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Taxonomic study of Spilomena (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) with a new species and five new records from China

ABSTRACT

A new species, Spilomena capatrata Bashir & Ma, sp. nov. is described from Palearctic and Oriental China. Additionally, eleven species are reported, of which five are new records from China: S. beata Blüthgen, S. hainesi N. Smith, S. menkei R. Bohart, S. punctatissima Blüthgen, and S. valkeilai Vikberg. A key to Chinese species of Spilomena Shuckard is also provided.

KEY WORDS:
Palearctic; Pemphredonina; Pemphredonini; Oriental; taxonomy

INTRODUCTION

Spilomena Shuckard, 1838 belongs to the subtribe Spilomenina, tribe Pemphredonini, and subfamily Pemphredoninae (Pulawski 2020aPulawski WJ (2020a) Family group names and classification. Available from: Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/family_group_names_and_classification.pdf [Accessed: 12/09/2020]
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re...
). This genus is distributed in all zoogeographi cal realms and comprises 90 described species. Most species are known from the Palearctic region (22 species), followed by the Neotropical (17), Nearctic (16), Australian (13), Afrotropical (11), and Oriental regions (10 species); one species is recorded from both the Palearctic and Oriental regions (Blüthgen 1953Blüthgen P (1953) Alte und neue paläarktische Spilomena-Arten (Hym. Sphecidae). Opuscula Entomologica 18: 160-179., Tsuneki 1971Tsuneki K (1971) Revision der Spilomena-Arten Japans, mit den Beschreibungen von drei neuen Arten (Hym., Sphecidae). The Life Study (Fukui) 15: 8-16., Bohart and Menke 1976Bohart RM, Menke AS (1976) Sphecid wasps of the world, a generic revision. University of California Press, Berkeley, 695 pp., Antropov 1991Antropov AV (1991) To the knowledge of the fauna of the genus Spilomena (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) of South America. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 70(11): 57-62., 1992Antropov AV (1992) Five new Neotropical species of the genus Spilomena (Hymenoptera Sphecidae Pemphredoninae), with additional comments on the previously described species. Russian Entomological Journal 1: 67-73., Bohart and Smith 1995Bohart RM, Smith NJ (1995) Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Spilomena Shuckard in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67: 318-330., Simon 1995Simon T (1995) Two new species of Spilomena from Yemen (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Entomologische Berichten 55: 68-71., Vikberg 2000Vikberg V (2000) A re-evaluation of five European species of Spilomena with a key to European species and relevance to the fauna of North Europe, especially Finland (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae). Entomologica Fennica 11: 35-55., Rajan et al. 2018Rajan T, Sureshan PM, Kumar PG, Mawadda ANV (2018) A taxonomic review of the genus Spilomena Shuckard (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Pemphredoninae) from the Indian subcontinent with the description of a new species from Southern Western Ghats. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 4(3): 157-162., Pulawski 2020bPulawski WJ (2020b) Catalog of Sphecidae. Spilomena. Available from: Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/genera/Spilomena.pdf [Accessed: 10 June 2020]
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re...
). In China, six species have been recorded, of which one occurs in Palearctic China, four are distributed in Oriental China, and one is known from both Palearctic and Oriental China (Li and He 1998aLi Q, He J (1998a) Hymenoptera: Sphecidae. In: Wu H (Ed.) Insects of Longwanshan Nature Reserve. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 398-399., 1998bLi Q, He J (1998b) Two new species of Spilomena Shuckard (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Yunnan Province. Entomotaxonomia 20: 73-76., Ma et al. 2018Ma L, Li Q, Wang CH, Jiang X, Lu HX (2018) Sphecoidea. In: Chen XX (Ed.) Insect fauna of the Qinling Mountains. World Book Publishing House, Xi’an, 823-861.). Four new species were relatively recently described: S. ferrugina Li & He, 1999 from Guizhou, S. zhejiangana Li & He, 1998 from Zhejiang, and S. clypei Li & He, 1998 and S. rhytithoracica Li & He, 1998 from Yunnan (Li and He 1998aLi Q, He J (1998a) Hymenoptera: Sphecidae. In: Wu H (Ed.) Insects of Longwanshan Nature Reserve. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 398-399., 1998bLi Q, He J (1998b) Two new species of Spilomena Shuckard (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Yunnan Province. Entomotaxonomia 20: 73-76.). Spilomena clyperugata Ma & Li, 2018 and the unknown female of S. zhejiangana Li & He, 1998 were described in the most recent contribution (Ma et al. 2018Ma L, Li Q, Wang CH, Jiang X, Lu HX (2018) Sphecoidea. In: Chen XX (Ed.) Insect fauna of the Qinling Mountains. World Book Publishing House, Xi’an, 823-861.).

The diagnostic characteristics that differentiate Spilomena from other genera in Pemphredonini are as follows: mandible bidentate apically; malar space short to moderate; labrum truncate apically; scapal basin hardly indicated; lower frons with short longitudinal ridge; clypeus not covered with dense setae; eyes broadly separated, inner margins parallel or slightly converging above; occipital carina lacking; transverse carina present on pronotum; notaulus weakly impressed; episternal sulcus displaced forward and arising beneath pronotal lobe; without definite omaulus; scrobal sulcus absent; hypersternaulus sulcus very weak, horizontal, sometimes indicated; in females, rake absent on foretarsus; lack of spines on posterior margin of hind tibia; stigma large; R1 extending up to end of marginal cell; two submarginal cells present; hind wing media diverging at cu-a, not separated from cu; petiole lacking or short, not longer than broad; pygidial plate lacking or narrow (Bohart and Menke 1976Bohart RM, Menke AS (1976) Sphecid wasps of the world, a generic revision. University of California Press, Berkeley, 695 pp.).

Herein, we describe and illustrate a new Spilomena species from Yunnan Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. Additionally, five species are recorded from China for the first time. Figures and a key to the Chinese species of the genus are given.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Types and other specimens examined in this study are deposited in Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (YNAU) and Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (ZJU).

The specimens were observed and described using an Olympus stereomicroscope (SZ Series, Japan) with an ocular micrometer. Photographs were taken with a camera attached to a VHX-5000 digital microscope and were edited using Adobe Photoshop® 8.0. Morphological terminology follows those of Bohart and Menke (1976Bohart RM, Menke AS (1976) Sphecid wasps of the world, a generic revision. University of California Press, Berkeley, 695 pp.) and Harris (1979Harris RA (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. Occasional Papers in Entomology 28: 1-31.). Measurements and ratio were acquired using an ocular scale on Olympus stereomicroscope SZX2-TR30 (Tokyo, Japan) at 2X and 5X magnification, respectively. The abbreviations used are as follows: AOD: distance from inner eye margin to antennal socket (in frontal view); EL: eye length (in lateral view, maximum); EW: eye width (in lateral view, maximum); EWd: eye width (in frontal view, maximum); G: gaster segment; HLD: head length in dorsal view (distance from frons to occipital margin in the middle); HLF: head length in frontal view (distance from vertex to the clypeal margin); HW: head width (in dorsal view); HWmax: head width (in dorsal view, maximum); HWmin: head width (in dorsal view, minimum); IAD: distance between antennal sockets (in frontal view); IODc: distance between inner eye margin to the base of clypeus (in frontal view); IODmin: minimum distance between inner eye margins (in frontal view); IODv: distance between inner eye margin to the base of vertex (in dorsal view); LS: length of scape; LFI: length of flagellomere I; LFII: length of flagellomere II; LP: length of pedicel; OCD: ocello-occipital distance (distance between posterior margin of hind ocellus and occipital margin, in dorsal view); OOD: ocellocular distance (distance between outer margin of hind ocellus and nearest inner orbit); POD: postocellar distance (distance between inner margins of hind ocelli); S: sternum; T: tergum; TW: gena width (in lateral view, maximum); WAS: width of antennal socket (in frontal view); WFI: width of flagellomere I; WFII: width of flagellomere II.

