Observations on food preference of Neotropical land planarians (Platyhelminthes), with emphasis on Obama anthropophila , and their phylogenetic diversification

Cseh, Amanda; Carbayo, Fernando; Froehlich, Eudóxia Maria

doi:10.3897/zoologia.34.e12622

Amanda Cseh

Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo. Avenida Arlindo Bettio 1000, 03828-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Fernando Carbayo ^**Corresponding author: Fernando Carbayo (baz@usp.br)

Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo. Avenida Arlindo Bettio 1000, 03828-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Eudóxia Maria Froehlich

Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

3 (21 October 1929, 26 September 2015)

^*Corresponding author: Fernando Carbayo (baz@usp.br)

³
(21 October 1929, 26 September 2015)

Author Contributions:

AC and FC designed and conducted the experiments; AC, FC and EMF analyzed the data and wrote the paper.

Competing Interests:

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Specimen identification	Specimen survival (days)	Issoca rezendei (Geoplaninae)	Luteostriata ernesti (Geoplaninae)	Geoplana quagga (Geoplaninae)	Deroceras laeve (Gastropoda)	Millipede (Diplopoda)	# trials
A	150	3/6	1/2	2/6	2/6	0/5	25
C	76	4/6	1/2	1/5	1/2	0/3	18
B	50	2/3	0/1	1/2	2/3	0/2	11
D	50	2/3	2/2	1/3	0/1	0/1	10
X	89	1/2	0/1	-	1/1	0/1	5
J	6	0/1	0/1	0/1	0/1	0/1	5
E	20	0/1	0/1	0/1	0/1	0/1	5
Alpha	70	0/1	2/2	-	-	0/1	4
P	13	0/1	-	0/1	0/1	0/1	4
Z	19	1/1	1/1	-	0/1	-	3
N	?	1/1	-	0/1	-	-	2
B2	20	1/1	0/1	-	-	-	2
B1	19	0/1	-	0/1	-	-	2
O	6	1/1	-	-	-	-	1
L	6	-	-	-	1/1	-	1
I	6	-	1/1	-	-	-	1
H	~20	1/1	-	-	-	-	1
G	20	-	-	1/1	-	-	1
F	~20	-	-	-	1/1	-	1
		56.7% (17/30)	53.3% (8/15)	27.3% (6/22)	42.1% (8/19)	0.0% (0/16)	102

Land flatworm species	Invertebrate consumed
Cephaloflexa bergi (Graff, 1899)	Harvestman Progonyleptoidellus striatus (Roewer, 1913) (Gonyleptidae, Opiliones) [lab]
	Harvestman Neosadocus sp. (Gonyleptidae, Opiliones) [nat]
	Harvestman Mischonyx cuspidatus (Roewer, 1913) (Gonyleptidae, Opiliones) [lab]
	Unidentified insect larva [nat]
	Unidentified harvestman (Fig. 4) [nat]
Cephaloflexa bergi (Graff, 1899)	Cricket Gryllus sp. (Orthoptera, Insecta) [lab]
	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Crustacea) [-]
	Larva of Tenebrio sp. (Coleoptera) [lab]
Geobia subterranea Schultze & Müller, 1857	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta, Annelida) [nat] (Fig. 5)
Geoplana beckeri Froehlich, 1959, incertae sedis	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta, Annelida) [-]
Geoplana cf. chita Froehlich, 1956	Unidentified land snail (Gastropoda) [nat] (Fig. 6)
Geoplana goetschi Riester, 1938 incertae sedis	Unidentified land leech (Hirudinea, Annelida) [nat]
Geoplana quagga Marcus, 1951, incertae sedis	Torn land slug Limax sp. (Gastropoda) [lab]
	Land planarian Dolichoplana striata Moseley, 1877 (Geoplanidae) [lab]
	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Crustacea) [lab]
Imbira marcusi Carbayo et al., 2013	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta) [nat] (Fig. 7)
Issoca rezendei (Schirch, 1929)	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Isopoda) [lab]
Luteostriata caissara (E. M. Froehlich, 1955)	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Isopoda) [lab]
Luteostriata ernesti (Leal-Zanchet & E. M. Froehlich, 2006)	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Isopoda) [lab]
Luteostriata sp.	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Isopoda) [lab]
Notogynaphallia plumbea (Froehlich, 1959)	Unidentified larva of an insect [nat]
Notogynaphallia sexstriata (Graff, 1899)	Insecta: larva of an insect [nat] (Fig. 8)
Obama anthropophila Amaral, Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2015	Land planarian Issoca rezendei (Schirch, 1929) (Geoplanidae) [lab] (Fig. 1, ^{Suppl. material 1} APPENDIX Supplementary material 1 Table S1. Invertebrate consumed by Geoplaninae land planarians Authors: Amanda Cseh, Fernando Carbayo, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich Data type: species data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Supplementary material 2 Table S2. Invertebrate not eaten by Geoplaninae land planarians in lab conditions Authors: Amanda Cseh, Fernando Carbayo, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich Data type: species data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Supplementary material 3 Video of food preference of Neotropical land planarians Authors: Amanda Cseh, Fernando Carbayo, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich Data type: video observation Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. )
	Land planarian Luteostriata ernesti (Leal-Zanchet & Froehlich, 2006) (Geoplanidae) [lab] (^{Suppl. material 1} APPENDIX Supplementary material 1 Table S1. Invertebrate consumed by Geoplaninae land planarians Authors: Amanda Cseh, Fernando Carbayo, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich Data type: species data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Supplementary material 2 Table S2. Invertebrate not eaten by Geoplaninae land planarians in lab conditions Authors: Amanda Cseh, Fernando Carbayo, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich Data type: species data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Supplementary material 3 Video of food preference of Neotropical land planarians Authors: Amanda Cseh, Fernando Carbayo, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich Data type: video observation Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. )
	Land planarian Geoplana quagga Marcus, 1951, (Geoplanidae) [lab]
	Land planarian Geobia subterranea Schultze & Müller, 1857 (Geoplanidae) [lab] (1/2)
	Land planarian Endeavouria septemlineata (Hyman, 1939) (Geoplanidae) [lab] (1/4)
	Unidentified Terrestrial ribbon worm (Nemertea) [lab] (1/1)
	Land slug Bradybaena similaris (Gastropoda) (1/2)
	Land slug Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda) [lab] (^{Suppl. material 1} APPENDIX Supplementary material 1 Table S1. Invertebrate consumed by Geoplaninae land planarians Authors: Amanda Cseh, Fernando Carbayo, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich Data type: species data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Supplementary material 2 Table S2. Invertebrate not eaten by Geoplaninae land planarians in lab conditions Authors: Amanda Cseh, Fernando Carbayo, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich Data type: species data Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Supplementary material 3 Video of food preference of Neotropical land planarians Authors: Amanda Cseh, Fernando Carbayo, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich Data type: video observation Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. )
	Land snail Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) (Gastropoda) [lab]
Obama burmeisteri (Schultze & Müller, 1857)	Land snail Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 (Gastropoda) [nat] (Fig. 2)
Obama burmeisteri (Schultze & Müller, 1857)	Land slug Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) (Gastropoda) [lab]
Obama baptistae (Oliveira & Leal-Zanchet, 2012)	Land snail (Gastropoda) [lab]
Obama carinata (Riester, 1938)	Land snail (Gastropoda) [lab]
Obama carinata (Riester, 1938)	Land slug Veronicellidae (Gastropoda) [lab, nat] (Fig. 3)
Obama evelinae (Marcus, 1951)	Unidentified land snail [nat] (Fig. 9)
Obama ferussaci (Graff, 1897)	Land planarian Cephaloflexa bergi (Graff, 1899) (Geoplanidae) [nat]
Paraba franciscana (Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2001)	Unidentified land leech (Hirudinea, Annelida) [nat]
Paraba phocaica (Marcus, 1951)	Land snail Happia sp. (Systrophiilidae, Gastropoda) [nat]
Pasipha tapetilla (Marcus, 1951)	Unidentified millipede [nat]

