Weight (g), mean (SD) |
2,882.15 (473.32) |
3,144.80 (439.39) |
0.001 |
1-minute Apgar, mean (SD) |
7.8 (2.12) |
8.41 (1.31) |
0.06 |
5-minute Apgar, mean (SD) |
8.94 (1.24) |
9.38 (0.74) |
0.007 |
Gestational age, weeks (estimated at neonatal examination), mean (SD) |
38.58 (2.06) |
38.86 (1.24) |
0.37 |
Male sex, n (%) |
28 (50.9) |
46 (46.5) |
0.72 |
Need for hospitalization, n (%) |
36 (67.9) |
15 (15.5) |
< 0.001 |
Classification for gestational age, n (%) |
|
|
|
Adequate |
43 (87.8) |
75 (77.3) |
|
Small |
4 (8.2) |
16 (16.5) |
0.31 |
Large |
2 (4.1) |
6 (6.2) |
|
Maternal variables
|
Cases (n = 57)
|
Controls (n = 99)
|
p
|
Ethnicity, n (%) |
|
|
|
White |
17 (32.1) |
74 (76.3) |
< 0.001 |
Non-white |
36 (67.9) |
23 (23.7) |
|
Age (years), mean (SD) |
27.00 (5.76) |
26.17 (5.87) |
0.39 |
IQ, mean (SD) |
77.39 (8.75) |
84.17 (9.59) |
< 0.001 |
Socioeconomic status, n (%) |
|
|
|
High (class A or B) |
6 (11.8) |
18 (18.8) |
0.19 |
Low (class C, D, or E) |
45 (88.2) |
78 (81.3) |
|
Educational attainment, n (%) |
|
|
|
Some primary, completed primary, or some secondary education |
39 (81.3) |
51 (53.1) |
|
Completed secondary, some higher, or completed higher education |
9 (18.8) |
45 (53.1) |
0.002 |
Prenatal care, n (%)* |
36 (73.5) |
99 (100) |
< 0.001 |
Presence of infectious diseases, n (%)* (syphilis, HIV, and/or hepatitis C) |
26 (46.4) |
0 |
< 0.001 |
Mode of delivery (Cesarean delivery), n (%) |
19 (35.2) |
34 (35.1) |
1.00 |
Marital status (married/cohabiting), n (%)* |
29 (50.9) |
94 (94.9) |
< 0.001 |
Drug use by mothers during pregnancy - ASSIST total score, median and range†
|
Cases
|
Controls
|
|
Total score for nicotine‡ (cases, n = 32; controls, n = 22) |
17.50 (0-31) |
0.00 (0-39) |
< 0.001 |
Total score for alcohol‡ (cases, n = 28; controls, n = 33) |
6.00 (0-33) |
0.00 (0-13) |
< 0.001 |
Total score for cannabis‡ (cases, n = 26; controls, n = 26) |
0.00 (0-25) |
- |
- |
Substance use in the last 3 months prior to delivery, n (%)
|
|
|
|
Nicotine |
Cases (n = 32)
|
Controls (n = 22)
|
|
Daily/almost every day |
22 (68.75) |
5 (22.7) |
< 0.001 |
Weekly |
1 (0.03) |
- |
|
Monthly |
4 (0.13) |
- |
|
Once or twice |
2 (0.06) |
17 (77.3) |
|
Never |
3 (0.09) |
- |
|
Alcohol |
Cases (n = 28)
|
Controls (n = 33)
|
|
Daily/almost every day |
2 (7.14) |
- |
< 0.001 |
Weekly |
10 (35.70) |
- |
|
Monthly |
3 (10.70) |
- |
|
Once or twice |
4 (14.30) |
5 (15.20) |
|
Never |
9 (32.10) |
28 (84.80) |
|
Crack/cocaine |
Cases (n = 32)
|
Controls (n = 32)
|
|
Daily/almost every day |
9 (28.1) |
- |
- |
Weekly |
13 (40.6) |
- |
- |
Monthly |
3 (9.4) |
- |
- |
Once or twice |
1 (3.1) |
- |
- |
Never |
6 (10.5) |
- |
- |
Cannabis |
Cases (n = 26)
|
Controls (n = 26)
|
|
Daily/almost every day |
2 (7.7) |
- |
- |
Weekly |
5 (19.2) |
- |
- |
Monthly |
2 (7.7) |
- |
- |
Once or twice |
1 (3.8) |
- |
- |
Never |
16 (61.5) |
- |
- |
Presence of current psychopathology in mothers, n (%)
|
Cases (n=41)
|
Controls (n=96)
|
|
Suicide risk |
13 (31.70) |
9 (9.78) |
0.002 |
Posttraumatic stress disorder*§
|
4 (10.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0.007 |
Antisocial personality disorder* |
9 (21.43) |
0 (0.00) |
< 0.001 |
MINI positive for any diagnoses |
25 (61.0) |
32 (33.3) |
0.005 |
Unadjusted UCB IL levels§
|
Cases (n = 45)
|
Controls (n = 93)
|
|
IL-6 in UCB |
|
|
|
Median (minimum and maximum) |
2,013.95 (0-583,892.27) |
737.61 (0-29,649.70) |
0.004 |
Mean (SD) |
36,885.01 (1.17186 x 1055. LaGasse LL, Gaskins RB, Bada HS, Shankaran S, Liu J, Lester BM, et al. Prenatal cocaine exposure and childhood obesity at nine years. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2011;33:188-97.) |
2,049.53 (4,027.94) |
|
IL10 at UCB |
|
|
|
Median (minimum and maximum) |
109.93 (0-2,445.83) |
9.14 (0-1,016.84) |
< 0.001 |
Mean (SD) |
335.62 (591.70) |
47.41 (121.43) |
|
Unadjusted IL levels at immediate postpartum, mothers§
|
Cases (n = 48)
|
Controls (n = 83)
|
|
Maternal IL-6 levels |
|
|
|
Median (minimum and maximum) |
3,022.09 (0-1,201,174.90) |
6,664.98 (62.40-171,500.39) |
0.11 |
Mean (SD) |
43,591.24 (1.77086 x 1055. LaGasse LL, Gaskins RB, Bada HS, Shankaran S, Liu J, Lester BM, et al. Prenatal cocaine exposure and childhood obesity at nine years. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2011;33:188-97.) |
12,981.55 (21,877.39) |
|
Maternal IL-10 levels |
|
|
|
Median (minimum and maximum) |
195.14 (0-34,305.03) |
310.36 (0-9,441.20) |
0.12 |
Mean (SD) |
1,215.63 (4,954.13) |
1,105.25 (1,894.63) |
|