TAXONOMY

Key to Chinese species of Spilomena Shuckard

1. Female (tergum 6, frons and/or clypeus without white or yellow marks) (Figs 1, 6) .................... 2

1’. Male (tergum 7, frons and/or clypeus with white or yellow marks) (Turillazzi et al. 2014Turillazzi S, Matthews RW, Pradella D, Meucci F, Baracchi D (2014) Nest architecture and colony composition of communally nesting Spilomena socialis sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae, Pemphredoninae) from peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 41: 113-129.: fig. 5) .................... 12

2. Anterior groove of scutellum not crenulate (just like a simple line) .................... 3

2’. Anterior groove of scutellum crenulate (Fig. 3) .................... 6

3. Metanotum distinctly coriaceous; pygidial area long (longer than wide), with lateral carinae (Ma et al. 2018Ma L, Li Q, Wang CH, Jiang X, Lu HX (2018) Sphecoidea. In: Chen XX (Ed.) Insect fauna of the Qinling Mountains. World Book Publishing House, Xi’an, 823-861.: fig. 60F); palpi fulvous; clypeus dark brown .................... S. menkeiBohart, 1995Bohart RM, Smith NJ (1995) Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Spilomena Shuckard in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67: 318-330.

3’. Metanotum slightly coriaceous (Fig. 4); pygidial area inconspicuous or short (wider than long), without lateral carinae; palpi dark brown; clypeus black .................... 4

4. S2 without groove; midtibial spur relatively short (less than midocellus diameter); propodeal enclosure carina complete; vertex behind ocelli coarsely and transversely coriaceous, with dense and coarse punctures; outer tooth of mandible acute, inner tooth blunt .................... S. beataBlüthgen, 1953Blüthgen P (1953) Alte und neue paläarktische Spilomena-Arten (Hym. Sphecidae). Opuscula Entomologica 18: 160-179.

4’. S2 with narrow transverse groove (Fig. 8); midtibial spur long (longer than or equal to midocellus diameter); propodeal enclosure carina incomplete or lacking; vertex behind ocelli distinctly coriaceous mixed with sparse and fine punctures; both teeth of mandible blunt .................... 5

5. Pygidial area inconspicuous; S2 deeply impressed, divided into two parts (Fig. 8); metapleuron with sparse and fine punctures; mesopleuron dull, with distinctly longitudinal microsculptures and dense, short longitudinal rugae posteriorly; mesoscutum without rugae on posterior area; head from above with temples distinctly convergent posteriorly (Bohart and Smith 1995Bohart RM, Smith NJ (1995) Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Spilomena Shuckard in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67: 318-330.: fig. 14) .................... S. clypei Li & He, 1998

5’. Pygidial area short (wider than long); S2 shallowly impressed, inconspicuously divided; metapleuron smooth; mesopleuron shiny with sparse and fine punctures and dense, long longitudinal rugae on lower area; mesoscutum with sparse, sturdy and long longitudinal rugae posteriorly; head from above with temples roundly convergent posteriorly .................... S. punctatissimaBlüthgen, 1953Blüthgen P (1953) Alte und neue paläarktische Spilomena-Arten (Hym. Sphecidae). Opuscula Entomologica 18: 160-179.

6. Propodeal enclosure poorly defined with carina developed or inconspicuous (Fig. 4) .................... 7

6’. Propodeal enclosure well-defined with carina, sturdy and slender, incomplete or complete .................... 9

7. Lower propodeal side reticulate (Fig. 5); pygidial area inconspicuous; mesoscutum posteriorly without rugae (Fig. 3) .................... S. capatrata Bashir & Ma, sp. nov.

7’. Lower propodeal side with transverse short rugae; pygidial area narrow, dull and long (longer than wide), with distinct lateral carinae; mesoscutum posteriorly with short longitudinal rugae (Vikberg 2000Vikberg V (2000) A re-evaluation of five European species of Spilomena with a key to European species and relevance to the fauna of North Europe, especially Finland (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae). Entomologica Fennica 11: 35-55.: figs 1, 2) .................... 8

8. Propodeum with conspicuous rugae posteriorly (Ma et al. 2018Ma L, Li Q, Wang CH, Jiang X, Lu HX (2018) Sphecoidea. In: Chen XX (Ed.) Insect fauna of the Qinling Mountains. World Book Publishing House, Xi’an, 823-861.: fig. 60D); clypeus with dense and slender longitudinal rugae on basal and medial area (Ma et al. 2018: fig. 60A); ocellar area and upper frons with sparse punctures; T1 with narrow deep groove and a broad shallow depression basally; metapleuron dull .................... S. clyperugata Ma & Li, 2018

8’. Propodeum reticulate posteriorly; clypeus without rugae; ocellar area and upper frons with dense punctures; T1 with broad median groove, and sturdy, irregular, longitudinal rugae basally; metapleuron shiny .................... S. rhytithoracica Li & He, 1998

9. Propodeal enclosure triangular; propodeal side posterior with several sturdy and short longitudinal rugae; gaster fulvous to dark brown; lower frons dark brown .................... S. ferrugina Li & He, 1999

9’. Propodeal enclosure U-shaped (Ma et al. 2018Ma L, Li Q, Wang CH, Jiang X, Lu HX (2018) Sphecoidea. In: Chen XX (Ed.) Insect fauna of the Qinling Mountains. World Book Publishing House, Xi’an, 823-861.: fig. 60D); propodeal side posterior with irregular reticulation or oblique longitudinal rugae; gaster black; lower frons black .................... 10

10. Propodeal enclosure carina conspicuous and complete; mesoscutum distinctly coriaceous; head from above with temples rarely convergent posteriorly (Bohart and Smith 1995Bohart RM, Smith NJ (1995) Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Spilomena Shuckard in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67: 318-330.: fig. 15); gena distinctly coriaceous, with coarse punctures; palpi, scape, and pedicel dark brown .................... S. valkeilaiVikberg, 2000Vikberg V (2000) A re-evaluation of five European species of Spilomena with a key to European species and relevance to the fauna of North Europe, especially Finland (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae). Entomologica Fennica 11: 35-55.

10’. Propodeal enclosure carina slender and incomplete; mesoscutum coarsely coriaceous; head from above with temples distinctly or roundly convergent posteriorly (Bohart and Smith 1995Bohart RM, Smith NJ (1995) Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Spilomena Shuckard in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67: 318-330.: figs 9, 14); gena slightly coriaceous, with fine punctures or not punctate; palpi, scape, and pedicel fulvous, yellowish or ivory white .................... 11

11. Posterior propodeal side with irregular reticulation; propodeum with irregular reticulation; metapleuron with sparse and fine punctures; mesoscutum with sparse or dense, slender and short longitudinal rugae posteriorly (Vikberg 2000Vikberg V (2000) A re-evaluation of five European species of Spilomena with a key to European species and relevance to the fauna of North Europe, especially Finland (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae). Entomologica Fennica 11: 35-55.: figs 1, 2); mandibular teeth blunt .................... S. zhejiangana Li & He, 1998

11’. Posterior propodeal side with slender and oblique longitudinal or in some cases inconspicuous rugae; propodeum with sturdy, longitudinal rugae; metapleuron smooth; mesoscutum without rugae posteriorly (Fig. 3); outer tooth of mandible acute, inner tooth blunt .................... S. formosana (Tsuneki, 1971Tsuneki K (1971) Revision der Spilomena-Arten Japans, mit den Beschreibungen von drei neuen Arten (Hym., Sphecidae). The Life Study (Fukui) 15: 8-16.)

12. Scutellum anterior groove not crenulate (just like a simple line); posterior area of scutum without rugae (Fig. 3); head from above with temples distinctly convergent posteriorly (Bohart and Smith 1995Bohart RM, Smith NJ (1995) Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Spilomena Shuckard in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67: 318-330.: fig. 14) .................... S. formosana (Tsuneki, 1971Tsuneki K (1971) Revision der Spilomena-Arten Japans, mit den Beschreibungen von drei neuen Arten (Hym., Sphecidae). The Life Study (Fukui) 15: 8-16.)

12’. Scutellum anterior groove crenulate (Fig. 3); posterior area of scutum with sparse or dense, slender and short longitudinal rugae (Vikberg 2000Vikberg V (2000) A re-evaluation of five European species of Spilomena with a key to European species and relevance to the fauna of North Europe, especially Finland (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae). Entomologica Fennica 11: 35-55.: figs 1, 2); head from above with temples roundly convergent posteriorly (Fig. 1) .................... 13

13. S2 deeply impressed, divided into two distinct parts (Fig. 8); posterior propodeal side with irregular reticulation; metapleuron with fine and sparse punctures; body black; clypeus black; lower frons with small ivory white spot apicolaterally (diameter less than 0.5 mm) .................... S. zhejiangana Li & He, 1998

13’. S2 shallowly impressed, poorly divided; posterior propodeal side with longitudinal rugae; metapleuron smooth or with strong, transverse and long carina; body dark brown; clypeus ivory white; lower frons with large ivory spot apicolaterally (diameter more than 0.5 mm) .................... 14

14. Metapleuron with strong, transverse and long carina; metanotum slightly coriaceous, without striations laterally; upper frons with sparse and coarse punctures; lower and median frons with conspicuous frontal carina, extending up to clypeal line; yellowish setae on clypeus and mandible; tegula fulvous .................... S. ferrugina Li & He, 1999

14’. Metapleuron smooth; metanotum distinctly coriaceous, with longitudinal striations laterally; upper frons not punctate; lower and median frons without median carina; silvery setae on clypeus and mandible; tegula reddish-brown to dark brown .................... S. hainesi N. Smith, 1995

Spilomena capatrata Bashir & Ma, sp. nov.

Figs 1-9

http://zoobank.org/3853C507-1397-4B3D-A0ED-5DE0440C1462

Type material. Holotype: female, China: Yunnan, Luchun County, Fenshuiling, 22°59’N, 102°27’E, 1900-1980 m, 25.VII.2003, coll. Peng Wang (YNAU). Paratypes: 3 females, China: Ningxia, Liupan Mountain, Hongxia Forest farm, 35°46’N, 106°11’E, 1.VII.2008, 1900 m, #201004812, 201004805, 201004839, coll. Jingxian Liu (YNAU); 1 female, China: Ningxia, Jingyuan County, Liupan Mountain, Heshanpu Forest farm, 35°40’N, 106°14’E, 26.VI.2008, #201004920, coll. Jingxian Liu (YNAU).

Diagnosis. This species differs from Spilomena beataBlüthgen, 1953Blüthgen P (1953) Alte und neue paläarktische Spilomena-Arten (Hym. Sphecidae). Opuscula Entomologica 18: 160-179. by the following features: free margin of clypeus deeply emarginated mesally; vertex behind ocelli with sparse and fine punctures; anterior groove of scutellum crenulate; posterior area of mesopleuron with long, longitudinal rugae; metapleuron shiny and smooth; propodeal enclosure carina absent; upper lateral surface of propodeum with dense, slender and oblique longitudinal rugae, lower area reticulate; midtibial spur long (greater than or equal to midocellus diameter); G3-6 dull, slightly coriaceous; basal third of S2 with a much narrowed and transverse groove, deeply impressed, divided into two distinct parts; pygidial area inconspicuous. Spilomena beata has the following characters: free margin of clypeus nearly truncate, slightly emarginate at middle; vertex behind ocelli with dense and coarse punctures; anterior groove of scutellum without crenulation (just like a simple line); posterior area of mesopleuron with short, longitudinal rugae; metapleuron dull, with dense and coarse punctures; propodeal enclosure with complete slender carina; anterior and medial lateral surface of propodeum with dense and slender longitudinal striations, and irregular reticulation posteriorly; midtibial spur relatively short (less than midocellus diameter); G4-6 coarsely coriaceous; S2 without groove, shallowly impressed; pygidial area narrow and short (wider than long).

Description. Female (Figs 1-9): Body length 2.4-2.9 mm.

Figures 1-8
Spilomena capatrata Bashir & Ma, sp. nov., female: (1) head, frontal view; (2) head, dorsal view; (3) mesoscutum and metanotum, dorsal view; (4) propodeum, dorsal view; (5) thorax, lateral view; (6) metasoma, lateral view; (7) metasomal T1, dorsal view; (8) metasomal T1, ventral view. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Figures 9-14
Specimens in lateral view: (9) Spilomena capatrata Bashir & Ma, sp. nov., female; (10) Spilomena beataBlüthgen, 1953Blüthgen P (1953) Alte und neue paläarktische Spilomena-Arten (Hym. Sphecidae). Opuscula Entomologica 18: 160-179., female; (11) Spilomena hainesi N. Smith, 1995, male; (12) Spilomena menkeiBohart, 1995Bohart RM, Smith NJ (1995) Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Spilomena Shuckard in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67: 318-330., female; (13) Spilomena punctatissima Blüthgen, 1953, female; (14) Spilomena valkeilaiVikberg, 2000Vikberg V (2000) A re-evaluation of five European species of Spilomena with a key to European species and relevance to the fauna of North Europe, especially Finland (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae). Entomologica Fennica 11: 35-55., female. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

Colour pattern. Body black except: mandible reddish-brown on apex, palpi and forewing veins fulvous, tegula dark brown, fore- and midlegs mostly dark brown except tibia and tarsus fulvous to reddish-brown, hind tibia reddish brown except basal third and tarsus fulvous, setae on clypeus and mandible silvery.

Head. Mandible bidentate apically, teeth acute, outer tooth larger than inner; setae on mandible sparse, long on apex (Fig. 1); labrum with two finger-like tubercles apically; clypeus shiny mesally, strongly convex, with dense and slender longitudinal rugae; free margin of clypeus slightly prominent, emarginate on middle (Fig. 1); setae on clypeus scattered, long apically; lower and median frons dull, with a sturdy frontal carina, extending up to clypeal line, coarsely coriaceous (Fig. 1); upper frons dull, coarsely coriaceous, with sparse and coarse punctures; ocellar area flat, with sparse and coarse punctures, coarsely coriaceous (Fig. 2); vertex behind ocelli dull, distinctly coriaceous mixed with sparse and fine punctures (Fig. 2); gena dull, coarsely coriaceous, with sparse and fine punctures; head from above with temples roundly convergent posteriorly; occipital carina absent (Fig. 2). Ratio of HW : HLD : HLF = 46 : 20 : 40; HWmax : HWmin = 46 : 31; EWd : EW : TW : EL = 9 : 12 : 13 : 28; AOD : WAS : IAD = 8 : 3 : 8; POD : OOD : OCD : IODc : IODv : IODmin = 5 : 11 : 7 : 30 : 31 : 30; LS : LP : LFI : WFI : LFII : WFII = 18 : 6 : 3.5 : 3 : 3 : 3.

Mesosoma. Mesoscutum mat, distinctly coriaceous, with dense and coarse punctures (Fig. 3); mesoscutellum dull, slightly coriaceous, with coarse and dense punctures; anterior groove of mesoscutellum crenulate (Fig. 3); metanotum slightly coriaceous, with sparse and fine punctures; mesopleuron dull, coarsely coriaceous, with sturdy, dense and long longitudinal rugae posteriorly (Fig. 5); metapleuron shiny and smooth; propodeal enclosure U-shaped, without propodeal carina, extensively areolate-rugose and rugulose, with two longitudinal irregular ridges anteromesally (Fig. 4); posterior lateral and medial surface of propodeum with irregular and dense rugae, posterior area with short median longitudinal rugae and several slender, transverse rugae; propodeal side with dense, slender and oblique longitudinal rugae dorsoposterioly, lower area with dense and slender reticulation (Fig. 5).

