Scapteromys aquaticus ( Rodentia : Sigmodontinae ) in Brazil with comments on karyotype and phylogenetics relationships

The swamp rats are distributed in Argentina, southern Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil, with two species currently accepted: Scapteromys aquaticus Thomas, 1920 and Scapteromys tumidus Waterhouse, 1837. While S. aquaticus occurs in Argentina, Paraguay and western Uruguay, S. tumidus occurs in Brazil and Uruguay. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of S. aquaticus in gallery forest remnants in Southern Brazil. Karyologic analysis showed 2n = 32 and FNa = 40. Phylogenetic analyses, based on DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene indicate that the Brazilian and the Argentinian specimens of S. aquaticus shared one haplotype, while median joining analysis showed lack of population structure. This register, plus the karyotype data available for Brazilian population, recovered four karyomorphotypes in Brazil, corresponding to the two known species of Scapteromys and two unnamed species. This scenario indicates that more multidisciplinary studies are necessary to understand the actual diversity of Scapteromys.

Scapteromys spp.occur in semi-aquatic habitats and areas near watercourses and swamps.There are no specific data about S. aquaticus habits but S. tumidus feeds on invertebrates (SUAREZ & BONAVENTURA 2001) and is associated with flooded microhabitats with low plant coverage (BONAVENTURA et al. 2003).Karyologic studies of this genus showed a wide variation, with four different karyotypes (FREITAS et al. 1984, D'ELÍA & PARDIÑAS 2004).Scapteromys aquaticus populations are characterized by a diploid number (2n) of 32, occurring in Argentina (BRUM-ZORRILLA et al. 1986, FRONZA et al. 1976) and southern Paraguay (D'ELÍA & PARDIÑAS 2004), while the S. tumidus population in Uruguay (BRUM-ZORRILLA et al. 1972, 1986) and southern Brazil (FREITAS et al. 1984) showed 2n = 24.Two other karyotypes have been reported in the Brazilian population, 2n = 34 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and 2n = 36 in the state of Paraná (FREITAS et al. 1984, PEDÓ et al. 2010).D'ELÍA & PARDIÑAS (2004) presented a systematic study of populations of Scapteromys, based on molecular and morphological evidence, and suggested two main clades: one named S. aquaticus, formed by Argentinean and Paraguayan populations together with one population from western Uruguay, and the other, S. tumidus, constituted by the remaining Uruguayan populations.Unfortunately, populations from Brazil were not analyzed.
Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of S. aquaticus with 2n = 32, extending the geographic distribution to Southern Brazil.
DNA was isolated from livers of twelve specimens preserved in 100% ethanol with the phenol-cloroformio protocol (SAMBROOK et al. 1989).Cytochrome b DNA (cytb; ca.801 bp) was PCR amplified with primers L14724 (IRWIN et al. 1991) andMVZ16 (SILVA &PATTON 1993), with a pre-denaturation step at 94°C for 3 min; 33 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 20 sec, annealing at 48°C for 15 sec, extension at 72°C for 60 sec, and final extension of 72°C for 2 min.Amplicons were purified with GFXä PCR DNA and Gel Band Purification kit (GE Healthcare, Brazil) and sequenced with the same PCR primers and labeled with XL and BigDye ® Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems).Sequencing was carried out with an ABI Prism TM 3130 platform.
Genetic distance estimates were carried out with complete deletion using Kimura's two parameters, with MEGA (version 5; TAMURA et al. 2011).Estimates of maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis were carried out with PAUP 4.0b10 (SWOFFORD 2003), and bootstrap analysis were based on 1,000 replicates.Bayesian analyses were carried out with Mr.Bayes (RONQUIST & Karyologic analysis of S. aquaticus collected in São Borja showed 2n = 32, FNa = 40 (Table II).The autosome complement is composed by five biarmed pairs, three large sized and two small sized and ten acrocentric pairs decreasing in size from median to small (Fig. 2).The X chromosome is a median sized acrocentric and the Y chromosome is a small sized biarmed chromosome.
Cytochrome b DNA, comprising 801 bp from nine specimens, showed four haplotypes, two of them shared by more than one specimen (H1 by three specimens, H4 by four specimens; Table I).These data, together with 25 S. aquaticus retrieved from GenBank, accounted for 15 haplotypes (Table I).Only one haplotype (H4), in 4 Brazilian specimens (LBCE12339, 12350, 12542, 12544), was shared by one specimen from Argentina (AY445536).
Analysis of all S. aquaticus sequences showed 21 variable sites (18 transitions and three transversions), with genetic dis-tance estimates ranging from 0.0 to 2.7%.Genetic distance estimates between S. aquaticus haplotypes from São Borja varied from 0.0 to 0.5%, while genetic distance estimates between S. aquaticus from São Borja and other localities varied from 0.0 to 1.1%.Genetic distances estimates between Paraguayan, Uruguayan and Argentinean specimens were р0.6%.
Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the monophyly of Scapteromys (Fig. 3), grouping haplotypes from Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil lacking a geographic structure.
MJ network (Fig. 4) showed a star-like topology, indicating lack of geographic structure and showing the most frequent haplotype from Brazil in a central position.The majority of Argentinean and Paraguayan haplotypes (H4) were directly connected with this haplotype, while the haplotype from Uruguay was connected with one haplotype from Brazil (H3) connected to the central haplotype.