Land flatworm species	Invertebrate not eaten
Geoplana quagga Marcus, 1951, incertae sedis	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Crustacea)
	Unidentified millipede (Diplopoda)
	Unidentified springtail (Collembola, Hexapoda)
	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta)
	Unidentified ant (Formicidae, Insecta)
	Unidentified land snail (Gastropoda)
Imbira marcusi Carbayo et al., 2013	Unidentified land snail (Gastropoda)
Imbira marcusi Carbayo et al., 2013	Unidentified springtail (Collembola, Hexapoda)
Issoca rezendei (Schirch, 1929)	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta)
	Unidentified land snail (Gastropoda)
	Unidentified torn slug (Gastropoda)
	Unidentified torn springtail (Collembola, Hexapoda)
	Unidentified millipede (Diplopoda)
Luteostriata ernesti (Leal-Zanchet & E. M. Froehlich, 2006)	Unidentified ant (Formicidae, Insecta)
	Unidentified land snail (Gastropoda)
	Unidentified torn springtail (Collembola, Hexapoda)
	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta)
	Unidentified millipede (Diplopoda)
	Unidentified land slug (Veronicellidae, Gastropoda)
	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta)
	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Crustacea)
	Unidentified millipede (Diplopoda)
	Unidentified larva of Mycetophilidae (Insecta)
	Unidentified larva of Microlepydoptera (Insecta)
Obama anthropophila	Land planarian Obama burmeisteri (Schultze & Müller, 1857) (4)
	Unidentified Veronicellidae (Gastropoda) (1)
	Unidentified larva of Microlepidoptera (Insecta) (1)
	Unidentified larva of Mycetophilidae (Insecta) (1)
	Unidentified land isopod (Oniscidea) (3)
	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta) (4)
Obama braunsi (Graff, 1899)	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta)
Obama braunsi (Graff, 1899)	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Crustacea)
Obama burmeisteri (Schultze & Müller, 1857)	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Crustacea)
Obama burmeisteri (Schultze & Müller, 1857)	Unidentified ant (Formicidae, Insecta)
Obama nungara Carbayo, Álvarez-Presas, Jones & Riutort, 2016	Unidentified, very juvenile land snail (Helicidae, Gastropoda)
Pasipha pasipha (Marcus, 1951)	Unidentified land snail (Gastropoda)
	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta)
	Unidentified woodlice (Oniscidea, Crustacea)
	Unidentified ant (Formicidae, Insecta)
Xerapoa pseudorhynchodemus (Riester, 1938)	Unidentified earthworm (Oligochaeta)
	Unidentified torn land slug (Gastropoda)
	Unidentified land snail (Gastropoda)
	Unidentified springtail (Collembola, Hexapoda)
	Unidentified millipede (Diplopoda)
	Unidentified ant (Formicidae, Insecta)

[1] ^*Corresponding author: Fernando Carbayo (baz@usp.br)

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Observations on food preference of Neotropical land planarians (Platyhelminthes), with emphasis on Obama anthropophila , and their phylogenetic diversification

ABSTRACT: