Infestation of thornbird nests ( Passeriformes : Furnariidae ) by Psammolestes tertius ( Hemiptera : Reduviidae ) across Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions

Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965 is a sylvatic triatomine bug species that occurs in thornbird nests in Brazil. We studied infestation of 527 nests of Phacellodomus rufifrons Wied, 1821 and Phacellodomus ruber Vieillot, 1817 by P. tertius in eight Brazilian states across the Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions. Psammolestes tertius occurred in 44% of the nests, mainly in those of P. ruber. Overall, 3,261 specimens (52% nymphs) were captured, with an average of 14 bugs per infested nest (range 1-75). While P. tertius occurrence and age structure (percentage of nymphs) were similar in Cerrado and Caatinga nests, infestation intensity (bugs/infested nest) was higher in the Cerrado. Last-stage nymphs and adults were predominant in P. tertius populations from both P. ruber and P. rufifrons nests. The results indicate that Phacellodomus nests are favourable habitats for P. tertius in the open/dry ecoregions of Brazil. The percentage of adult P. tertius specimens (48%) was higher than that observed in other triatomine species (usually less than 5% under either experimental or natural conditions), suggesting that adult bugs tend to remain in thornbird nests. The stable blood supply provided by resident/breeding birds would favor steady P. tertius infestation of thornbird nests across Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions.

The Cerrado is characterized by savanna vegetation (ranging from open grasslands to closed gallery forests) and a marked seasonality with a dry season between May and September.The Caatinga is the largest dry forest ecoregion in South America; vegetation ranges from low shrubby Caatinga, associated with shallow sandy soils, to tall Caatinga forest associated with eutrophic soils.Climate is hot and dry, with low annual precipitation values and 6 to 11 dry months (WWF 2001).Further ecological characteristics of the areas where P. tertius occurs were detailed elsewhere (GURGEL-GONÇALVES & SILVA 2009).
Nests of P. ruber were collected in Mauritia flexuosa L. palm tree crowns according to GURGEL-GONÇALVES et al. (2003).Nests of P. rufifrons were sampled after cutting branches of the support trees (SILVA & LUSTOSA 1993).The nests were inspected on a white cloth to assist in the detection of bugs.Between July 2005 and September 2010, we sampled 39 nests (36 of P. ruber and 3 of P. rufifrons rufifrons) in 16 Cerrado localities of 6 Brazilian states (Goiás, Mato Grosso, Bahia, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Maranhão) and the Federal District.Bugs were separated by sex (adults) and stage (nymphs) and counted.Additionally, we reviewed the literature and retrieved bug infestation Psammolestes tertius occurred in 44% of the thornbird nests surveyed, mainly in those of P. ruber (Tab.I).Overall, 3,261 specimens (52% nymphs) were collected, with an average of 14 bugs per infested nest.Both P. tertius occurrence and age structure (measured as the percentage of nymphs) were similar in nests sampled in either the Cerrado or Caatinga ecoregions.Infestation intensity (measured as the average number of bugs per infested nest) was nonetheless higher in Cerrado thornbird nests (Tab.I).The number of adult and immature bugs was also similar in the nests of P. ruber and P. rufifrons; in both cases, last-stage nymphs and adults predominated (Fig. 1). the genus Rhodnius in association with ancestral synallaxines that built large vegetative nests in open, semi-arid woodland and savannas.Some biological and behavioral features of these thornbirds may result in suitable conditions for P. tertius colonies; thus, thornbirds: a) build large nests, which can reach 2 m long and a width of about 40 cm; b) are territorial, with up to several individuals using their nests throughout the year to sleep and breed, with the offspring remaining in their in parental territory for several months; and c) reuse the same nests over several breeding seasons.Additionally, thornbird nests are often used by several other birds (inquilines) (SKUTCH 1969, CARRARA & RODRIGUES 2001).The lower abundance of P. tertius in the nests of P. rufifrons specularis may be related to the semiarid conditions of the Caatinga ecoregion.
Regarding P. tertius population age structure, 48% of all specimens collected in thornbird nests were adults.Considering only our field data from nests sampled in the rainy season, the percentage of adults was as high as 51%.According to BAR et al. (1999), Psammolestes coreodes Bergroth, 1911 populations that occur in bird nests in Argentina are composed mainly of adult specimens (63% of all bugs caught).Psammolestes tertius and P. coreodes populations therefore differ sharply from other triatomine bug populations, in which immature stages are predominant and adults generally account for less than 5% under either experimental (RABINOVICH 1972, CABELLO et al. 1987, OSCHEROV et al. 1996, 2005) or natural conditions (BAR et al. 1992, 1993, DIOTAIUTI et al. 1993).
The high proportion of adults in P. tertius populations from thornbird nests could be explained by a combination of high longevity and low dispersal of adult bugs from the nests.As described by SILVA & LUSTOSA (1993), the average longevity of P. tertius nymphs (fifth stage) and adults under experimental starvation conditions is approximately 99 and 42 days, respectively; this would favour their survival in the nests for long periods.The stable occupation of thornbird nests (both by resident thornbirds and inquilines) probably provides a year-round blood supply for the bugs.This may even apply for nests that are not occupied by breeding birds, because P. tertius can also feed on invertebrate hemolymph (NOIREAU et al. 2005), which are common in the nests of thornbirds (SILVA & LUSTOSA 1993, GURGEL-GONÇALVES et al. 2006, DI IORIO & TURIENZO 2009).Thus, continuous food availability would favor the permanence of P. tertius in thornbird nests across the Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Percentage of Psammolestes tertius specimens captured in the nests of Phacellodomus rufifrons and P. ruber, according to their development stages.(N) Nymphs.
tertius in eight Brazilian states across the Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions.Psammolestes tertius occurred in 44% of the nests, mainly in those of P. ruber.Overall, 3,261 specimens (52% nymphs) were captured, with an average of 14 bugs per infested nest (range 1-75).While P. tertius occurrence and age structure (percentage of nymphs) were similar in Cerrado and Caatinga nests, infestation intensity (bugs/infested nest) was higher in the Cerrado.Last-stage nymphs and adults were predominant in P. tertius populations from both P. ruber and P. rufifrons nests.The results indicate that Phacellodomus nests are favourable habitats for P. tertius in the open/dry ecoregions of Brazil.The percentage of adult P. tertius specimens (48%) was higher than that observed in other triatomine species (usually less than 5% under either experimental or natural conditions), suggesting that adult bugs tend to remain in thornbird nests.The stable blood supply provided by resident/breeding birds would favor steady P. tertius infestation of thornbird nests across Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions.KEY WORDS.Triatominae; Rhodniini; Synallaxinae; Brazil.ZOOLOGIA 28 (3): 411-414, June, 2011 data

Table I .
Entomological indices of P. tertius in thornbird nests in Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions.