Unveiling the diversity and distribution of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Brazil through the Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian Fauna

ABSTRACT

Chironomidae is a remarkably diverse group of aquatic insects with a high number of taxa ende mic to the Neotropical region. As of February 2024, the taxonomic records indicate a count of 668 chironomid species in Brazil. Accessible taxonomic data on Brazilian chironomids can be found on the Taxonomic Catalog of Brazilian Fauna (CTFB) website, an online repository housing comprehensive taxonomic information on the country’s animal species. The Chironomidae family section within the CTFB presents a catalog of species documented in Brazil, with synonymic lists and distribution data across its six biomes and 27 States (including the Federal District). This dynamic database undergoes continuous updates to incorporate the latest findings. In the context of our present study, we undertook a comprehensive examination of the taxonomic efforts about Brazilian chironomids, drawing from the CTFB database’s current data. An examination of the accumulation curve, charting species descriptions and records by year, underscores a prominent upward trajectory over the past two decades. This trend strongly suggests the existence of numerous undescribed chironomid species in Brazil. An analysis of species distribution across Brazilian biomes reveals the Atlantic Forest as the most diverse, with 412 species (160 of which are endemic), followed closely by the Amazon Forest, hosting 306 species (with 206 being endemic). It is worth noting that these prevalences may be influenced by more extensive collecting efforts in these two biomes. Nevertheless, the notable percentage of endemic chironomid species, especially in Orthocladiinae in the Atlantic Forest, is remarkable.

KEY WORDS:
Aquatic insect; biodiversity; Brazilian Zoology Group; neotropics; taxonomy

INTRODUCTION

Chironomidae, a family of non-biting midges of Diptera, exhibit notable dominance in flying insect communities (Borkent et al. 2018, Srivathsan et al. 2023). They are abundant and diverse in freshwater ecosystems (Ferrington 2008). Chironomids inhabit different aquatic environments, ranging from moist soils to phytotelmata, and from low-oxy gen, polluted lake sediments to fast-flowing mountain streams (Ferrington et al. 2008). Remarkably, this insect family stands out as one of the rare known insects to have colonized intertidal zone (Pinder 1995). Their adult stage is brief, with most of their lifecycle spent as larvae (Tokeshi 1995). Due to their extensive number of species and habitat diversity, Chironomidae serve as a valuable indicator species for assessing the health of lentic and lotic aquatic ecosystems (Silva et al. 2018).

Chironomidae comprise eleven extant subfamilies. Notably, the Neotropical region, despite being one of the least explored (see Spies and Reiss 1996), holds the potential for being the most species-rich among all zoogeographical regions, showing a high number of genera and species. Remarkably, ten out of the eleven subfamilies are documented in the Neotropics, with the exception of Usambaromyiinae, which is endemic to the Afrotropical region (Spies and Reiss 1996). Furthermore, in Brazil, five subfamilies have been recorded: Chironominae, Orthocladiinae, Podonominae, Tanypodinae, and Telmatogetoninae (Roque and Trivinho-Strixino 2004).

The most species-rich subfamily is Chironominae, in which the larvae that live in numerous freshwater habitats. However, they are often more prevalent in ponds, lakes, and slow-flowing rivers within lowland regions, rather than in faster mountain streams and rivers (Epler et al. 2013). Larvae of Orthocladiinae, the second most species-rich subfamily (Ashe and O’Connor 2012), also occupies a diverse range of freshwater environments, nevertheless, they tend to be more abundant in streams and rivers, especially in mountainous areas, as opposed to lentic habitats in lowland regions. Notably, several species exhibit terrestrial or semiterrestrial habits, and a few are found in the littoral zones of marine shores (Andersen and Sæther 2013). For example, Tanypodinae larvae are often voracious predators and can be encountered in both lotic and lentic waters, occasionally even in moist semi-terrestrial habitats. However, most species exhibit a preference for stagnant water or slow-flowing sections of rivers, typically adapting to warmer waters (Cranston and Epler 2013). Telmatogetoninae species are found within the intertidal zones of marine environments across all continents, often showing associations with areas of reduced salinity near harbors and river mouths (Cranston and Ashe 2013). Podonominae is notably abundant in the Andean region, but some species are also found in inselbergs along the Atlantic Mountain ranges of Brazil and Argentina (Siri and Donato 2012, Pinho and Shimabukuro 2018). Their larvae are generally cold-tolerant and inhabit fast-flowing streams and rivers (Brundin 1966), as well as hygropetric habitats (Shimabukuro et al. 2017, Pinho and Shimabukuro 2018).

The taxonomy research on chironomid in Brazil has a rich history, with notable contributions from several researchers over the last two centuries. The first chironomid species from Brazil, Chironomus brasiliensis Wiedemann, 1828 and C. insignis Wiedemann, 1828, were described by the German naturalist Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann almost two centuries ago. Ten years after, Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart published the two further species Chironomus trimaculatus Macquart, 1838 and Chironomus ferrugenius Macquart, 1838. Nowadays all these species from the 19^th century are considered nomina dubia (Spies and Reiss 1996). Then, studies on chironomids from Brazil ceased until the beginning of the 20^th century, when the Swiss zoologist Emil August Goeldi described Chironomus holoprasinus Goeldi, 1905 (later placed in Goeldichironomus) and Chironomus calligraphus Goeldi, 1905 in his work “Mosquitos no Pará” (Goeldi 1905). Subsequently, Friedrich Lenz and Jacob Gerhard Rempel described some species from northeastern Brazil (e.g., Lenz 1939, Rempel 1939). A total of sixteen species were known from Brazil at that time (Oliveira 1995). The first Brazilian to research chironomid taxonomy was Sebastião José de Oliveira, focusing on the fauna of Rio de Janeiro State (Oliveira 1944, 1946). Selwyn Shemin Roback also described Aedokritus sartis from São Paulo and Coelotanypus amoenis from Amazonas (Roback 1960, 1963).

A significant leap in understanding Brazil’s remarkable chironomid diversity occurred with the expeditions led by Ernst Josef Fittkau in the 1960s, during which approximately 600 locations along major Amazonian rivers were sampled (Fittkau 1963, 1965, 1971). Fittkau (1971) was able to recognize 437 morphospecies in 58 genera in the Amazon, and estimated 1000 species to occur only in that biome. Fittkau’s material, housed in the Zoologische Staatssamlung München (ZSM collection) in Munich, Germany, garnered the attention of several chironomidologists in subsequent years, leading to the description of dozens of new taxa (e.g., Säwedal 1981, Borkent 1984, Epler 1988, Spies et al. 1994, Bidawid-Kafka 1996, Bidawid and Fittkau 1996). Ernst Fittkau and Friedrich Reiss also made significant contributions to Brazilian chironomidology by mentoring Brazilian Ph.D. students such as Maria Conceição Messias, Sofia Wiedenbrug, and Angela Manzolillo Sanseverino.

Significant progress occurred in the 1980s when Susana Trivinho-Strixino and Giovanni Strixino initiated their studies on the taxonomy and ecology of chironomids in São Paulo State, with a special focus on providing descriptions of both adult and immatures. Trivinho-Strixino (1995) authored the first identification guide for larvae of Brazilian chirono mids. At that time the number of described chironomid species from Brazil was 125, in 30 genera (Oliveira 1995). A fruitful collaboration was made between Susana’s team (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar) and researchers at USP (Universidade de São Paulo, campus Ribeirão Preto) during the BIOTA-FAPESP project on aquatic insects, led by Claudio Gilberto Froehlich from 2003 to 2010. This partnership resulted in the emergence of new taxonomists such as Fábio de Oliveira Roque, Lívia Maria Fusari, Fábio Laurindo da Silva, Humberto Fonseca Mendes, and Luiz Carlos Pinho. The BIOTA-FAPESP project also facilitated collaboration between Brazilian and Norwegian chironomidologists, initiated by Humberto Fonseca Mendes, Trond Andersen, and Ole Anton Sæther. It is also essential to highlight the significant contribution of Neusa Hamada to the study of Amazonian chironomids over the last decade. Although the number of chironomidologists and described species has increased, we seem to be far from an adequate understanding of the diversity of Brazilian Chironomidae.

Some regional species checklists have been published, including Fusari et al. (2017) from Mato Grosso do Sul, Trivinho-Strixino (2011) and Roque et al. (2004) from São Paulo, and Sanseverino et al. (2009) from Rio de Janeiro. However, to date, there has been no comprehensive analysis conducted at the national level to assess the diversity and distribution of Chironomidae. The goal of this overview is to give a comprehensive analysis of the taxonomic effort on Brazilian chironomids, based on Taxonomic Catalog of Brazilian Fauna (CTFB). Accumulation curve, charting species descriptions and records by year, are also offered.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Taxonomic data concerning Brazilian Chironomidae (Pinho et al. 2024), which fed the Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian Fauna (CTFB) (Brazilian Zoology Group 2024), were extracted from various published sources. It encompassed a wide range of materials, including original species descriptions, taxonomic revisions, checklists, and ecological studies, if species-level identification is provided. The main sources were the Neotropical and Mexican Catalog (Spies and Reiss 1996), volumes 1 and 2 of the World Catalog of Chironomidae (Ashe and O’Connor 2009, 2012), and the list of species per state in the extinct page “Brazilian Chironomid Home Page” (Mendes and Pinho 2014).

