| Dai et al., 201672
|
China |
Meta-analysis of 46 studies |
|
76,101 |
Using a random effects model, the combined incidence of PTSD after earthquakes was 23.66 %. The incidence of PTSD varied significantly across studies in relation to the time of assessment, gender, educational level, damage to one’s house, bereavement, bodily injury, and witnessing death. |
| Liu et al., 201673
|
Tibet |
Cross-sectional |
PTSD and its predictors among 4,072 Tibetan adolescents 3 years after the earthquake. |
4,072 |
PTSD prevalence was 17.8%. Factors predictive of PTSD were age 14 or over, being a senior student, monitor, buried or injured, death or amputation of family member, more severe property loss, witnessing death, and having negative coping skills |
| Rahill et al., 201574
|
Haiti |
Cross- sectional |
2 groups of 16 women |
16 |
This study included a small sample of women in Haiti who had suffered sexual violence perpetrated by non-intimate partners/strangers (NPSV). The psychological effects of NPSV included self-reported PTSD criteria, including physiological, neurological and psychological symptoms, avoidance, arousal, cognitive and mood changes, as well as significant distress/impairment in various areas of functioning. |
| Bianchini et al., 201575
|
L’Aquila (Italy) |
Cross-sectional |
College students two years after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, assessing coping strategies including posttraumatic growth and substance abuse |
411 |
The posttraumatic growth (PTG) mean score was 35.23, underlining low positive coping strategies among student community. 43.8% of students reported an increase in alcohol use, 7.8% in cannabis and 15.8% in nicotine use in the post-earthquake period. However, 12.5 % of the students reported a decrease in alcohol use after the earthquake and 17.3% reported a PTG, showing positive behaviors and attitudes. |
| Cofini et al., 201576
|
L’Aquila (Italy) |
Cross-sectional |
Sample of 281 people aged >18 years and living in temporary housing after the earthquake |
281 |
People living in temporary housing after the earthquake experienced high rates of PTSD. Prevalence of PTSD was 43%. Women and the non-employed were more vulnerable to PTSD, while, age and level of education were not associated with PTSD. People with PTSD exhibited denial, venting, behavioral disengagement and self-blame as coping strategies. |
| Shrestha, 201577
|
Nepal |
Cross-sectional |
Medical professionals at Manmohan Memorial Teaching Hospital (Kathmandu) |
64 |
Prevalence rates of PTSD were 21.9% and 17.1% (using different cutoff score and diagnostic criteria) Females > males. No significant difference was observed according to age, marital status, profession, previous disaster experience, or tragic events with relatives. |
| Cénat & Derivois, 201424
|
France |
Cross-sectional study |
30 months after the 2010 earthquake disaster in Haiti, 1,355 participants, adults, aged 18 or over with no prior psychiatric illness, were enrolled on this study. All assessment variables were measured using a self-administered questionnaire. |
1,355 |
The results of this French study showed prevalence rates of 36.75% of PTSD symptoms and 25.98% of depression 2.5 years after the disastrous earthquake affecting the capital and other cities across the country. Female gender, being young or a student, elderly, and unemployment were found to be risk factors for PTSD and Depression. Participants with a low level of education were shown to have the highest prevalence of depression. There were also significant links between peritraumatic distress and subsequent development of PTSD and depression. |
| Yokoyama et al., 201439
|
Japan |
Cross-sectional survey |
The survey was carried out in 3 municipalities of the northern part Honshu, Japan. 10,025 participants aged 18 or older were included and assessed with a health survey and a questionnaire. |
10,025 |
In this Japanese study, 42.6% of survivors were determined to have MMHPs or SMHPs. In addition, many risk factors associated with mental health problems were determined: Female gender, younger age group, and frequency of relocation were of greatest significance. The study also emphasized the creation of permanent jobs and measures to attract firms to invest and establish plants in devastated areas as support for victims seeking new employment. |
| Feder et al., 201311
|
United States |
Cross-sectional survey |
200 adult earthquake survivors from affected areas of North-western Pakistan were recruited in this study and all variables of interest were completed by a self-administered questionnaire. |
200 |
This study conducted by the Mount Sinai School of Medicine three years after the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan concluded that 64.6% of participants met criteria of probable PTSD three years after the deadly disaster. Female gender, lower education, loss of close family members, and negative religious coping were found to be associated with higher posttraumatic symptom levels. On the other hand, higher purpose in life was found to be associated with lower symptom levels and higher self-reported positive emotions. |
| Anwar et al., 201321
|
Australia, WHO |
Cross-sectional survey |
Women aged 15 to 49 years and married at the time of survey, and who experienced and lived through the earthquake |
425 |
This WHO study carried by the University of Sydney reported multiple sociodemographic and reproductive health factors as predictors of PTSD in women after the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. In the conservative sociocultural context of Pakistan, social support was found to be one of the most important predictors of PTSD. Use of temporary accommodation, previous complications with pregnancies, abnormal vaginal discharge, use of injectable contraceptives, knowledge about STDs, and difficult access to health facilities were other significant risk factors for PTSD. |
| Zhou et al., 201338
|
China |
Cross-sectional study |
Age and Sex matched random sample of 10% of the respondents was chosen. Data was collected 6 months after the disaster. |
14,207 |
The study reported prevalence of 15.57% of PTSD among survivors of earthquake. It identified several risk factors for PTSD: older age, female gender, living alone, being buried in the earthquake, injured in the earthquake, operated on after the earthquake, witnessing someone get injured in the earthquake, witnessing someone get buried in the earthquake, witnessing someone die in the earthquake. The study was unable to draw any relationship between the level of education and PTSD. |
| Ȫnder et al., 200628
|
Turkey |
Cross-sectional survey |
36 months after the 1999 Marmara earthquake in Turkey, 683 participants aged 18 or over were randomly selected from seven municipalities of Kocaeli City to be assessed by a face to face household interview survey called Marmara Earthquake Survey (MES). |
683 |
This study showed that the 3-year period prevalence rates of PTSD and MDD were 19.2% and 18.7% respectively while the current point prevalence rates were 11.7% and 10.5% respectively. The prevalence of panic disorder, OCD, GAD, social phobias, and specific phobias were also found to be at least two times greater than the pre-earthquake national prevalence rates of these disorders. The study also found that psychological distress was significantly greater in the comorbid PTSD and MDD group than in the group with PTSD alone. |
| Sharan et al., 199655
|
India |
Cross-sectional survey |
56 participants aged 14 or older from 23 households in three villages in western India were interviewed. |
56 |
The study reported a rate of 59% of psychiatric disorder post-earthquake in a rural community in India. Of these, PTSD (23%) and major depression (21%) were the most frequent disorders. Destruction of house and possessions and stress of losses and relocation were found to have acted as life-threatening risk factors. |
