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ADOECIMENTO MENTAL NA POPULAÇÃO GERAL E EM PROFISSIONAIS DE SAÚDE DURANTE A COVID-19: SCOPING REVIEW

RESUMO

Objetivo:

mapear a literatura sobre adoecimento mental na população geral e em profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia da Covid-19.

Método:

scoping review nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Science Direct e nos servidores de preprints medRxiv, bioRxiv e PsyArXiv, usando os descritores Covid-19”, “coronavirus infection”, “coronavirus”, “2019-nCoV”, “2019 novel coronavirus disease”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “health personnel”, “general public” e “mental health”.

Resultados:

foram encontrados 1.168 artigos, dos quais 27 foram analisados. 19 (70%) versaram sobre a prevalência de adoecimento mental na população geral, seis (22%) em médicos e enfermeiros, um (4%) nos demais profissionais de saúde e um (4%) na população geral e enfermeiros. Identificaram-se 19 sintomas de adoecimento mental.

Conclusão:

a pandemia da Covid-19 desencadeou, com maior frequência, ansiedade, depressão, estresse e transtornos do estresse pós-traumático na população geral e em profissionais de saúde. Mulheres, estudantes e enfermeiros estão entre os mais acometidos.

DESCRITORES
Covid-19; Infecções por coronavírus; Pandemias; Saúde mental; Estresse psicológico

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to map the literature on mental illness in the general population and in health professionals during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Method:

scoping review in the MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Science Direct databases and in the medRxiv, bioRxiv and PsyArXiv preprint servers, using the descriptors “Covid-19”, “coronavirus infection”, “coronavirus”, “2019-nCoV”, “2019 new coronavirus disease”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “health personnel”, “general public” and “mental health”.

Results:

1,168 articles were found, among which 27 were analyzed. 19 (70%) dealt with the prevalence of mental illness in the general population, six (22%) in doctors and nurses, one (4%) in other health professionals and one (4%) in the general population and nurses. 19 symptoms of mental illness were identified.

Conclusion:

the Covid-19 pandemic triggered anxiety, depression, stress and post-traumatic stress disorders in the general population and health professionals more often. Women, students and nurses are among the most affected.

DESCRIPTORS
Covid-19; Coronavirus infections; Pandemics; Mental health; Psychological stress

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

mapear la literatura sobre enfermedades mentales en la población general y en profesionales de la salud durante la pandemia de Covid-19.

Método:

scoping review en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Science Direct y en servidores de preprints medRxiv, bioRxiv y PsyArXiv, usando los descriptores Covid-19”, “coronavirus infection”, “coronavirus”, “2019-nCoV”, “2019 novel coronavirus disease”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “health personnel”, “general public” e “mental health”.

Resultados:

se encontraron 1.168 artículos, de los cuales 27 fueron analizados. 19 (70%) se ocuparon de la prevalencia de enfermedades mentales en la población general, seis (22%) en médicos y enfermeras, uno (4%) en otros profesionales de la salud y uno (4%) en la población general y los enfermeros. Se identificaron 19 síntomas de enfermedad mental.

Conclusión:

la pandemia de Covid-19 desencadenó ansiedad, depresión, estrés y trastornos de estrés postraumático con mayor frecuencia en la población general y los profesionales de la salud. Las mujeres, los estudiantes y las enfermeras se encuentran entre los más afectados.

DESCRIPTORES
Covid-19; Infecciones por coronavirus; Pandemias Salud mental; Estrés psicológico

INTRODUÇÃO

A China registrou, em dezembro de 2019, uma nova pneumonia, denominada de Covid-19 (Doença de Coronavírus-2019), cujo vírus causador recebeu o nome de SARS-CoV-2 (do inglês, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2).11. Li Q, Med M, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 19];382:1199-1207. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001316
https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001316...
Esse vírus é altamente transmissível e espalhou-se rapidamente pelo mundo, levando a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS)22. World Health OrganizationStatement on the second meeting of the international health regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Published January 30, 2020 [cited 2020 May 19]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-...
a declarar estado de pandemia, em março de 2020, o que exigiu de todos os países medidas de saúde pública emergenciais e de interesse internacional.

Apesar de alguns dos sinais e sintomas físicos dessa doença serem conhecidos,33. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 19];395(10223):507-13. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20...
estes ainda não foram suficientemente entendidos e sistematizados e, até o momento, não há um tratamento definido e comprovadamente eficaz.44. Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 19];55(5):105938. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag...
Devido ao surto mundial de infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2, sugeriram-se medidas de quarentena e distanciamento/isolamento social como forma de evitar a disseminação da Covid-19.44. Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 19];55(5):105938. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag...
Contudo, tais medidas de controle, associadas a informações falsas, também denominadas fake news e/ou pseudoinformação, e à ausência de um tratamento efetivo contribuíram para um estado de insegurança, pânico e medo, repercutindo diretamente no cotidiano e na saúde mental da população e de profissionais de saúde.55. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];42(3):232-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-202...