Legs. Midtibial spur long (greater than or equal to midocellus diameter), outer surface of hind tibia without spines.

Metasoma. Petiole inconspicuous (Fig. 7); S1 basally with 2-3 strong keels (Fig. 8); G1 and G2 shiny and not punctate, 3-6 dull, slightly coriaceous, with sparse and fine punctures (Fig. 6); S2 divided into two distinct parts (Fig. 8) and basal third with a very narrow and transverse groove, deeply impressed; pygidial area inconspicuous.

Male. Unknown.

Distribution. China (Yunnan, Ningxia).

Etymology. The specific epithet, capatrata, is derived from the Latin words cap- (= head) and atrata (= black), referring to the totally black head.

Spilomena beata Blüthgen, 1953Blüthgen P (1953) Alte und neue paläarktische Spilomena-Arten (Hym. Sphecidae). Opuscula Entomologica 18: 160-179.

Fig. 10

Specimen examined. 1 female, China: Hebei, Xiaowutai Mountain, Jinhekou, 39°53’N, 114°58’E, 23.VIII.2006, #200707354, coll. Min Shi (YNAU).

Distribution. China (Hebei), France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Finland, England, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Poland, Great Britain, Spain, Andorra, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Belarus, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Denmark, Croatia, Western Slovakia, Slovenia, Portugal, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine (Pulawski 2020bPulawski WJ (2020b) Catalog of Sphecidae. Spilomena. Available from: Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/genera/Spilomena.pdf [Accessed: 10 June 2020]
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re...
).

Spilomena hainesi N. Smith, 1995

Fig. 11

Specimens examined. 1 male, China: Yunnan, Tengchong, Houqiao, 25°19’N, 98°16’E, 1.VI.2009, #201005320, coll. Jiangli Tan (YNAU); 1 male, China: Ningxia, Delongsi, Liupan Mountain, Fengtai Forest farm, 35°39’N, 106°13’E, 27-28.VI.2008, #201005832, coll. Jingxian Liu (ZJU).

Distribution. China (Yunnan, Ningxia), USA: California (Pulawski 2020bPulawski WJ (2020b) Catalog of Sphecidae. Spilomena. Available from: Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/genera/Spilomena.pdf [Accessed: 10 June 2020]
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re...
).

Spilomena menkei Bohart, 1995Bohart RM, Smith NJ (1995) Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Spilomena Shuckard in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67: 318-330.

Fig. 12

Specimen examined. 1 female, China: Yunnan, Dehong, Yingjiang, Tongbiguan, 24°42’N, 97°55’E, 19.V.2009, #201005253, coll. Manman Wang (YNAU).

Distribution. China (Yunnan), USA: Utah (Pulawski 2020bPulawski WJ (2020b) Catalog of Sphecidae. Spilomena. Available from: Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/genera/Spilomena.pdf [Accessed: 10 June 2020]
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re...
).

Spilomena punctatissima Blüthgen, 1953Blüthgen P (1953) Alte und neue paläarktische Spilomena-Arten (Hym. Sphecidae). Opuscula Entomologica 18: 160-179.

Fig. 13

Specimen examined. 1 female, China: Inner Mongolia, Zhengxiangbaiqi, 42°17’N, 115°08’E, 14.VIII.1999, #200010485, coll. Yuanchao Guo (YNAU).

Distribution. China (Inner Mongolia), Italy, Germany, Poland, Austria, Greece, Croatia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Slovenia, Turkey (Pulawski 2020bPulawski WJ (2020b) Catalog of Sphecidae. Spilomena. Available from: Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/genera/Spilomena.pdf [Accessed: 10 June 2020]
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re...
).

Spilomena valkeilai Vikberg, 2000Vikberg V (2000) A re-evaluation of five European species of Spilomena with a key to European species and relevance to the fauna of North Europe, especially Finland (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae). Entomologica Fennica 11: 35-55.

Fig. 14

Specimen examined. 1 female, China: Xinjiang, Tuomuer, 41°42’N, 80°43’E, 21.VII.1977, 2600 m, coll. Yinheng Han (YNAU).

Distribution. China (Xinjiang), Finland, Sweden, Norway (Pulawski 2020bPulawski WJ (2020b) Catalog of Sphecidae. Spilomena. Available from: Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/genera/Spilomena.pdf [Accessed: 10 June 2020]
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re...
).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (processes #31750002 and #31760641). The authors extend their appreciation to W.J. Pulawski for providing references.

LITERATURE CITED

  • Antropov AV (1991) To the knowledge of the fauna of the genus Spilomena (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) of South America. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 70(11): 57-62.
  • Antropov AV (1992) Five new Neotropical species of the genus Spilomena (Hymenoptera Sphecidae Pemphredoninae), with additional comments on the previously described species. Russian Entomological Journal 1: 67-73.
  • Blüthgen P (1953) Alte und neue paläarktische Spilomena-Arten (Hym. Sphecidae). Opuscula Entomologica 18: 160-179.
  • Bohart RM, Menke AS (1976) Sphecid wasps of the world, a generic revision. University of California Press, Berkeley, 695 pp.
  • Bohart RM, Smith NJ (1995) Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Spilomena Shuckard in America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Pemphredoninae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67: 318-330.
  • Harris RA (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. Occasional Papers in Entomology 28: 1-31.
  • Li Q, He J (1998a) Hymenoptera: Sphecidae. In: Wu H (Ed.) Insects of Longwanshan Nature Reserve. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 398-399.
  • Li Q, He J (1998b) Two new species of Spilomena Shuckard (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Yunnan Province. Entomotaxonomia 20: 73-76.
  • Ma L, Li Q, Wang CH, Jiang X, Lu HX (2018) Sphecoidea. In: Chen XX (Ed.) Insect fauna of the Qinling Mountains. World Book Publishing House, Xi’an, 823-861.
  • Pulawski WJ (2020a) Family group names and classification. Available from: Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/family_group_names_and_classification.pdf [Accessed: 12/09/2020]
    » http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/family_group_names_and_classification.pdf
  • Pulawski WJ (2020b) Catalog of Sphecidae. Spilomena Available from: Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/genera/Spilomena.pdf [Accessed: 10 June 2020]
    » http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/hymenoptera/sphecidae/genera/Spilomena.pdf
  • Rajan T, Sureshan PM, Kumar PG, Mawadda ANV (2018) A taxonomic review of the genus Spilomena Shuckard (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Pemphredoninae) from the Indian subcontinent with the description of a new species from Southern Western Ghats. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 4(3): 157-162.
  • Simon T (1995) Two new species of Spilomena from Yemen (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Entomologische Berichten 55: 68-71.
  • Tsuneki K (1971) Revision der Spilomena-Arten Japans, mit den Beschreibungen von drei neuen Arten (Hym., Sphecidae). The Life Study (Fukui) 15: 8-16.
  • Turillazzi S, Matthews RW, Pradella D, Meucci F, Baracchi D (2014) Nest architecture and colony composition of communally nesting Spilomena socialis sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae, Pemphredoninae) from peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 41: 113-129.
  • Vikberg V (2000) A re-evaluation of five European species of Spilomena with a key to European species and relevance to the fauna of North Europe, especially Finland (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae). Entomologica Fennica 11: 35-55.

Publication Notes

  • Available online:

    February 4, 2021
  • Zoobank Register:

    http://zoobank.org/12AB8906-590A-404E-86E7-5B7FF0DF1A07
  • Publisher:

    © 2021 Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia. Published by Pensoft Publishers at https://zoologia.pensoft.net

Edited by

Editorial responsibility:

Gabriel L.F. Mejdalani

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    12 Mar 2021
  • Date of issue
    2021

History

  • Received
    24 June 2020
  • Accepted
    12 Dec 2020
  • Published
    04 Feb 2021
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