Aspectos fenomenológicos relacionados ao construto de ruminação cognitiva

Meyer, Leonardo Fernandez; Taborda, José Geraldo Vernet; Costa, Fábio Antônio da; Soares, Ana Luiza Alfaya Galego; Mecler, Kátia; Valença, Alexandre Martins

doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0025

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Review Articles • Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 37 (1) • Jan-Mar 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0025 copiar

Aspectos fenomenológicos relacionados ao construto de ruminação cognitiva

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objetivo:

Verificar a importância de aspectos fenomenológicos relacionados ao construto de ruminação cognitiva (RC) nas pesquisas empíricas psiquiátricas atuais.

Método:

Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados SciELO, Scopus, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, OneFile (GALE), SpringerLink, Cambridge Journals e Web of Science, entre fevereiro e março de 2014, buscando artigos cujo tópico ou título contivessem os seguintes termos-chave: ruminação cognitiva; escala de resposta ruminativa; e autorreflexão. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos clínicos empíricos; RC como principal objeto de pesquisa; e estudos que incluíssem uma definição conceitual de RC. Foram considerados apenas artigos em inglês publicados em periódicos biomédicos nos últimos 10 anos. Nossa análise fenomenológica se fundamentou na Psicopatologia Geral de Jaspers.

Resultados:

Os conceitos de RC atualmente encontrados nas pesquisas empíricas utilizam majoritariamente elementos fenomenológicos em suas definições. Entretanto, esses elementos cognitivos são indistintamente entendidos como elementos objetivos (empíricos), passíveis de mensuração, e não parecem ser cuidadosamente examinados. Este fato pode contribuir para uma compreensão enganosa sobre RC, além de favorecer a interpretação errônea de resultados e a elaboração de paradoxos teóricos problemáticos.

Conclusão:

As pesquisas empíricas atuais sobre RC falham ao avaliar os aspectos fenomenológicos inerentes ao construto de RC. A psicopatologia e o método fenomenológico podem ajudar a definir características relacionadas aos elementos da RC, bem como contribuir para a sua compreensão e organização hierárquica enquanto construto. Um retorno aos princípios da psicopatologia, nos moldes de Jaspers, poderia trazer esclarecimentos ao tema.

Psicopatologia; fenomenologia; ruminação cognitiva

Author	Definitions of cognitive rumination	Phenomenological aspects
Andersen et al.¹⁷	The class of conscious thoughts that revolve around an instrumental theme.	Thought content disturbance (instrumental theme); formal logic thought disturbance (circular thinking); neurobiological findings (electroencephalographic changes).
Armey et al.⁸	Characteristic manner in which individuals respond to their own symptoms of distress or depressed mood.	Pattern of psychopathological behavioral response.
Bagby et al.⁴	Repetitive focus on the fact that one is depressed, on one’s symptoms of depression, and sometimes on meanings and consequences of depression symptoms.	Mood disturbance (depression); thought content disturbance (meanings and consequences).
Brinker & Dozois¹⁸	Self-focused thoughts on depressed mood and possible causes and consequences of that mood.	Mood disturbance (depressed mood) thought content disturbance (self-focused thoughts), possible causes and consequences of depression.
Hasegawa et al.¹⁹	Repetitive and passive thinking about one’s symptoms of depression and possible causes and consequences of these symptoms.	Mood disturbance (depression); formal logic thought disturbance (repetitive and passive thinking); thought content disturbance (causes and consequences of depression).
Johnson et al.²⁰	Type of self-referential processing.	Neurobiological findings (medial cortex activation); formal logic thought disturbance (pattern of mental processing); thought content disturbance (self-referential).
Joormann et al.²	Trait-like response style that perpetuates depressive symptoms.	Pattern of psychopathological behavior response (response style).
Kocovski & Rector²¹	Element of post-event processing that follows anxiety-provoking situations.	Cognitive pattern of response that occurs in stressful situations.
Kuehner et al.²²	Passive focus of one’s attention on one’s mood, which includes passive focus of one’s attention on one’s dysphoric symptoms and aspects of self and repetitive thinking about possible causes and consequences of one’s symptoms and negative self-aspects.	Attention disturbance (hyperprosexia); mood disturbance (dysphoric symptoms, negative self-aspects); formal logic thought disturbance (repetitive thinking); thought content disturbance (repetitive thinking about possible causes).
McLaughlin & Nolen-Hoeksema²³	Response to distress in which individual passively and perseveringly thinks about upsetting symptoms and causes and consequences of these symptoms.	Pattern of behavior response (pattern of response to distress); formal logic thought disturbance (passive and persevering thoughts); thought content disturbance (thinking about upsetting symptoms).
Miranda & Nolen-Hoeksema⁹	Repetitive focus on causes, meanings and consequences of one’s depressed mood.	Mood disturbance (depression); formal logic thought disturbance (repetitive focus); thought content disturbance (causes, meanings and consequences).
Moberly & Watkins⁶	Repetitive focus on the fact that one is depressed, on one’s symptoms of depression, and on causes, meanings and consequences of depression symptoms.	Mood disturbance (depression); formal logic thought disturbance (repetitive focus); thought content disturbance (meanings and consequences).
Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow⁵	Repetitive focus on the fact that one is depressed, on one’s symptoms of depression, and on causes, meanings and consequences of depression symptoms.	Mood disturbance (depression); formal logic thought disturbance (repetitive focus); thought content disturbance (meanings and consequences).
Nolen-Hoeksema⁷	Response to distress that involves repetitive and passive focus on symptoms of distress and on possible causes and consequences of these symptoms.	Pattern of behavior response (mode of response to distress); formal logic thought disturbance (repetitive and passive focus).
Nolen-Hoeksema et al.¹	Response style of repetitive and passive thoughts about negative emotions, and focus on symptoms of distress and worry about meaning of distress.	Pattern of behavior response (response style); formal logic thought disturbance (repetitive and passive thinking); thought content disturbance (focus on symptoms of distress and worry about meaning of distress).
Schoofs et al.²⁴	Response or coping style involving repetitive self-focused thought on one’s negative feelings, their antecedents or consequences.	Pattern of behavior response (response and coping style); mood disturbance (negative feelings); formal logic thought disturbance (repetitive thought); thought content disturbance (self-focused).
Thomsen et al.²⁵	Self-focused repetitive thoughts associated with negative outcomes.	Formal logic thought disturbance (repetitive thoughts); thought content disturbance (self-focus).

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[1] No conflicts of interest declared concerning the publication of this article.