Durante surtos de doenças infecciosas, os danos à saúde mental tendem a ser negligenciados em comparação ao risco biológico e às medidas de tratamento.55. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];42(3):232-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-202...
Entretanto, podem acometer um maior número de pessoas e permanecer mesmo após o fim de epidemias.55. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];42(3):232-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-202...
-66. Hughes F, Grigg M, Fritsch K, Calder S. Psychosocial response in emergency situations--the nurse’s role. Int Nurs Rev [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2020 May 25];54(1):19-27. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2007.00514.x
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2...
Tais impactos psicológicos podem, porém, ser minimizados e até mesmo evitados por meio de cuidados em saúde mental e psiquiatria.77. Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];7(3):228-9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20...
A necessidade desses cuidados foi evidenciada em crises epidemiológicas precedentes88. Son H, Lee WJ, Kim HS, Lee KS, You M. Examination of hospital workers emotional responses to an infectious disease outbreak: lessons from the 2015 MERS Co-V outbreak in South Korea. Disaster Med Public Health Prep [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 May 25];13: 504-10. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.95
https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.95...
e é agora reforçada diante do contexto da Covid-19.99. Seon-Cheol P, Yong CP. Mental health care measures in response to the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Korea. Psychiatry Investig [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];17(2):85-6. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0058
https://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0058...
-1010. Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];7(3):228-9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20...

Em epidemias anteriores, a exemplo da Síndrome Respiratória do Médio Oriente (SRME ou MERS), os estudos demonstram que sentimentos como ansiedade e raiva foram desencadeados na população e permaneceram por até seis meses após o fim do surto.1111. Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, Ki M, Min JA, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to middle east respiratory syndrome. Epidemiol Health [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2020 May 25];5(38):e2016048. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048
https://dx.doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048...
-1212. Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho AR, Kim T, Park JK. Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Compr Psychiatry [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 May 25];87:123-7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2...
Na Arábia Saudita e Coréia do Sul, profissionais de saúde que trabalharam na linha de frente da assistência relataram medo, nervosismo13 e estresse.1414. Ji-Seon P, Eun-Hyun L, No-Rye P, Young HC. Mental health of nurses working at a government-designated hospital during a MERS-CoV outbreak: a cross-sectional study. Arch Psychiatr Nurs [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 May 25];32(1):2-6. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.09.006
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.0...

Recentemente, estudos sobre a saúde mental da população em geral e dos profissionais de saúde atuantes na linha de frente da assistência foram publicados. Contudo, evidenciar esse processo em uma revisão de literatura é relevante, pois oferece subsídios para a elaboração de ações e políticas públicas focais direcionadas à coletividade e a equipes de saúde. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é mapear a literatura sobre adoecimento mental na população geral e em profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia da Covid-19.

MÉTODO

Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, do tipo scoping review, que seguiu as recomendações do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI).1515. Peters MDJ , Godfrey C, McInerney P , Munn Z, Tricco AC , Khalil H . Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews. In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, Editors. JBI Reviewer’s Manual, JBI (2020 version) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.46658/jbirm-20-01
https://dx.doi.org/10.46658/jbirm-20-01...
Para a formulação da questão de pesquisa, foi utilizada a estratégia PCC, acrônimo de “população” (P), “conceito” (C) e “contexto” (C): quais sintomas de adoecimento mental estão presentes na população geral e em profissionais de saúde no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19?

Para inclusão nesta revisão, os estudos deveriam ser primários, publicados em qualquer língua e discorrer sobre adoecimento mental na população geral e em profissionais de saúde no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19.

As estratégias de busca foram construídas em três etapas. Inicialmente utilizou-se “Covid-19” AND “Mental health” no Medical Literature Analysis AND Retrieval System Online via US National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE/PubMed) para encontrar descritores não controlados contidos nos artigos de interesse. Em seguida, realizaram-se combinações de descritores controlados, obtidos no Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), e não controlados, obtidos na busca inicial, acrescidos dos operadores booleanos “OR” e “AND”. Por fim, esta estratégia foi adaptada para cada base de dados (Quadro 1).

Quadro 1 -
Estratégias de busca utilizadas por bases de dados. São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 2020.

A busca e a seleção dos estudos ocorreram entre os meses de março e maio de 2020 e foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes, sendo as divergências resolvidas por um terceiro revisor. Selecionaram-se as bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, American Psychological Association (PsycINFO), SCOPUS (Elsevier), Science Direct (Elsevier), Web of Science (WOS) e os servidores de preprints medRxiv, bioRxiv e PsyArXiv.

Os estudos encontrados foram exportados para o software gerenciador de referências EndNote® a fim de identificar duplicatas e reunir todas as publicações. Ademais, consultou-se a lista de referências, com o objetivo de encontrar estudos adicionais. A seleção dos estudos seguiu as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR),1616. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Mar 29];169(7):467-73. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
https://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850...
Figura 1.

Figura 1 -
Fluxograma de seleção dos estudos. São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 2020.

Para análise e extração de dados optou-se por um instrumento de coleta de dados validado por Ursi1717. Ursi ES, Galvão CM. Perioperative prevention of skin injury: an integrative literature review. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2020 May 07];14(1):124-31. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v14n1/v14n1a17.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rlae/v14n1/v14n...
e adaptado para este estudo. Ressalta-se que as revisões de escopo não preveem a exclusão de artigos segundo critérios de qualidade metodológica, portanto nenhum artigo foi excluído com base nesse critério.1818. Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 May 07]; 8(1):143. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-06...
Além disso, o protocolo desta revisão foi previamente apreciado por experts no método em questão.

Após avaliação dos textos na íntegra, realizou-se a análise descritiva dos resultados evidenciados, na qual apresentou-se a síntese de cada estudo incluído na revisão, bem como as comparações entre as pesquisas.

RESULTADOS

Os 27 artigos selecionados foram publicados no ano de 2020 (100%),1919. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(9):3165. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1709316...
-4545. Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, Feng J, Qiao M, Jiang R, et al. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; pii: S0889-1591(20)30309-3. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
por 15 periódicos diferentes, dos quais destacou-se o Brain, Behavior, and Immunitycom com cinco publicações (18%).2121. Moccia L, Janiri D, Pepe M, Dattoli L, Molinaro M, De Martin V, et al. Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];20(20):30586-9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
-2222. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:40-8. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
,2727. Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:11-7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
,2929. Tan W, Hao F, McIntyre RS, Jiang L, Jiang X, Zhang L, et al. Is Returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? a study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuro immunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:84-92. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
,4545. Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, Feng J, Qiao M, Jiang R, et al. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; pii: S0889-1591(20)30309-3. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
Em relação ao país de origem, 21 foram desenvolvidos na China (75%),2020. Cai W, Lian B, Song X, Hou T, Deng G, Li H. A cross-sectional study on mental health among health care workers during the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];24(51):102111. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102111
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10...
,2222. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:40-8. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
-3232. Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];38(3):192-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn12109...
,4040. Hao X, Zhou D, Li Z, Zeng G, Hao N, Li E, et al. Severe psychological distress among epilepsy patients during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwest China. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];61(6):1166-73. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16544
https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11...
-4242. Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(6):e2032. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1706203...
,4444. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];287:112934. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
-4545. Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, Feng J, Qiao M, Jiang R, et al. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; pii: S0889-1591(20)30309-3. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
dois (7%) na Itália1919. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(9):3165. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1709316...
,2121. Moccia L, Janiri D, Pepe M, Dattoli L, Molinaro M, De Martin V, et al. Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];20(20):30586-9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
e os demais na Espanha,3333. Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Dosil-Santamaria M, Picaza-Gorrochategui M, Idoiaga-Mondragon N. Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cad Saúde Publica [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];36(4):e00054020. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00054020
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0005...
Índia,3939. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];51:102083. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10...
Iraque4343. Ahmad AR, Murad HR, Gardner M. The impact of social media on hyped panic during the COVID-19 pandemic: the Iraqi Kurdistan case. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 22(5):e19556. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19556
https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19556...
e Turquia3030. Özdin S, Özdin ŞB. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];66(5):504-11. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927...
por diferentes pesquisadores e centros de pesquisa das áreas de Medicina e Enfermagem.

Quanto ao método adotado nos estudos selecionados, 24 (89%) têm delineamento transversal1919. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(9):3165. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1709316...
-2121. Moccia L, Janiri D, Pepe M, Dattoli L, Molinaro M, De Martin V, et al. Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];20(20):30586-9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
,2424. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 3(3):e203976. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
-3939. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];51:102083. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10...
,4141. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in january and february 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];26:e923549. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549
https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549...
-4545. Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, Feng J, Qiao M, Jiang R, et al. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; pii: S0889-1591(20)30309-3. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
e os demais são de desenho longitudinal,2222. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:40-8. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
caso-controle4040. Hao X, Zhou D, Li Z, Zeng G, Hao N, Li E, et al. Severe psychological distress among epilepsy patients during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwest China. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];61(6):1166-73. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16544
https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11...
e ensaio clínico randomizado.2323. Liu K, Chen Y, Wu D, Lin R, Wang Z, Pan L. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with COVID-19. Complement Ther Clin Pract [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];39:101132. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101132
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.1...
Quanto à amostra, 19 (70%) investigaram a prevalência de adoecimento exclusivamente na população geral (infectados e não infectados); 1919. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(9):3165. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1709316...
,2121. Moccia L, Janiri D, Pepe M, Dattoli L, Molinaro M, De Martin V, et al. Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];20(20):30586-9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
-2323. Liu K, Chen Y, Wu D, Lin R, Wang Z, Pan L. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with COVID-19. Complement Ther Clin Pract [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];39:101132. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101132
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.1...
,2626. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(5):e1729. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1705172...
,2828. Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(7):e2381. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1707238...
-3131. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];89:242-50. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639
https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639...
,3333. Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Dosil-Santamaria M, Picaza-Gorrochategui M, Idoiaga-Mondragon N. Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cad Saúde Publica [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];36(4):e00054020. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00054020
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0005...
-3535. Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];287:112921. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
,3737. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in january 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];26: e923921. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921
https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921...
,4040. Hao X, Zhou D, Li Z, Zeng G, Hao N, Li E, et al. Severe psychological distress among epilepsy patients during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwest China. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];61(6):1166-73. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16544
https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11...
,4242. Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(6):e2032. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1706203...
-4444. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];287:112934. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
seis (22%) exclusivamente médicos e enfermeiros; 2424. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 3(3):e203976. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
,2727. Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:11-7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
,3232. Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];38(3):192-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn12109...
,3636. Lu W, Wang H, Lin Y, Li L. Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 288:112936. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112936
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
,3838. Zhang C, Yang L, Liu S, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, et al. Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff involved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];11:306. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306
https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00...
,4141. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in january and february 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];26:e923549. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549
https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549...
um (4%) médicos, enfermeiros, farmacêuticos e outros profissionais;2020. Cai W, Lian B, Song X, Hou T, Deng G, Li H. A cross-sectional study on mental health among health care workers during the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];24(51):102111. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102111
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10...
um (4%) população geral e enfermeiros.45 O número amostral variou de 51 a 17.865.

No Quadro 2, apresenta-se a caracterização dos estudos incluídos quanto a identificação, autores, ano de publicação, país, periódico, delineamento metodológico e população/amostra.

Quadro 2 -
Caracterização dos estudos incluídos na revisão (n=27). São Paulo, SP, Brasil. 2020.

Com relação a mensuração dos sinais e sintomas de adoecimento mental, 30 instrumentos psicométricos diferentes foram utilizados, com destaque para o Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R); 2222. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:40-8. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
,2424. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 3(3):e203976. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
,2626. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(5):e1729. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1705172...
-2929. Tan W, Hao F, McIntyre RS, Jiang L, Jiang X, Zhang L, et al. Is Returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? a study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuro immunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:84-92. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
,3838. Zhang C, Yang L, Liu S, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, et al. Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff involved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];11:306. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306
https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00...
Três estudos utilizaram questionários próprios, 3939. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];51:102083. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10...
,4242. Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(6):e2032. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1706203...
-4343. Ahmad AR, Murad HR, Gardner M. The impact of social media on hyped panic during the COVID-19 pandemic: the Iraqi Kurdistan case. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 22(5):e19556. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19556
https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19556...
Quadro 3.

Quadro 3 -
Instrumentos de medida utilizados nos estudos incluídos na revisão (n=27). São Paulo, SP, Brasil. 2020.

Os 27 estudos identificaram 19 sinais e sintomas de adoecimento mental na população geral e em profissionais de saúde, dentre os que se destacam: ansiedade (85%),1919. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(9):3165. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1709316...
-3333. Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Dosil-Santamaria M, Picaza-Gorrochategui M, Idoiaga-Mondragon N. Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cad Saúde Publica [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];36(4):e00054020. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00054020
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0005...
,3636. Lu W, Wang H, Lin Y, Li L. Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 288:112936. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112936
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
-4444. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];287:112934. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
depressão (59%),1919. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(9):3165. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1709316...
-2222. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:40-8. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
,2424. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 3(3):e203976. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
-2727. Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:11-7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
.2929. Tan W, Hao F, McIntyre RS, Jiang L, Jiang X, Zhang L, et al. Is Returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? a study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuro immunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:84-92. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
-3131. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];89:242-50. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639
https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639...
.3333. Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Dosil-Santamaria M, Picaza-Gorrochategui M, Idoiaga-Mondragon N. Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cad Saúde Publica [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];36(4):e00054020. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00054020
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0005...
.2626. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(5):e1729. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1705172...
-2828. Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(7):e2381. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1707238...
.4040. Hao X, Zhou D, Li Z, Zeng G, Hao N, Li E, et al. Severe psychological distress among epilepsy patients during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwest China. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];61(6):1166-73. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16544
https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11...
.4242. Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(6):e2032. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1706203...
estresse (48%),1919. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(9):3165. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1709316...
-2222. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:40-8. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
.2626. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(5):e1729. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1705172...
-2828. Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(7):e2381. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1707238...
.3333. Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Dosil-Santamaria M, Picaza-Gorrochategui M, Idoiaga-Mondragon N. Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cad Saúde Publica [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];36(4):e00054020. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00054020
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0005...
.3737. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in january 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];26: e923921. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921
https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921...
-3838. Zhang C, Yang L, Liu S, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, et al. Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff involved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];11:306. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306
https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00...
.4040. Hao X, Zhou D, Li Z, Zeng G, Hao N, Li E, et al. Severe psychological distress among epilepsy patients during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwest China. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];61(6):1166-73. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16544
https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11...
-4141. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in january and february 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];26:e923549. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549
https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549...
insônia (33%)2222. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:40-8. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
-2525. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];12(288):112954. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
,2727. Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:11-7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
,2929. Tan W, Hao F, McIntyre RS, Jiang L, Jiang X, Zhang L, et al. Is Returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? a study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuro immunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:84-92. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
,3131. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];89:242-50. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639
https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639...
,3737. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in january 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];26: e923921. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921
https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921...
-3838. Zhang C, Yang L, Liu S, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, et al. Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff involved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];11:306. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306
https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00...
,4141. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in january and february 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];26:e923549. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549
https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549...
e Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (11%).3232. Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];38(3):192-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn12109...
,3434. Bo HX, Li W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000999
https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000...
-4040. Hao X, Zhou D, Li Z, Zeng G, Hao N, Li E, et al. Severe psychological distress among epilepsy patients during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwest China. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];61(6):1166-73. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16544
https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11...
Ser mulher, estudante, enfermeiro(a) e apresentar sintomas físicos ou problemas de saúde prévios, associaram-se significativamente a maiores impactos na saúde mental. 2424. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 3(3):e203976. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
,2626. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(5):e1729. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1705172...
,3030. Özdin S, Özdin ŞB. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];66(5):504-11. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927...
,3232. Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];38(3):192-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn12109...
,3535. Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];287:112921. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
A Figura 2 mostra a frequência de aparecimento dos sinais e sintomas de acordo com a população alvo dos estudos analisados.

Figura 2 -
Frequência dos sinais e sintomas de adoecimento mental na população geral e em profissionais de saúde nos estudos incluídos na revisão (n=27). São Paulo, SP, Brasil. 2020. Legenda: TEPT = Transtorno do Estresse Pós-Traumático.

DISCUSSÃO

Esta revisão evidencia o interesse expressivo de pesquisadores e centros de pesquisa em investigar os impactos gerados na saúde mental em razão da pandemia do novo Coronavírus, considerando seu surgimento abrupto e acelerado. Os estudos selecionados fornecem importantes indicadores de saúde mental da população geral e de profissionais de saúde impactados pela pandemia, constituindo uma base essencial para a formulação de ações estratégicas e implementação de políticas públicas focais e de abrangência comunitária.

A maioria dos estudos mensurou os sinais e sintomas de adoecimento mental por meio de escalas psicométricas validadas, o que confere rigor e maior controle da eficácia das avaliações clínicas empregadas. 1919. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(9):3165. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1709316...
-3838. Zhang C, Yang L, Liu S, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, et al. Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff involved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];11:306. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306
https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00...
,4040. Hao X, Zhou D, Li Z, Zeng G, Hao N, Li E, et al. Severe psychological distress among epilepsy patients during the COVID-19 outbreak in southwest China. Epilepsia [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];61(6):1166-73. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16544
https://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11...
,4444. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];287:112934. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
-4545. Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, Feng J, Qiao M, Jiang R, et al. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; pii: S0889-1591(20)30309-3. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
Apenas três estudos3939. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];51:102083. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10...
,4242. Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(6):e2032. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1706203...
-4343. Ahmad AR, Murad HR, Gardner M. The impact of social media on hyped panic during the COVID-19 pandemic: the Iraqi Kurdistan case. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 22(5):e19556. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19556
https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19556...
utilizaram questionários próprios, o que pode indicar um cenário de especificidade, como é próprio em uma pandemia. Ressalta-se que, recentemente, foram validadas as escalas The Fear of Covid-19 Scale,4646. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpou AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 27:1-9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00...
para população iraniana, e a Covid Stress Scales,4747. Taylor S, Landry C, Paluszek M, Fergus TA, Mckay D, Asmundson GJG. Development and initial validation of the COVID stress scales. J Anxiety Disord [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];72:102232. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.202...
para norte-americanos e canadenses, ambas com boas propriedades psicométricas. No entanto, nenhum dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão utilizou essas referências, provavelmente por estarem voltadas a populações e culturas específicas. A respeito deste aspecto, indica-se a necessidade de alinhamento entre a coerência, a pertinência e a utilidade da aplicação de instrumentos avaliativos face ao contexto pandêmico, que se mostra novo e requer observação e análise mais acuradas.

O medo de ser infectado e de suscetibilidade à morte, somados à rapidez de disseminação, à história natural e ao curso da doença pouco conhecidos, tornam os impactos na saúde mental evidentes, o que suscita maior atenção às intervenções e à avaliação de resultados direcionados ao enfrentamento do medo e seus impactos. Na população em geral, os níveis de ansiedade e o estresse de indivíduos saudáveis se tornam elevados e, por outro lado, potencializam os sintomas já existentes em pessoas com transtornos psíquicos pregressos, aumentando o risco de suicídio.55. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];42(3):232-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-202...
,4848. Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: fear and the 2019nCoV outbreak. J Anxiety Disord [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];70:102196. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.202...
-5050. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: a quick review of the evidence. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];395:912-20. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20...
Além disso, destacou-se o medo da população geral de ser contaminada pelo novo Coronavírus e de se tornar potenciais contaminadores(as) dos membros da família, comprometendo a saúde das pessoas que compõe a sua rede afetiva.2222. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:40-8. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
,2626. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(5):e1729. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1705172...
Nesse sentido, é relevante traçar estratégias de prevenção e enfrentamento dos fatores que intensificam o medo, a fim de atuar ante sua fisiologia, diminuir os níveis de ansiedade e aumentar a vigilância e proteção face ao comportamento suicida.

Ademais, fatores como notícias falsas, dificuldade na cobertura de saúde para realizar e/ou manter o tratamento, adesão ao cumprimento das medidas de quarentena/ distanciamento/isolamento social, geram sentimentos de insegurança, hipervigilância e pânico que afetam o bem-estar psicológico. 55. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];42(3):232-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-202...
,4848. Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: fear and the 2019nCoV outbreak. J Anxiety Disord [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];70:102196. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.202...
-5050. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: a quick review of the evidence. Lancet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];395:912-20. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20...
Desse modo, por compreender que o contexto da pandemia da Covid-19 traz consigo fenômenos conjunturais de desordem social e incorpora novos fenômenos que impactam o bem-estar psicossocial e interferem na saúde mental, é essencial levantar esses fatores em cada contexto e/ou território, tornando possível matriciar condições antecedentes e consequentes e, logo, traçar intervenções resolutas, capazes de responder à situação tanto de maneira imediata quanto a longo prazo, neste âmbito e em caráter pós-pandêmico.