For each chironomid species originally described or later reported from Brazil, comprehensive information was gathered, including the author, year of description, synonyms, a complete list of relevant literature, the year of its first record in Brazil, approximate coordinates of each record, its endemic status in Brazil, and its distribution across continental biomes (as defined by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE 2004) and Brazilian States.

We used the software QGIS 3.30.2 to build the species distribution maps in each biome (Fig. 1). In cases when only the municipality was informed, we used the “sd_centroid” function from “sf” package (Pebesma 2018) implemented in the software R (R Core Team 2019) to calculate the approximate coordinates of each municipality polygon.

Figure 1
Map of Brazil in South America Showing species records (panel A), map of Brazilian states with the number of described species for each political region (panel B), and heatmap of records of species (panel C). Numbers after the biome names in the panel A legend represent the number of species recorded in each biome and the endemic species (between parenthesis).

Voucher specimens of new records from the present study are male adults slide-mounted in Euparal and housed in the Entomological Collection Mitia Heusi Silveira (CE-MHS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil).

To examine potential variations in species descriptions among different biomes, we conducted separate species estimation analyses for each biome. The estimation number of described species for each biome was calculated independently for the Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal, Cerrado, and Caatinga biomes. For this, we have used the software R (R Core Team 2019) with the “poolaccum” function, from the vegan package (Oksanen et al. 2022), which calculates four estimators: CHAO2, bootstrap (BOOT), first and second order jackknife (respectively, JACK1 and JACK2).

To assess the involvement of Brazilian researchers in the description of chironomid species from Brazil, the first and co-authors of all recorded species were categorized into the four major nationality classes: Brazil, Norway, Germany and USA/Canada. The rest of the world was considered in a same group (other nationalities). The year of species description was utilized for this analysis, irrespective of whether the species was originally described from Brazil or reported later.

RESULTS

Until February 2024, Brazil had a total of 668 Chironomidae valid species, with an impressive 578 of them (87%) being endemic to the country (Fig. 2, Supplementary Material S1 and S2). Among Brazil’s biomes, the Atlantic Forest stands out with the highest number of known species at 412, followed by the Amazon Forest with 306 species. The Cerrado biome ranks third with 210 species, while the Pantanal, Caatinga, and Pampa biomes contribute 19, 8, and 7 species, respectively. Notably, the Amazon Forest has the highest proportion of endemic species, with 206 being recorded to this biome, constituting 68% of its total species. Similarly, the Atlantic Forest hosts 38% of its species as endemics, accounting for 157 endemic species (Fig. 2A, Supplementary Material S1). When it comes to Brazilian states, São Paulo in the southeastern region leads with 292 species, followed by Amazonas in the northern region, with 235, and Santa Catarina in the southern region with 121 species (Fig. 2B). Most records of Chironomidae in Brazil are still concentrated in southeastern to southern regions and around Manaus in the northern region of the country (Fig. 2C).

This study formally publishes 184 new records of 99 species (records assigned as “PRESENT STUDY” in Supplementary Material S1), all of which are accessible in the CTFB database.

Figure 2
Adults of Brazilian chironomids: (A) Chironomus calligraphus, (B) Coelotanypus sp., (C) Goeldichironomus maculatus, (D) Pseudosmittia sp. Photos: André P. Amaral: A, C and D from Florianópolis, January 2020; B from Santa Vitória do Palmar, February 2022.

Chironominae takes the lead as the most species-rich subfamily in the country, with 403 recorded species, closely followed by Orthocladiinae with 144 species (Supplementary Material S1). Chironominae also leads the rank of subfamily with the most diverse genera (Fig. 3). However, there remains a significant gap in our knowledge regarding the immature stages of these insects. The most diverse subfamilies, Chironominae and Orthocladiinae, for instance, have the least knowledge about immature stages. Respectively, only 29.5% and 24.3% of the larvae are known in these groups (Fig. 4).

Figure 3
Fifteen richest genera of Chironomidae in Brazil, followed by the number of described species from the country.

Figure 4
Number of semaphoronts in each life stage described for the five subfamilies of Chironomidae in Brazil. Proportions of each life stage are shown on the top of each respective bar.

Nearly half of Brazilian species of Chironomidae (43%, 293 species) have only a single record of its type locality, and for nearly all 668 Brazilian species, distributional data are still limited (Supplementary Material S1). The literature reveals a total of only 1927 published species records, avera ging nearly three records per species. The term “endemic”, widely used throughout this paper, might not be true in all cases, as the distributional range of several genera and species may be a matter of merely limited sampling rather than genuine endemism.

These 658 species were described by 88 different taxo nomists. Among the five most prolific researchers in terms of describing Chironomidae species from Brazil, the Norwegian scientist Trond Andersen leads the way with 158 described species. Following closely are Brazilian researchers Humberto Fonseca Mendes with 152, Susana Trivinho-Strixino with 119, Luiz Carlos de Pinho with 88, and lastly, the German researcher Ernst Fittkau with 63 (Fig. 5). Most of Brazilian researchers contributing to the taxonomy of Brazilian chironomids is a very recent phenomenon, exactly ten years from now (Fig. 6).

Figure 5
Contribution of the twenty most prolific authors in species description of Brazilian chironomids over time. The number in parenthesis represents the total number of species published for each author.

Figure 6
Species description of chironomid species occurring in Brazil by year (from 1818 to February 2024) considering the citizenship of each author and coauthors of the species name (complete list in Supplementary Material S1).

The results of richness estimation suggest that species richness within Brazil varies depending on the estimator used. The Chao2 estimator provides a higher estimate (Table 1), indicating potential undiscovered species. Meanwhile, Jack1 and Jack2 offer somewhat lower estimates, possibly reflecting the impact of sampling variability. In summary, our analyses demonstrate that both Brazilian biomes and the temporal context of species records significantly influence species richness estimation. Furthermore, our results emphasize the need for ongoing efforts to document and describe species to improve the accuracy of richness estimation.

Table 1
Species richness estimation by years of publication and biomes.

	Nobs	Chao2	Chao2 SE	Jack1	Jack1 SE	Jack2	Jack2 SE	Boots	Boots SE	N
Biomes	668	1146.1	693.1	562	97.7	12083.1	1641.39	450.94	76.8	6
Years	668	74600	15495.4	664.3	91	982.7	133.7	459.1	63.2	73

DISCUSSION

Progress in Brazilian chironomid taxonomy

To date, Chironomidae, with 658 species, is the third most diverse family of Diptera in Brazil, surpassed only by Phoridae with 885 species (Ament and Pereira 2023) and Tachinidae with 819 species (Nihei et al. 2023).

Trivinho-Strixino (2011) estimated 1500 chironomid species to occur in Brazil, while Fittkau (1971, 2001) estimated 1000 for the whole Amazon. Our data also suggest that there is still much to be accomplished in the taxonomy of Chironomid in Brazil, not only for the description of new species but also the description of the larvae and pupae (Fig. 4).

From the description of Chironomus brasiliensis by Christian R.W. Wiedemann in 1828 to the present time, 86 people endeavored the description of Brazilian chironomid species. Until the 1980s, research in this field was primarily driven by a small number of authors, notably Sebastião José de Oliveira, and the German researchers Ernst Fittkau and Friedrich Reiss (Fig. 5). However, a substantial increase in species discoveries by Brazilian researchers began after the 1980s, largely catalyzed by the influential works of Susana Trivinho-Strixino. Furthermore, from the 2000s onward, the pace of species discovery accelerated significantly (Fig. 6), thanks to substantial project initiatives in Brazil, such as BIOTA-FAPESP in São Paulo and PRONEX in Amazonas. This acceleration was further propelled by the emergence of new taxonomists nurtured within these projects, strengthened international collaborations (particularly with Norwegian researchers).

An increasing participation of Brazilians describing the national biodiversity in the 21^st century (Fig. 6) is also observed in other insect groups, like Trichoptera and Neuroptera (Santos et al. 2020, Machado and Martins 2022).

Finally, the taxonomy of Brazilian chironomids in the 21^st century also started to be investigated in broader contexts, such as in phylogenetic (e.g., Mendes et al. 2004, Pinho et al. 2013, Silva et al. 2014), biogeographic (e.g., Mendes and Andersen 2009, Silva et al. 2014, 2023) and DNA barcoding analyses (e.g., Silva and Wiedenbrug 2014, Trivinho-Strixino and Pepinelli 2015, Silva and Farrell 2017, Silva et al. 2023).

Most diverse genera

From the top 17 richest genera in Brazil, 12 belong to Chironominae (Fig. 3). Tanytarsus Wulp is the most diverse genus in Brazil, with 65 species. Many of these species belonged to Caladomyia Säwedal, recently placed as junior synonym of Tanytarsus Wulp, by Lin et al. (2018) based on results of molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Subsequently, Polypedilum Kieffer is the second most diverse genus, with 64 species, mostly influenced by Bida wid’s thesis focused on Amazonian representatives where 51 new species were described. South America is a biogeographical unit as revealed by DNA-barcoding (Silva et al. 2023) and certainly many more species awaits description.

Revision of these megadiverse genera must reveal several new species, especially sampling unexplored large areas of Pantanal, Cerrado, and Caatinga. On the other hand, many genera known to be common in Brazil have quite a few species recorded (e.g., Cricotopus Wulp, Rheocricotopus Brundin, Limnophyes Eaton, Bryophaenocladius Thienemann, Rheotanytarsus Thienemann & Bause) or other expected to occurs in the country has none at all (e.g., Paratendipes Kieffer, Parametriocnemus Goetghebuer) and they should be one of the priorities for future taxonomic revisions in Brazil.

Knowledge about immature stages

The lack of knowledge regarding the immature stages of Chironomidae species hampers the application of data in various fields, especially in freshwater ecology (Trivi nho-Strixino 2011). This phenomenon known as Haeckelian Shortfall (Hortal 2015, Faria et al. 2021) can be differentially observed among the five subfamilies in Brazil (Fig. 4). The most diverse subfamilies, Chironominae and Orthocladiinae, have the least comparative knowledge of larvae compared to other subfamilies. Notably, Tanypodinae, the third most diverse subfamily, have most of species with immatures described. Trivinho-Strixino (2011) observed the same pattern for species in state of São Paulo. This should be due to the difficulty of delimiting most species of Tanypodinae species using only adult characters, setting some standards of des cription of species with at least the pupal and adult stage.

Due to the impediment to species-level identification of larvae of most species of Chironomidae, several regional checklists and inventories based on collection of larvae can only provide distributional records of genera (e.g., Panatta et al. 2007, Reis et al. 2012, Sonoda 2021, Soares et al. 2013, Fernandes et al. 2019).

Distribution of chironomids in Brazil

Knowledge about the species is still primarily limited to the vicinity of major research centers on taxonomy of chironomids (Fig. 2C), notably those based at São Carlos, Rio de Janeiro, Florianópolis, and Manaus. Funding for thematic projects aimed at less-studied biomes, like Caatinga and Pampa, coupled with the establishment of new research centers in Chironomidae taxonomy, can contribute to overcoming these limitations.

The scarcity of species-level records also leads to a strong limitation to define the conservation status of Brazilian chironomids. No Diptera are included in the Brazilian Red List of Endangered Species (ICMBIO 2018).

Over the last decades, Brazil has unveiled a striking diversity of Orthocladiinae. Prior to 1996, a mere seven species had been recorded in the country (Spies and Reiss 1996). However, by 2007, this number had surged to 36, as reported by Mendes et al. (2007). Today, the count is 144 species. Also, twelve orthoclad genera are endemic to Atlantic Forest (Caaporangombera Andersen, Pinho & Mendes, Gravatamberus Mendes & Andersen, Gynocladius Mendes, Sæther & Andrade-Morraye, Iporangomberus Mendes & Andersen, Lyrocladius Mendes & Andersen, Maximberus Andersen & Mendes, Miambera Andersen & Mendes, Pebapomberus Mendes & Andersen, Saetherocryptus Andersen & Mendes, Ubatubaneura Wiedenbrug & Trivinho-Strixino, Uirassubrillia Mendes, Andersen & Pinho and Urubicimbera Andersen, Mendes & Pinho) all of which have been described within the last two decades. In stark contrast, the diversity of Orthocladiinae in the Amazon Forest biome seems to be relatively limited, as suggested by Fittkau (1971), with only 21 species, ten of which are endemic, currently known to occur in this region. The single orthoclad genus endemic to Amazon Forest is Saetherops Andersen & Mendes. Meanwhile, in the Atlantic Forest, neither Chironominae nor Tanypodinae have any endemic genera, but in the Amazon Forest the only endemic genus is the tanypod Amazonimyia Silva & Wiedenbrug.

This remarkable diversity of Orthocladiinae in Brazil, especially in mountain low-order streams of the tropical Atlantic Forest, seems to defy a “time-honoured rule” that diversity of Orthocladiinae is low in tropical areas of the globe, when compared to polar regions (Fittkau 1971). It is important to highlight that Atlantic Forest has not been sufficiently sampled yet, especially in northeastern region (Fig. 2A, C). Large interfluvial areas in the Amazon Forest and canopy of trees may also host a rich endemic fauna of orthoclads.

The Neotropical region is known to host ten distinct subfamilies, and the past two decades have witnessed significant evidence of connections between the Andean and Brazilian fauna, starting with the first record of the Podonominae in Brazil, in cold mountain summits of the Atlantic region (Roque and Trivinho 2004, Shimabukuro et al. 2017) and its subsequent presence in an Amazonian Mountain (Shimabukuro et al. 2022). Consequently, the prospect of finding a sixth subfamily within Brazilian territory may not appear overly surprising. Since most remaining subfamilies have cold stenothermic species, areas such as the northern plateaus of Roraima state or the mountain peaks in southern Brazil stand as prime candidates for hosting these novelties.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the Coordinators of CTFB Walter A.P. Boeger (UFPR), Hussam Zaher (MZUSP), José Albertino Rafael (INPA), and Michel P. Valim (MZUSP) for management of this enormous project, and especially José A. Rafael for inviting us to collaborate with Chironomidae. Several new records were possible through fieldwork funded by different initiatives such as: Project “Insetos aquáticos do Parque Estadual da Serra Furada, SC” (funded by FAPESC 11323/2012-9); Project “Nascentes do Saí” (funded by the City Hall of São Francisco do Sul); Project “Insetos aquáticos: biodiversidade, ferramentas ambientais e a popularização da ciência para melhoria da qualidade de vida humana no estado do Amazonas” (funded by PRONEX-CNPq-MCT-FAPEAM); Research Program in Biodiversity - Atlantic Forest (Programa de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade, Mata Atlântica, 457841/2012-9). This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Finance Code 001 during this research. NPR was granted by the Institutional Scientific Initiation Scholarship Program (PIBIC). We are also very grateful to André Pereira Amaral for the photos of Brazilian chironomids.

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ADDITIONAL NOTES

• ZooBank register
  https://zoobank.org/C00219F6-9156-44A1-82B3-E13C43D531CD
• How to cite this article
  Pinho LC, Rosa NP, de Campos LLF (2024) Unveiling the diversity and distribution of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Brazil through the Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian Fauna. Zoologia 41: e24027. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e24027
• Published by
  Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia at Scientific Electronic Library Online - https://www.scielo.br/zool

• Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Finance Code 001. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Finance Code 001 during this research. NPR was granted by the Institutional Scientific Initiation Scholarship Program (PIBIC). We are also very grateful to André Pereira Amaral for the photos of Brazilian chironomids.

Supplementary material 1

Supplementary S1. List of Chironomidae species recorded to Brazil until February 2024, indicating endemic species to the country and respective distributional record through biomes, localities, and Brazilian states. These data were available at Pinho et al. 2024 http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobrasil/54922 [accessed on 19 February 2024]

Authors: Pinho LC, Rosa NP, Campos LLF

Data type: Species data.

Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e24027

Supplementary material 2

Supplementary S2. Taxonomic diversity of chironomid genera recorded in Brazil and main taxonomic efforts published until now, with special attention to species occurring in Brazil. Abbreviations: tax. rev.-taxonomic revision; morph. phyl.-morphology based phylogenies; COI-citocrome oxidase I gene fragment; descrip.-taxa descriptions; key, identification key.

Authors: Pinho LC, Rosa NP, Campos LLF

Data type: Species data.

Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e24027

Edited by

• Editorial responsibility
  Ângelo Parise Pinto

Data availability

Data citations

Ament DC, Pereira TPL (2023) Phoridae in Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD, PNUD, http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobrasil/183530 [Accessed: 16/09/2023]

Brazilian Zoology Group (2024) Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD, PNUD, http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna [Accessed: 21/11/2024]

Nihei SS, Alvarez-Garcia DM, Gudin FM, Santis MD, Dios RVP (2023) Tachinidae in Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD, PNUD, http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobrasil/1115 [Accessed: 16/09/2023]

Pinho LC, Fusari LM, Campos LLF, Mendes HF (2024) Chironomidae. In: Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD, PNUD, http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobrasil/54922 [Accessed: 19/02/2024]

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Dec 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  04 Apr 2024
• Accepted
  06 Sept 2024