Pairwise genetic distance estimates (Fst) ranged from 0.17 (between São Borja and Argentinean haplotypes) to 0.68 (be-  Tajima's D neutrality test and the more sensitive Fu and Li's tests resulted in negative and significant values (Tajima's D = -1.22,p < 0.05; Fu and Li's D = -0.85,p < 0.05; Fu and Li's F = -1.14, p < 0.05).Additional evidence of a recent history of population expansion from São Borja in Southern Brazil was provided by analysis of mismatch distribution showing a typical unimodal distribution under the exponential population expansion model, when considering only São Borja haplotypes or all haplotypes (data not show).
In the latest taxonomic review of the genus Scapteromys, the distribution of S. aquaticus included Argentina, Paraguay and the Uruguayan area of Las Cañas in Department of Río Negro (D'ELIA & PARDIÑAS 2004).The Scapteromys specimens from Brazil herein karyotyped showed 2n = 32, FNa = 40, similarly to S. aquaticus from Argentina and Paraguay (BRUM-ZORRILLA et al. 1986, FRONZA et al. 1976) and confirmed that the distribution of this species extends to the south of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.The only detail is the X chromosome of Brazilian specimens that was a medium size acrocentric while, in Punta Lara (Argentina), the X chromosome was found to be acrocentric and submetacentric in one female specimen, and acrocentric in other females (FRONZA et al. 1976).
Three other Scapteromys karyotypes were reported in Brazil: 2n = 24 for S. tumidus and two other karyomorphotypes, 2n = 34 and 36 in specimens without species identification (FREITAS et al. 1984).The S. aquaticus herein karyotyped were collected in the most southern region of Brazil, while the S. tumidus and Scapteromys sp.karyotyped by FREITAS et al. (1984) were collected in northern and eastern Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná states.These findings were in agreement with the proposition of FREITAS et al. (1984) that more than one species of Scapteromys occurs in Brazil, with S. aquaticus being restricted to the most southern region.
A previous review of the tribe Akodontini showed the monophyly of S. aquaticus (D'ELIA & PARDIÑAS 2004).Our find- ings showed that Brazilian S. aquaticus grouped with specimens from Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay but without a geographic structure.The Brazilian (n = 4) and the Argentinean (n = 1) specimens of S. aquaticus shared a single haplotype, while haplotypes from Uruguay and Paraguay were exclusive of these populations (Fig. 4).The star-like topology of the MJ network (Fig. 4), and the Brazilian haplotype (H4) most frequent and probably the most ancestral one (CRANDALL & TEMPLETON 1993), suggested low differentiation between localities, with the most frequent haplotypes in at least two populations (Brazilian and Argentinean) and unique haplotypes connected by one or few nucleotide changes, presumably derived from H4.
Geographic barriers, like the Uruguay river, between populations from Argentina and Brazil, usually could be associated with strong levels of genetic differentiation, but the effect of this river as main promoter of genetic divergence was not observed for S. aquaticus.The same pattern was reported between populations from Argentina and Uruguay (Fig. 1; Las Cañas -D'ELIA & PARDIÑAS 2004).This scenario demonstrated a low level of diversity in these populations suggesting a recent history of population expansion without influence of the river.
This new record plus the karyotype data available for Brazilian Scapteromys population showed four karyomorphotypes in Brazil, corresponding to the two known Scapteromys species and two unnamed species.This data indicate that the actual diversity of Scapteromys genus is underestimated and more multidisciplinary studies are necessary for understand this scenario.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Median-joining network of Scapteromys aquaticus.Numbers following the haplotypes sequence listed in Table I. White circles represent Brazilian specimens, grey circles represent Paraguayan specimens, lined circle Uruguayan specimens and dotted circles Argentinean specimens.Circle sizes correspond to number of individuals carrying a given haplotype.Small lines to connecting branches denote the number of nucleotide substitutions.(TV) Transversion.

: Sigmodontinae) in Brazil with comments on karyotype and phylogenetics relationships Cibele R. Bonvicino 1,2 , Fabiano A. Fernandes 3,4 , Maria C. Viana 1 , Bernardo R. Teixeira 2 & Paulo S. D'Andrea 2
Scapteromys aquaticus Thomas, 1920 and Scapteromys tumidus Waterhouse, 1837.While S. aquaticus occurs in Argentina, Paraguay and western Uruguay, S. tumidus occurs in Brazil and Uruguay.Here we report for the first time the occurrence of S. aquaticus in gallery forest remnants in Southern Brazil.Karyologic analysis showed 2n = 32 and ABSTRACT.The swamp rats are distributed in Argentina, southern Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil, with two species currently accepted:

Table I .
List of Scapteromys haplotypes, number of specimens, field-museum number #GenBank accession number, and locality of collection.

Table II .
Karyologic data on Scapteromys specimens with field or museum number, diploid number (2n), autosome fundamental number (FN), locality of collection.