Um estudo online, realizado durante o estágio inicial da pandemia com 1.210 indivíduos de 194 cidades da China, revelou que 53,8% classificaram o impacto psicológico da doença como moderado ou grave, dos quais 28,8%, 16,5% e 8,1% referiram sintomas moderados ou graves de ansiedade, depressão e estresse, respectivamente.3131. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];89:242-50. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639
https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639...
Outros também tiveram resultados semelhantes1919. Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, Colasanti M, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(9):3165. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1709316...
,2121. Moccia L, Janiri D, Pepe M, Dattoli L, Molinaro M, De Martin V, et al. Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];20(20):30586-9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
-2323. Liu K, Chen Y, Wu D, Lin R, Wang Z, Pan L. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with COVID-19. Complement Ther Clin Pract [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];39:101132. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101132
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.1...
,2525. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];12(288):112954. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
,2828. Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(7):e2381. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1707238...
-3131. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];89:242-50. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639
https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639...
,3333. Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Dosil-Santamaria M, Picaza-Gorrochategui M, Idoiaga-Mondragon N. Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cad Saúde Publica [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];36(4):e00054020. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00054020
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0005...
,3737. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in january 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];26: e923921. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921
https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921...
-3939. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];51:102083. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10...
,4242. Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(6):e2032. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1706203...
-4343. Ahmad AR, Murad HR, Gardner M. The impact of social media on hyped panic during the COVID-19 pandemic: the Iraqi Kurdistan case. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 22(5):e19556. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19556
https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19556...
ao evidenciarem irritabilidade, falta de confiança,2121. Moccia L, Janiri D, Pepe M, Dattoli L, Molinaro M, De Martin V, et al. Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];20(20):30586-9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.048
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
insônia, 2323. Liu K, Chen Y, Wu D, Lin R, Wang Z, Pan L. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with COVID-19. Complement Ther Clin Pract [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];39:101132. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101132
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.1...
,2525. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];12(288):112954. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
,2929. Tan W, Hao F, McIntyre RS, Jiang L, Jiang X, Zhang L, et al. Is Returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? a study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuro immunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:84-92. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04...
,3131. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];89:242-50. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639
https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639...
,3737. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in january 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];26: e923921. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921
https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921...
sintomas somáticos, compulsivos, fobias,3131. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];89:242-50. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639
https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507639...
medo3939. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];51:102083. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10...
e pânico.4343. Ahmad AR, Murad HR, Gardner M. The impact of social media on hyped panic during the COVID-19 pandemic: the Iraqi Kurdistan case. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 22(5):e19556. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19556
https://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19556...

Ao analisar o conteúdo de postagens em redes sociais relacionadas a Covid-19, um estudo chinês, com 17.865 usuários, identificou expressivos relatos de ansiedade, depressão e sentimento de indignação e insatisfação.4242. Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(6):e2032. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1706203...
Com base nessa evidência, pode-se destacar o advento de possibilidades de intervenções em saúde pautadas na navegação na Web, o que pode se mostrar uma estratégia eficaz em tempos nos quais o confinamento é preponderante. Como afirmado anteriormente, ser mulher, estudante e apresentar sintomas físicos ou problemas de saúde prévios, são aspectos que se associaram significativamente a maiores níveis de ansiedade, depressão e estresse.2626. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];17(5):e1729. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1705172...
,3030. Özdin S, Özdin ŞB. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];66(5):504-11. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927...
A partir dessa evidência, torna-se imprescindível aprofundar as investigações e as intervenções que considerem marcadores como sexo e, em especial, gênero, a fim de reconhecer as especificidades das feminilidades, masculinidades e identidades não binárias presentes nas manifestações de perturbações que afetam a saúde mental, assim como as respostas e/ou as estratégias de enfrentamento empregadas por mulheres e homens em cenários de pandemia.

Outro estudo com 7.143 indivíduos indicou que 0,9%, 2,7% e 21,3% experimentaram ansiedade grave, moderada e leve, respectivamente. Ter parentes ou conhecidos infectados constitui um fator de risco para o aumento da ansiedade, assim como morar em áreas urbanas ou com os pais e ter estabilidade de renda familiar configuram-se como fatores protetivos a elevação dos níveis de ansiedade.4444. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];287:112934. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
Embora esses dados sejam preliminares e expressem o curso da doença em seu período inicial, especialmente em países do continente asiático, e, portanto, ainda não sejam consolidados, já se apresentam como um achado relevante a ser considerado nas ações de proteção à saúde mental mediante os impactos causados pela Covid-19.

As condições anteriormente levantadas são mais prevalentes em pessoas submetidas à quarentena em razão do sofrimento psíquico nessas circunstâncias,4848. Asmundson GJG, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: fear and the 2019nCoV outbreak. J Anxiety Disord [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];70:102196. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.202...
pois, no contexto pandêmico, a incerteza potencializa estados mentais disfóricos e imaginários a respeito da possibilidade da contaminação de si, de outros e da morte. Diante dessas evidências, recomenda-se o direcionamento da atenção aos processos de sofrimento psíquico, às crises de pânico e ao luto.

Outro fenômeno identificado, e que é importante ser considerado, é a estigmatização da qual os indivíduos considerados casos suspeitos ou confirmados da Covid-19 têm sido alvo. 55. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];42(3):232-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-202...
,5151. Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. Public responses to the new coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) in Japan: consequences for mental health and target populations. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];74(4):281-2. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12988
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12988...
-5252. Mohammed AM, Mark DG. First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];51:102073. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10...
Sendo assim, faz-se necessário que se utilizem instrumentos que possam avaliar e/ou mensurar os elementos presentes no estigma e o seu impacto na saúde mental dos sujeitos, especialmente no caso da Covid-19, para que seja possível realizar um enquadramento mais consolidado acerca do processo estigmatizador nesse cenário.

Outrossim, as transformações inesperadas na dinâmica familiar, tais como fechamento de escolas, empresas e locais públicos e a limitação ou até mesmo proibição da prática de atividades físicas e de lazer, as mudanças nas rotinas e no trabalho, como por exemplo “home office”, e o distanciamento levam tanto a população geral como os profissionais de saúde a sentimentos de desamparo, abandono e insegurança devido às repercussões econômicas e sociais ocasionadas pela pandemia.55. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];42(3):232-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-202...
Neste sentido, considerando os múltiplos impactos de ordem intrapessoal e também interpessoal em saúde mental, vê-se com importância a realização de ações civis públicas de enfrentamento aos impactos e às repercussões negativas causadas pela pandemia, na busca por fortalecer a intersetorialidade e a interprofissionalidade social e em saúde, para o estabelecimento programático de investimentos neste campo.

Em se tratando dos impactos sobre a saúde mental gerados nos profissionais de saúde, os enfermeiros e médicos por atuarem na linha de frente da assistência e terem sido as categorias profissionais mais representativas nas publicações selecionadas, apresentam relatos de sofrimento psíquico expressivos. 2020. Cai W, Lian B, Song X, Hou T, Deng G, Li H. A cross-sectional study on mental health among health care workers during the outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];24(51):102111. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102111
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10...
,2424. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 3(3):e203976. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
,2727. Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];87:11-7. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
,3232. Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];38(3):192-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn12109...
,3636. Lu W, Wang H, Lin Y, Li L. Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 288:112936. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112936
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
,3838. Zhang C, Yang L, Liu S, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, et al. Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff involved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];11:306. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306
https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00...
,4141. Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in january and february 2020 in China. Med Sci Monit [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];26:e923549. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549
https://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549...
,4545. Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, Feng J, Qiao M, Jiang R, et al. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; pii: S0889-1591(20)30309-3. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...

Um estudo com 1.257 médicos e enfermeiros, atuantes e não atuantes na linha de frente, revelou uma proporção considerável de sintomas de depressão (50,4%), ansiedade (44,6%), insônia (34,0%) e angústia (71,5%).2424. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 3(3):e203976. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
Outro estudo, com 230 médicos e enfermeiros, evidenciou uma incidência de ansiedade de 23,04%, classificada entre severa (2,17%) e moderada (4,78%).3232. Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];38(3):192-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn12109...
As enfermeiras da linha de frente relataram graus mais severos desses sintomas.2424. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; 3(3):e203976. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkop...
,3232. Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];38(3):192-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn12109...
Diante desses achados, urge a necessidade da promoção de ações em serviços em que haja atuação de profissionais de saúde, especialmente os da Enfermagem, por compor parte expressiva entre as categorias de profissionais de saúde, como oportunizar intervenções estratégicas que foquem no enfrentamento dos agravos da saúde mental.

Cabe, ainda, destacar a preocupação vigente com a manutenção da integridade pessoal e profissional, a manutenção da vida e a diminuição dos anos potenciais perdidos e de uma lacuna de cobertura em saúde, especialmente da Enfermagem, decorrente dos elevados números de mortes, adoecimentos e incapacitações de profissionais ocasionados pela Covid-19, o que deve implicar em uma emergencial ação global de proteção da categoria trabalhadora da saúde em seu processo de trabalho, considerando, especialmente, a manutenção da saúde mental.

O processo de trabalho dos profissionais de Enfermagem é permeado por especificidades que prolongam o tempo de permanência nos serviços de saúde e os colocam em contato direto com elementos estressores e complexos da assistência. No contexto da pandemia, fatores como condições inadequadas, carga excessiva de trabalho, quantidade reduzida de equipamentos de proteção individual e falta de habilidades específicas geram sentimentos de medo, angústia e desamparo, levando esses profissionais a enfrentar mudanças mais severas no seu cotidiano, que comprometem seu bem-estar psicológico e sua saúde mental, repercutindo em esgotamento físico e mental.5353. Fernandes MA, Ribeiro AAA. Salud mental y estrés ocupacional en trabajadores de la salud a la primera línea de la pandemia de COVID-19. Rev Cuidarte [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];11(2):e1222. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.1222
https://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.122...
-5555. Silva DAR, Pimentel RFW, Merces MC. Covid-19 and the pandemic of fear: reflections on mental health. Rev Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];54:e46. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002486
https://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2...

Ainda sobre este aspecto, é relevante considerar que, por lidarem diretamente com pacientes acometidos pela Covid-19, esses profissionais poderão sofrer mais expressivamente com o estigma do que a população geral, em especial nos locais onde residem, implicando a necessidade de operacionalização de estratégias de sensibilização e educação junto à população e de suporte psicoemocional para esses indivíduos no enfrentamento do estigma.55. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];42(3):232-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-202...

Ressalta-se que alguns profissionais, apesar de não atuarem na linha de frente, são passíveis de apresentarem sofrimento psíquico e podem vivenciar o fenômeno de “traumatização secundária”, a partir do qual embora a pessoa não sofra diretamente um trauma (por exemplo a experiência de um desastre ou de uma situação cruel), ela é afetada e passa a apresentar sintomas psicológicos decorrentes da empatia pelas vítimas de um evento específico. Um estudo com 234 enfermeiros que trabalhavam na linha de frente e 292 enfermeiros que não o faziam revelou que aqueles que não trabalhavam na linha de frente apresentaram maiores níveis de traumatização secundária em comparação aos enfermeiros que atuavam nesse lugar.4545. Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, Feng J, Qiao M, Jiang R, et al. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]; pii: S0889-1591(20)30309-3. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03...
Nesse sentido é que se faz imprescindível a ampliação da oferta de tecnologias cuidativas que estabeleçam intervenções positivas de promoção do bem-estar psicossocial focadas no enfrentamento da traumatização secundária.

Relacionados a outras epidemias, estudos sugerem que os impactos na saúde mental podem ser duradouros e permanecerem.77. Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];7(3):228-9. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20...
,99. Seon-Cheol P, Yong CP. Mental health care measures in response to the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Korea. Psychiatry Investig [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 25];17(2):85-6. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0058
https://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0058...
Um estudo com 7.140 pacientes com Covid-19 clinicamente estáveis identificou que 96% desenvolveram Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático,3434. Bo HX, Li W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07]. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000999
https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000...
outro estudo mostrou que a prevalência desse transtorno, um mês após a epidemia, nas áreas mais atingidas na China, foi de 7%, sendo maior em mulheres e em pacientes que referiram sono irregular devido a pandemia.3535. Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];287:112921. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.20...
Os profissionais de saúde (n=230) também apresentaram índices elevados de Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (42,92%), sobretudo mulheres (44,30%).3232. Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 07];38(3):192-5. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063
https://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn12109...

Embora a maioria dos estudos tenha sido realizada na China, cabe considerar que a doença se disseminou por diferentes continentes, afetando países nos quais os sistemas de saúde e os processos de trabalho são distintos, com formas de enfrentamento diversas, mas, ainda assim, implica na tomada de decisão e ação estratégica global, a fim de dirimir maiores comprometimentos na força de trabalho em saúde.

O cenário devastador dessa pandemia repercute em um impacto real e negativo para a contemporaneidade, dado os anos potenciais perdidos pelas categorias profissionais de saúde e pela população geral, o que sinaliza para um déficit danoso de profissionais de saúde, em especial de enfermagem, em todo o mundo, comprometendo, desse modo, a cobertura de saúde global nos distintos continentes. Com isso, os resultados dessa revisão apontam para a possibilidade de implementação de ações eficazes para minimizar os efeitos geradores de adoecimento mental nos países atingidos.

Considera-se como limitação do estudo o fato da estratégia de busca ter se limitado a um único termo para caracterizar o adoecimento mental, tal escolha justifica-se por tornar a estratégia mais abrangente.

CONCLUSÃO

A pandemia da Covid-19 está gerando adoecimento mental na população geral e nos profissionais de saúde, destacando-se, nomeadamente, quadros de ansiedade, depressão, estresse e Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático. As mulheres, estudantes e os profissionais enfermeiros estão entre os mais acometidos.

Enquanto as curvas dos indicadores de infecção pelo novo Coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 diminuem mundialmente, as consequências relacionadas à saúde mental persistem e podem gerar efeitos danosos a longo prazo, fazendo-se urgente e necessárias ações estratégicas individuais e de abrangência comunitária que minimizem a ocorrência de deteriorações emocionais e agravos psicológicos na população e em equipes de saúde, uma vez que estas não podem ser negligenciadas.

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NOTAS

  • FINANCIAMENTO

    Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações - MCTIC, Ministério da Saúde - MS. Chamada MCTIC/CNPq/FNDCT/MS/SCTIE/Decit Nº 07/2020 - Pesquisas para enfrentamento da COVID-19, suas consequências e outras síndromes respiratórias agudas graves. Projeto nº 4011002020.

Editado por

EDITORES

Editores Associados: Ana Izabel Jatobá de Souza, Gisele Cristina Manfrini Fernandes, Mara Ambrosina de Oliveira Vargas. Editor-chefe: Roberta Costa

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    02 Set 2020
  • Data do Fascículo
    2020

Histórico

  • Recebido
    27 Maio 2020
  • Aceito
    01 Jul 2020
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis - Santa Catarina - Brasil, Tel.: (55 48) 3721-4915 / (55 48) 3721-9043 - Florianópolis - SC - Brazil
E-mail: textoecontexto@contato.ufsc.br