UK): Wiley-Blackwell; 2014.

Andar comprometido é definido pela NANDA International (NANDA-I) como: 'limitação de movimento independente, a pé, dentro do ambiente'.88. Herdman TH, Kamitsuru S, editors. NANDA International - Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and classification 2015-2017. Oxford (UK): Wiley-Blackwell; 2014. As características definidoras (sinais/sintomas observáveis e relatados que o enfermeiro obtém após a colheita de dados, nas mais variadas fontes) são: "capacidade comprometida para subir escadas, capacidade comprometida para contornar lancil, capacidade comprometida para descer em plano inclinado, capacidade comprometida para subir em plano inclinado, capacidade comprometida para caminhar em superfícies irregulares, e capacidade comprometida para caminhar a distância necessária. Os fatores relacionados (etiologia e causa) são: alteração na função cognitiva, alteração no humor, diminuição na resistência, barreiras ambientais (ex.: escadas, inclinações, superfícies irregulares, obstáculos inseguros, distâncias, falta de dispositivos ou pessoa de assistência, restrições), medo de cair, equilíbrio comprometido, visão comprometida, conhecimento insuficiente sobre as estratégias de mobilidade, força muscular insuficiente, compromisso musculo-esquelético, compromisso neuromuscular, obesidade, dor e diminuição da condição física".8:222

Também na Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem (CIPE(r)) é possível identificar a definição para o diagnóstico 'andar comprometido' (10001046): capacidade para andar. Existem dois focos descritos nesta classificação: um é o andar (10020886), definido como, "mobilizar-se: movimento do corpo de um lugar para outro, movendo as pernas passo a passo, capacidade para sustentar o peso do corpo e andar uma deambulação eficaz, com velocidade que vão de lento ao moderado ou rápido. Andar, subir e descer escadas e rampas"; o outro foco é 'andar com auxiliar de marcha' (10020903), definido como, andar: "movimento do corpo de um lugar para outro, movendo as pernas passo a passo; capacidade de sustentar o peso do corpo e andar com uma marcha eficaz, utilizando um ou mais auxiliares de marcha como calçado de correção, membro artificial, bengala, tala, canadianas ou andarilho, com velocidades que vão do lento ao moderado e rápido; subir e descer escadas e rampas"'.9:39

A NANDA-I é uma classificação de diagnósticos de enfermagem submetida a maior número de estudos de investigação.1010. Herdman TH. Diagnósticos de Enfermagem e sua relação com o raciocínio clínico. In: NANDA Internacional Inc. Herdman TH, Carvalho EC, organizadores. PRONANDA Programa de atualização em diagnósticos de enfermagem: Conceitos básicos. Porto Alegre (RS): Artmed Panamericana; 2013. p. 29-62. É caracterizada pela objetividade e, comparativamente à CIPE(r), que é uma classificação de termos, é considerada mais adequada para o raciocínio clínico do enfermeiro e para a definição de diagnósticos.77. Herdman TH, editor. NANDA International - Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and classification 2012-2014. Oxford (UK): Wiley-Blackwell. 2012.

O facto de um diagnóstico estar classificado não significa que não possa ser submetido à investigação. O desenvolvimento da ciência e dos próprios fenómenos de saúde/doença e as respostas das pessoas aos mesmos são dinâmicas e diferem culturalmente. Por isso, é desejável a pesquisa sobre os conceitos de diagnósticos e validação clínica que sustente a prática baseada na evidência que aproxima a prática clínica dos enfermeiros ao que, de fato, são os resultados da pesquisa científica.1111. Stevens K. The impact of evidence-based practice in nursing and the next big ideas. Online J Issues Nurs [Internet]. 2013 may [cited 2014 Jan 6]; 31; 18(2): Manuscript 4. Available from: http://ucategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-18-2013/No2-may-2013/Impact-of-Evidence-Based-Practice.html
http://ucategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPer...

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as características definidoras e os fatores relacionados de andar comprometido no idoso. Pretende-se verificar a existência de outras características definidoras e fatores relacionados para além das que estão descritas na NANDA-I e desta forma contribuir para a atualização da taxonomia.

MÉTODO

Procedeu-se a uma revisão sistemática da literatura (RSL) que se baseia no rigor científico através de estratégias específicas, que limitam os enviesamentos da seleção dos artigos, avaliam com espírito crítico os artigos e sintetizam os resultados dos estudos relevantes numa determinada área, mediante critérios predeterminados e uma questão específica de pesquisa. A RSL é metódica, explícita e passível de ser reproduzida.1212. Bettany-Saltikov, J. How to do a systematic literature review in nursing: A step-by-step guide: a step-by-step guide. Berkshire (US): McGraw-Hill International; 2012.

13. Grove S, Burns N, Gray J. The practice of nursing research: appraisal, synthesis and generation of evidence. 17th ed. Missori (US): Elsevier Saunders; 2013.
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A questão de pesquisa foi: quais as características definidoras e fatores relacionados de andar comprometido no idoso? A questão foi definida através do PEO da Cochrane (Population=idosos, Exposure=andar comprometido, Outcome=características definidoras e fatores relacionados). A pesquisa foi realizada nas plataformas eletrónicas EBSCO host(r), SCOPUS e ISI, por dois revisores, de forma independente. Considerou-se como critérios de inclusão: data de publicação (janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2013); idioma português, inglês ou espanhol; disponibilidade de em texto integral (para a EBSCO host(r), nomeadamente CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE Complete, Nursing & Allied Health Collection, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, MedicLatina, Health Technology Assessments e NHS Economic Evaluation Database); origem (estudos nacionais e internacionais).

Como critérios de exclusão definiu-se: artigos de opinião, relacionados à Population=crianças, obstetrícia e adulto, Exposure=robótica e Outcome=alterações da marcha decorrentes de amputação de pelo menos um dos membros inferiores. A estratégia de pesquisa resultou walk* OR gait AND Nurs*.

A coleta dos dados decorreu de janeiro a março de 2014. A seleção dos estudos foi confrontada etapa a etapa por dois revisores e em caso de discordância entre revisores a decisão era o estudo avançar para a etapa seguinte de análise. Atendeu-se ao protocolo PRISMA para o processo de identificação, seleção, elegibilidade e inclusão dos estudos (Figura 1).

Figura 1
Mapeamento da seleção dos artigos a incluir na revisão. Lisboa, Portugal, 2014

Na fase seguinte procedeu-se à leitura integral dos estudos selecionados e, em simultâneo, se preencheu um quadro sinóptico para cada artigo, no sentido de sistematizar a informação relevante.

A atribuição do nível de evidência (NE) dos estudos foi baseada na classificação do Joanna Briggs Institute.1515. Joanna Briggs Institute. Joanna Briggs Institute's user manual: Version 5.0 system for the unified management. Assessment and Review of Information [Internet]. Adelaide: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2011 [cited 2014 Nov 13]. Available from: http://joannabriggs.org/assets/docs/sumari/SUMARI-V5-User-guide.pdf
http://joannabriggs.org/assets/docs/suma...
Admitiu-se todos os estudos sem fazer a seleção pela avaliação da sua qualidade, atendendo ao objetivo da revisão.

Submeteu-se a processo de tradução, adaptação linguística e cultural o diagnóstico original impaired walking (00088), da versão original (inglês norte-americano) para português europeu, uma vez que difere do português do Brasil, que é uma das traduções oficiais da NANDA-I, nomeadamente do seu enunciado, definição, características definidoras e fatores relacionados.

RESULTADOS

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http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...

49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.

50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
-5151. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
No que se refere ao idioma, 34 foram em inglês,1616. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6...

17. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/...

18. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...

19. Taikowski JB, Brach JS, Studenski S, Newman AB. Impact of health perception, balance perception, fall history, balance performance, and gait speed on walking activity in older adults. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(12):1474-81. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/1474.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/...

20. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.

21. Chiang CY, Sun FK. The effects of a walking program on older chinese american immigrants with hypertension: A pretest and posttest quasi-experimental design. Public Health Nurs. 2009 may-jun; 26(3):240-248.

22. Du HY, Newton JP, Salamonson Y, Carrieri-Kohlman VL, Davidson PM. A review of the six-minute walk test: Its implication as a self-administered assessment tool. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009; 8:2-8.

23. Martinez CA, Canneli E, Barak S, Stopka CB. Changes in pain-free walking based on time in accommodating pain-free exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Nurs [Internet]. 2009 mar [cited 2014 Jan 7]; XXVII(1):2-7. Available from: ftp://82.239.144.183/bibli/-%20Revue%20Articles%20FB/Biblio%20090219/331.0903-Changes%20in%20pain-free%20wlaking%20based%20on%20time%20in%20accomodating%20pain-free%20exercise%20therapy%20for%20PAD%20%28Martinez,%20J%20Vasc%20Nurs%29.pdf

24. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...

25. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...

26. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1...

27. Ikezoe T, Mori N, Nakamura M, Ichihashi N. Atrophy of the lower limbs in elderly women: Is it related to walking ability? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111:989-95.

28. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.

29. Morghen S, Gentile S, Ricci E, Guerini F, Bellelli G, Trabucchi M. Rehabilitation of older adults with hip fracture: Cognitive function and walking abilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 august; 59(8):1497-502.

30. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html
http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11...

31. Muñoz-Mendoza CL, Cabañero-Martínez MJ, Millán-Calenti JC, Cabrero-García J, López-Sánchez R, Maseda-Rodríguez A. Reliability of 4-m and 6-m walking speed tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011; 52:e67-e70.

32. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...

33. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.

34. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.

35. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1...

36. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf
http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender...

37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/...

38. Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C. Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2012;18(7): 914-924.

39. Ko M, Hughes L, Lewis H. Walking Speed and Peak Plantar Pressure Distribution during Barefoot Walking in Persons with Diabetes. Physiother Res Int [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 17:29-35. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pri.509/epdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...

40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.
-4141. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
,4343. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.

44. Crisafulli E, Iattoni A, Venturelli E, Siscaro G, Beneventi C, Cesario A, Clini EM. Predicting walking-induced oxygen desaturations in COPD patients: A statistical model. Respir Care [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 58(9):1495-503. Available from: http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/early/2013/01/29/respcare.02321.full.pdf+html
http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/early/20...
-4545. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
,4747. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86.

48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...

49. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.

50. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
-5151. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
um em português4242. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0...
e um em espanhol.4646. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3...
Quanto ao país de origem destacamos com 14 os Estados Unidos da América,1717. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/...
,1919. Taikowski JB, Brach JS, Studenski S, Newman AB. Impact of health perception, balance perception, fall history, balance performance, and gait speed on walking activity in older adults. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(12):1474-81. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/1474.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/...
,2323. Martinez CA, Canneli E, Barak S, Stopka CB. Changes in pain-free walking based on time in accommodating pain-free exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Nurs [Internet]. 2009 mar [cited 2014 Jan 7]; XXVII(1):2-7. Available from: ftp://82.239.144.183/bibli/-%20Revue%20Articles%20FB/Biblio%20090219/331.0903-Changes%20in%20pain-free%20wlaking%20based%20on%20time%20in%20accomodating%20pain-free%20exercise%20therapy%20for%20PAD%20%28Martinez,%20J%20Vasc%20Nurs%29.pdf,2525. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
-2626. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1...
,2828. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.,3535. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1...

36. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf
http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender...
-3737. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/...
,3939. Ko M, Hughes L, Lewis H. Walking Speed and Peak Plantar Pressure Distribution during Barefoot Walking in Persons with Diabetes. Physiother Res Int [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 17:29-35. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pri.509/epdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
,4141. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
,4747. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86.

48. Motyl JM, Driban JB, McAdams E, Price LL, McAlindon TE. Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the 20-meter walk test among patients with knee Osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(166):1-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-166.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
-4949. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6. com três a Itália,2929. Morghen S, Gentile S, Ricci E, Guerini F, Bellelli G, Trabucchi M. Rehabilitation of older adults with hip fracture: Cognitive function and walking abilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 august; 59(8):1497-502.,3333. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.,4444. Crisafulli E, Iattoni A, Venturelli E, Siscaro G, Beneventi C, Cesario A, Clini EM. Predicting walking-induced oxygen desaturations in COPD patients: A statistical model. Respir Care [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 58(9):1495-503. Available from: http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/early/2013/01/29/respcare.02321.full.pdf+html
http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/early/20...
com dois a Holanda,1616. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6...
,3232. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
o Canadá,1818. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
,3030. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html
http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11...
a Suiça,2020. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.,2424. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
a Austrália,2222. Du HY, Newton JP, Salamonson Y, Carrieri-Kohlman VL, Davidson PM. A review of the six-minute walk test: Its implication as a self-administered assessment tool. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009; 8:2-8.,4545. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
o Japão2727. Ikezoe T, Mori N, Nakamura M, Ichihashi N. Atrophy of the lower limbs in elderly women: Is it related to walking ability? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111:989-95.,5050. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
a Suécia,3434. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.,4343. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7. a Alemanha3838. Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C. Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2012;18(7): 914-924.,4040. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90. e, com um a República da China,2121. Chiang CY, Sun FK. The effects of a walking program on older chinese american immigrants with hypertension: A pretest and posttest quasi-experimental design. Public Health Nurs. 2009 may-jun; 26(3):240-248. a Espanha,3131. Muñoz-Mendoza CL, Cabañero-Martínez MJ, Millán-Calenti JC, Cabrero-García J, López-Sánchez R, Maseda-Rodríguez A. Reliability of 4-m and 6-m walking speed tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011; 52:e67-e70. o Brasil,4242. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0...
a Argentina4646. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3...
e a Filândia.5151. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...

No que respeita ao NE, os estudos analisados são: três de estudos experimentais (NE 1),2323. Martinez CA, Canneli E, Barak S, Stopka CB. Changes in pain-free walking based on time in accommodating pain-free exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Nurs [Internet]. 2009 mar [cited 2014 Jan 7]; XXVII(1):2-7. Available from: ftp://82.239.144.183/bibli/-%20Revue%20Articles%20FB/Biblio%20090219/331.0903-Changes%20in%20pain-free%20wlaking%20based%20on%20time%20in%20accomodating%20pain-free%20exercise%20therapy%20for%20PAD%20%28Martinez,%20J%20Vasc%20Nurs%29.pdf-2424. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
,3232. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
um de estudos quase-experimentais (NE 2),2121. Chiang CY, Sun FK. The effects of a walking program on older chinese american immigrants with hypertension: A pretest and posttest quasi-experimental design. Public Health Nurs. 2009 may-jun; 26(3):240-248. 17 de estudos observacionais: analíticos (NE 3),1616. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6...
-1717. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/...
,2727. Ikezoe T, Mori N, Nakamura M, Ichihashi N. Atrophy of the lower limbs in elderly women: Is it related to walking ability? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111:989-95.,2929. Morghen S, Gentile S, Ricci E, Guerini F, Bellelli G, Trabucchi M. Rehabilitation of older adults with hip fracture: Cognitive function and walking abilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 august; 59(8):1497-502.,3131. Muñoz-Mendoza CL, Cabañero-Martínez MJ, Millán-Calenti JC, Cabrero-García J, López-Sánchez R, Maseda-Rodríguez A. Reliability of 4-m and 6-m walking speed tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011; 52:e67-e70.,3333. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.

34. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.
-3535. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1...
,3939. Ko M, Hughes L, Lewis H. Walking Speed and Peak Plantar Pressure Distribution during Barefoot Walking in Persons with Diabetes. Physiother Res Int [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 17:29-35. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pri.509/epdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...

40. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.
-4141. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
,4343. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7.

44. Crisafulli E, Iattoni A, Venturelli E, Siscaro G, Beneventi C, Cesario A, Clini EM. Predicting walking-induced oxygen desaturations in COPD patients: A statistical model. Respir Care [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 58(9):1495-503. Available from: http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/early/2013/01/29/respcare.02321.full.pdf+html
http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/early/20...

45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...

46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3...
-4747. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86. 13 de estudos observationais: descritivos (NE 4)1818. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...

19. Taikowski JB, Brach JS, Studenski S, Newman AB. Impact of health perception, balance perception, fall history, balance performance, and gait speed on walking activity in older adults. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(12):1474-81. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/1474.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/...
-2020. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.,2222. Du HY, Newton JP, Salamonson Y, Carrieri-Kohlman VL, Davidson PM. A review of the six-minute walk test: Its implication as a self-administered assessment tool. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009; 8:2-8.,2525. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
-2626. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1...
,3030. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html
http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11...
,3636. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf
http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender...

37. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/...
-3838. Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C. Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2012;18(7): 914-924.,4242. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0...
,5050. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
-5151. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
e dois de revisão sistemática de opinião de peritos (NE 5).2828. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.,4949. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.

Especificamente, os estudos selecionados são três estudos clínicos randomizados,2323. Martinez CA, Canneli E, Barak S, Stopka CB. Changes in pain-free walking based on time in accommodating pain-free exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Nurs [Internet]. 2009 mar [cited 2014 Jan 7]; XXVII(1):2-7. Available from: ftp://82.239.144.183/bibli/-%20Revue%20Articles%20FB/Biblio%20090219/331.0903-Changes%20in%20pain-free%20wlaking%20based%20on%20time%20in%20accomodating%20pain-free%20exercise%20therapy%20for%20PAD%20%28Martinez,%20J%20Vasc%20Nurs%29.pdf-2424. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A; Monnin D, Aminian K, Staal JB, Bruin ED. The gait and balance of patients with diabetes can be improved: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 53:458-66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815802/pdf/125_2009_Article_1592.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
,3232. Volkers KM, Scherder EJ. The effect of regular walks onvarious health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 j Jan 13]; 38:1-11. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-11-38.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
um estudo quase-experimental prospetivo controlado,2121. Chiang CY, Sun FK. The effects of a walking program on older chinese american immigrants with hypertension: A pretest and posttest quasi-experimental design. Public Health Nurs. 2009 may-jun; 26(3):240-248. 12 estudos de coorte com grupo de controlo,1616. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6...
,2828. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.,2929. Morghen S, Gentile S, Ricci E, Guerini F, Bellelli G, Trabucchi M. Rehabilitation of older adults with hip fracture: Cognitive function and walking abilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 august; 59(8):1497-502.,3131. Muñoz-Mendoza CL, Cabañero-Martínez MJ, Millán-Calenti JC, Cabrero-García J, López-Sánchez R, Maseda-Rodríguez A. Reliability of 4-m and 6-m walking speed tests in elderly people with cognitive impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011; 52:e67-e70.,3333. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.-3434. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.,4040. Schwesig R, Fischer D, Lauenroth A, Becker S, Leucht S. Can falls be predicted with gait analytical and posturographic measurement systems? A prospective follow-up study in a nursing home population. Clin Rehabil. 2012; 27(2):183-90.-4141. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
,4444. Crisafulli E, Iattoni A, Venturelli E, Siscaro G, Beneventi C, Cesario A, Clini EM. Predicting walking-induced oxygen desaturations in COPD patients: A statistical model. Respir Care [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 58(9):1495-503. Available from: http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/early/2013/01/29/respcare.02321.full.pdf+html
http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/early/20...

45. Ko V, Naylor JM, Harris IA, Crosbie J, Yeo AET. The six-minute walk test is an excellent predictor of functional ambulation after total knee arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 14(145):1-9. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2474-14-145.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...

46. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3...
-4747. McGough EL, Logsdon RG, Kelly VE, Teri L. Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013 Apr-Jun; 36(2):78-86. três estudos caso-controlo,2727. Ikezoe T, Mori N, Nakamura M, Ichihashi N. Atrophy of the lower limbs in elderly women: Is it related to walking ability? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111:989-95.,3535. Boonsinsukh R, Saengsirisuwan V, Carlson-Kuhta P, Horak FB. A cane improves postural recovery from an unpracticed slip during walking in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(9):1117-29. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1117.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/9/1...
,3939. Ko M, Hughes L, Lewis H. Walking Speed and Peak Plantar Pressure Distribution during Barefoot Walking in Persons with Diabetes. Physiother Res Int [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 17:29-35. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pri.509/epdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
dois estudos observacionais sem grupo de controlo,1717. Huang WNW, Van Swearingen JM, Brach JS. Gait variability in older adults: Observational rating validated by comparison with a computerized walkway gold standard. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(10):1146-53. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/1146.full
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/10/...
,4343. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7. duas revisões sistemáticas de estudos descritivos,2222. Du HY, Newton JP, Salamonson Y, Carrieri-Kohlman VL, Davidson PM. A review of the six-minute walk test: Its implication as a self-administered assessment tool. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009; 8:2-8.,3838. Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C. Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2012;18(7): 914-924. dez estudos transversais,1818. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...

19. Taikowski JB, Brach JS, Studenski S, Newman AB. Impact of health perception, balance perception, fall history, balance performance, and gait speed on walking activity in older adults. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(12):1474-81. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/1474.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/...
-2020. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9.,2525. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
-2626. Hall CD, Echt KV, Wolf SL, Rogers WA. Cognitive and motor mechanisms underlying older adults ability to divide attention while walking. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 15]; 91(7):1039-50. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1039.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/91/7/1...
,3030. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html
http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11...
,3737. Julius LM, Brach JS, Wert DM, Van Swearingen JM. Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 92(10):1268-77. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/1268.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/92/10/...
,4242. Silva RCG, Brunorio L, Giribela CRG, Bortolotto LA, Wolosker N, Consolim-Colombo FM. Distâncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de seis minutos: proposta de característica definidora para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 20(2):1-9. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_06.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v20n2/pt_0...
,5050. Okochi J, Takahashi T, Takamuku K, Escorpizo R. Staging of mobility, transfer and walking functions of elderly persons based on the codes of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(16):0-8. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2318-13-16.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
-5151. Tsai LT, Rantakokko M, Portegijs E, Viljanen A, Saajanaho M, Eronen J, Rantanen T. Environmental mobility barriers and walking for errands among older people who live alone vs with others. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 13(1054):1-17. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-13-1054.pdf
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf...
um estudo de série de casos3636. Bryant MS, Pourmoghaddam A, Thrasher A. Gait changes with walking devices in persons with Parkinson's disease. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 7(2):149-152. Available from: http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3423959&blobtype=pdf
http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender...
e dois de revisão sistemática de opinião de peritos.2828. Moncada LV. Management of falls in older persons: A prescription for prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(11):1267-76.,4949. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6.

A amostra da população estudada varia entre nove3838. Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C. Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2012;18(7): 914-924.,4949. Najafi B, Bruin ED, Reeves ND, Armstrong DG, Menz HB. The role of podiatry in the prevention of falls in older people. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Nov-Dec; 103(6):452-6. a 2.2691919. Taikowski JB, Brach JS, Studenski S, Newman AB. Impact of health perception, balance perception, fall history, balance performance, and gait speed on walking activity in older adults. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 88(12):1474-81. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/1474.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/12/...
participantes.

O processo de tradução de impaired walking (00088) foi consensual, com exceção do binómio do enunciado que teve várias sugestões, como marcha prejudicada, deambulação prejudicada, dificuldade na marcha, alterações no andar e incapacidade de caminhar. Recorreu-se a uma reunião com a presença de três peritos da qual resultou o consenso de andar comprometido, também correspondente à versão portuguesa da CIPE(r).

Identificou-se 17 características definidoras do diagnóstico nos resultados (Quadro 1). Todas as características definidoras listadas na NANDA-I foram identificadas nos resultados da RSL, com exceção de 'capacidade comprometida para subir em plano inclinado'. Outras características definidoras surgiram neste estudo que não estão na classificação, num total de 11: 'capacidade comprometida da velocidade da marcha' (n=22), 'capacidade comprometida para caminhar determinadas distâncias em determinado tempo' (n=20), 'postura alterada' (n=9), 'andar comprometido em terreno acidentado (avaliação no exterior em piso asfaltado e calcetado)' (n=6), 'capacidade comprometida para alterar a velocidade da marcha' (n=5), 'capacidade comprometida de descer escadas' (n=4), 'andar comprometido perante outros desafios (resposta verbal a estímulos auditivos e visuais)' (n=4), 'andar comprometido na mudança de postura (virar a cabeça, inclinar-se)' (n=4), 'capacidade comprometida para andar durante o tempo requerido' (n=3), 'capacidade comprometida para andar para a frente em superfície plana' (n=3) e 'claudicação intermitente' (n=2).

Quadro 1
Distribuição das características definidoras na amostra. Lisboa, Portugal, 2014

Relativamente aos fatores relacionados do diagnóstico de enfermagem, foram identificados um total de 34 (Quadro 2). Os mais frequentes foram 'diminuição da condição física' (n=23), 'equilíbrio comprometido' (n=19) e 'medo de cair' (n=17). Todos os fatores relacionados descritos na NANDA-I emergiram nesta RSL. Outros fatores etiológicos surgiram neste estudo para além do descrito nesta classificação, num total de 20, que são: 'compromisso neurológico' (n=13), 'apoio de marcha (andarilho de rodas duplas, bengala, bengala de quarto apoios, canadianas)' (n=12), 'envelhecimento (idade ≥65 anos)' (n=12), 'fadiga' (n=10), 'compromisso cardiorrespiratório (angina, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, doença pulmonar)' (n=9), 'medicação (antidepressivos, antihipertensores, antipsicóticos, benzodiazepinas, diuréticos, sedativos e hipnóticos)' (n=8), 'numerosas atividades ou tarefas a desempenhar em simultâneo' (n=6), 'atrofia da massa muscular' (n=4), 'crenças (educação e religião, comportamento sedentário)' (n=3), 'gestão de problemas dos pés e calçado (estética, conforto e segurança) (n=3), 'alteração de saúde mental' (n=3), 'hipotensão ortostática (gestão postural)' (n=2), 'problemas de audição' (n=2), 'género feminino' (n=2), 'problemas de sono' (n=2), institucionalização (n=2), 'ausência de suporte social (desvalorização sociofamiliar)' (n=2), 'perceção de capacidade de andar em segurança comprometida' (n=1), 'andar com ajuda (de terceiros)' (n=1) e 'período de recuperação poscirúrgico' (n=1).

Quadro 2
Distribuição dos fatores relacionados na amostra. Lisboa, Portugal, 2014

DISCUSSÃO

Andar pode ser entendido como uma locomoção bípede, que incorpora o movimento alternado dos membros inferiores e a manutenção do equilíbrio dinâmico.1818. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...

A marcha altera gradualmente durante a vida e determina, em grande medida, as atividades de vida diárias.1616. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6...
Andar em casa ou no exterior, envolve desafios adicionais, nomeadamente, em termos de manutenção da segurança e da independência do idoso.1616. Kollen B, Kwakkel C, Lindenian F. Time dependency on walking classification in stroke. Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 86(5):618-25. Available from: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/618.full.pdf+html
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/5/6...
Outros autores reforçam a ideia que o idoso tem a capacidade de adaptar-se às perturbações, esperadas e não esperadas na marcha.1818. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
Assim, o maior objetivo é que o idoso adquira a habilidade para andar de forma independente, com menor risco possível.1818. Kaegi C, Boudreault R, Rousseau J, Bourbonnais D, Nadeau S, Dubé F. Development of a walking safety scale for older adults, part I: content validity of the GEM scale. Physiother Can [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 60(3):264-73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792775/pdf/ptc-60-264.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
A independência é um dos resultados da marcha, altamente comprometida em algumas situações de doença, e pode ser considerada como um aspeto central, por exemplo, no desempenho da pessoa com esclerose múltipla, tomando um papel fundamental na sua capacitação para realizar as atividades da vida diárias.3838. Kieseier BC, Pozzilli C. Assessing walking disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2012;18(7): 914-924.

Andar é fundamental para a vida quotidiana e depende do equilíbrio, mobilidade articular, resistência e força muscular.4343. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7. A caminhada é considerada a atividade física mais comum entre os idosos, e é aquela que é praticada com maior regularidade comparativamente a outras atividades mais vigorosas.4343. Adell E, Wehmhörner S, Rydwik E. The Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Meters Maximal Walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013; 36(2):74-7. Um outro estudo corrobora que a capacidade de andar é fundamental para uma vida independente.2525. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
A diminuição na velocidade da marcha é um preditor, independente e forte de incapacidade, no que diz respeito à necessidade de recorrer aos cuidados de saúde, admissão em lares e mortalidade dos idosos.2525. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
A fadiga é frequentemente a causa da incapacidade na marcha no idoso, a menos que esta sinta que possa estar ameaçada a manutenção de outras atividades que considera vitais.2525. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
Estes autores recomendam estudos longitudinais que tenham como tema central o valor prognóstico da velocidade da sua marcha.2525. Schrack JA, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L. The energetic pathway to mobility loss: An emerging new framework for longitudinal studies on aging. J Am Geriatr Soc [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 58:S329-36. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057770/pdf/nihms219106.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
A velocidade da marcha diminui com a idade e é um importante preditor de morbidade e mortalidade.4141. Shahar DR, Houston DK, Hue TF, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Tylavsky FA, Geva D, Vardi H, Harris TB. Adherence to mediterranean diet and decline in walking speed over 8 years in community-dwelling older adults. JAGS [Internet]. 2012 oct [cited 2014 Jan 7]; 60(10):1881-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470771/pdf/nihms393022.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...

Nesta continuidade, outro estudo também refere que a marcha é um dos componentes necessários para o idoso que tiveram acidente vascular cerebral, residentes na comunidade, terem uma vida independente, mais especificamente a velocidade, o equilíbrio e a resistência da marcha.3030. Moriello C, Finch L, Mayo NE. Relationship between muscle strength and functional walking capacity among people with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 48(3):267-76. Available from: http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11/483/page267.html
http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/11...
Outros autores salientam a ideia de que a independência na marcha deve representar um dos mais importantes desafios dos cuidados, porque a imobilidade ou a dificuldade em andar é um dos maiores preditores de institucionalização nos idosos com demência.2929. Morghen S, Gentile S, Ricci E, Guerini F, Bellelli G, Trabucchi M. Rehabilitation of older adults with hip fracture: Cognitive function and walking abilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 august; 59(8):1497-502.

Na reabilitação do idoso submetido à artroplastia da anca, frequentemente esta não recupera o nível basal, no que respeita à marcha anterior à fratura, o que poderá levar a alterações permanentes, com o consequente declínio da sua qualidade de vida. Uma das variáveis preditoras para o idoso conseguir tornar-se novamente independente na marcha é a recuperação que consegue ter até ao momento da alta.3333. Bellelli G, Noale M, Guerini F, Turco R, Maggi S, Crepaldi G, Trabucchi M. A prognostic model predicting recovery of walking independence of elderly patients after hip-fracture surgery. An experiment in a rehabilitation unit in Northern Italy. Osteoporos Int. 2012; 23:2189-200.

Um estudo realizado em idosos submetidos à cirurgia torácica e pélvica revela que a sua qualidade de vida é mais determinada pela sua capacidade funcional, do que pelos antecedentes pessoais que possuem. O maior preditor da capacidade funcional no período pós-cirúrgico é o nível basal anterior.4646. Landi PJ, Torrejón GA, Muiños R, Freue RD, Semeniuk GB. Repercusión de la cirugía torácica y abdómino-pélvica en el estado funcional del anciano. Medicina (B.Aires) [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Jan 13]; 73(3):231-7. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3/v73n3a05.pdf
http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/medba/v73n3...
Num outro estudo que aborda o incremento da marcha como possibilidade de combater os comportamentos sedentários, a criação de programas de caminhadas, os contactos telefónicos, grupos de caminhadas e o estabelecimento de um programa que recorra a um pedômetro, são várias estratégias sugeridas para a melhoria na função física em idosos emigrantes chineses a residir nos Estados Unidos da América.2020. Allet L, Armand S, Bie RA, Golay A, Pataky Z, Aminian K, Bruin ED. Clinical factors associated with gait alterations in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2009; 26:1003-9. Andar comprometido causa restrições no quotidiano, e constitui um fenómeno de interesse para os enfermeiros no planeamento de intervenções.3434. Bladh S, Nilsson MH, Hariz GM, Westergren A, Hobart J, Hagell P. Psychometric performance of a generic walking scale (Walk-12G) in multiple sclerosis and parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2012; 259:729-38.

Entre as 11 novas características definidoras ('capacidade comprometida de descer escadas', 'capacidade comprometida para caminhar determinadas distâncias em determinado tempo', 'capacidade comprometida para andar durante o tempo requerido', 'capacidade comprometida da velocidade da marcha', 'capacidade comprometida para alterar a velocidade da marcha', 'capacidade comprometida para andar para frente em superfície plana', 'andar comprometido em terreno acidentado, postura alterada', 'claudicação intermitente', 'andar comprometido perante outros desafios' e 'andar comprometido na mudança de postura') que foram identificadas nesta literatura, duas delas estão entre as mais frequentes ('capacidade comprometida da velocidade da marcha' e 'capacidade comprometida para caminhar determinadas distâncias em determinado tempo'), o que sublinha a importância das revisões enquanto método de sistematização e atualização do conhecimento para o desenvolvimento da taxonomia e apoio aos enfermeiros na descrição de elementos que ajudem na prática clínica à elaboração do diagnóstico adequado ao idoso.

No que respeita aos fatores relacionados, foram 20 os que foram identificados nesta revisão para além dos descritos na NANDA-I ('fadiga', 'apoio de marcha', 'andar com ajuda', 'compromisso neurológico', 'compromisso cardiorrespiratório', 'hipotensão ortostática', 'problemas de sono', 'perceção de capacidade de andar em segurança comprometida', 'numerosas atividades ou tarefas a desempenhar em simultâneo', 'envelhecimento (idade ≥65 anos)', 'crenças', 'medicação', 'atrofia da massa muscular', 'gestão de problemas dos pés e calçado', 'problemas de audição', 'género feminino', 'alteração de saúde mental', 'institucionalização', 'ausência de suporte social' e 'período de recuperação poscirúrgico'), no entanto, verificámos que os três mais frequentes estão entre os enumerados pela NANDA-I ('diminuição da condição física', 'equilíbrio comprometido' e 'medo de cair'), e que por isso deve ser das etiologias a que o enfermeiro pode estar mais atento quando observa o idoso, bem como, direcionar a entrevista ao questionar sobre situações de risco em casa, entre outras.

A literatura trouxe inúmeras características definidoras e fatores relacionados, mais concretamente 17 indicadores clínicos e 34 fatores etiológicos, o que pode não ser favorável para um diagnóstico de enfermagem. Neste sentido, consideramos que a validação clínica trará certamente contributos na identificação das características definidoras e fatores relacionados mais significativos.

CONCLUSÃO

Os fatores causais de determinado diagnóstico podem constituir-se como a chave na tomada de decisão em relação às intervenções de enfermagem, que se pretendem eficazes e eficientes. Quando não existe evidência das características definidoras e fatores relacionados para apoiar o raciocínio clínico, apenas a utilização do enunciado poderá comprometer a acurácia do diagnóstico.

Este estudo traz evidência e dá suporte ao que a NANDA-I descreve como características definidoras e fatores relacionados do diagnóstico andar comprometido mas, por outro lado, faz emergir da literatura outras manifestações clínicas e outros fatores etiológicos deste mesmo diagnóstico, particularmente no idoso.

Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sublinham a necessidade de validar estas novas informações em contexto clínico. Ao validar a totalidade das características definidoras e fatores relacionados numa amostra de idosos, no conjunto dos que já estão listadas na NANDA-I e os que se obteve neste estudo, poder-se-á verificar a sua representatividade para o andar comprometido.

Prevê-se, assim, contribuir para o desenvolvimento da taxonomia da NANDA-I, para a educação e para a prática de enfermagem, na medida em esta RSL contribuiu para o desenvolvimento e atualização das características definidoras e fatores relacionados no idoso em relação ao diagnóstico de enfermagem 'andar comprometido' (00088).

Em pesquisas futuras, sugere-se a realização de estudos de validação clínica, com amostras representativas que possam confirmar a sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos destes novos elementos do diagnóstico, bem como ensaios clínicos aleatórios ou estudos quasi-experimentais que possam avaliar a eficácia de determinadas intervenções nos indicadores do diagnóstico.

Como limitações deste estudo, considera-se o facto de se ter atendido apenas à disponibilidade em texto integral para a plataforma EBSCO host(r), bem como o facto de se ter admitido todos os estudos sem fazer a seleção pela avaliação da sua qualidade.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    2016

Histórico

  • Recebido
    19 Ago 2015
  • Aceito
    04 Fev 2016
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis - Santa Catarina - Brasil, Tel.: (55 48) 3721-4915 / (55 48) 3721-9043 - Florianópolis - SC - Brazil
E-mail: textoecontexto@contato.ufsc.br