Survival, biomass, and oxidative stress associated with the compatibility of different scion/rootstock combinations of grapevineABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Compatibility between scion and rootstock is crucial for the success of grapevine graft production. The objective of the study was to evaluate different scion/rootstock combinations on survival, initial development, and oxidative stress associated with compatibility in grapevine. Experimental design was a randomized bifactorial scheme 4 × 5, and 15 plants per plot. Factor A consisted of four rootstocks (‘IAC 572 Jales’, ‘IAC 766 Campinas’, ‘Paulsen 1103’, and ‘Freedom’), and factor B consisted of five scion cultivars (‘BRS Carmem’, ‘BRS Magna’, ‘Bordô’, ‘Isabel Precoce’, and ‘Concord Clone 30’). At 90 days after granting, the following variables were analyzed: graft survival percentage, leaf and roots number, leaf area, shoot and main root length, and dry mass of leaf and roots, and stems. Oxidative stress was evaluated in combinations of scion/rootstock with high and low survival rates at 0, 10, and 20 days after removal from the forcing chamber, based on peroxidases (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The combination with the best initial development was ‘IAC 572 Jales/BRS Carmem’. ‘Paulsen 1103’ showed low compatibility with ‘Isabel Precoce’, reducing overall development. Combinations with high grafts survival rates exhibited higher SOD activity and lower POX activity and H2O2 content. In conclusion, the rootstocks ‘IAC 572 Jales’ and ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ promoted, respectively, the highest and lowest grafts survival rates and initial development.
Key words
Vitis sp.; grafting compatibility; reactive oxygen species; antioxidant; enzyme
INTRODUCTION
Rootstocks are responsible for adding several positive characteristics to the new grafted nursery tree, such as controlling canopy vigor, changing the dynamics of nutrient absorption from the soil, to improve resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stress (Leão and Chaves 2019, Szymajda et al. 2020). Then, the use of rootstocks represents a strategy for adaptation to abiotic stresses, such as saline, dry, humid, acidic, alkaline, shallow, compacted, or low-fertility soils, as well as biotic stresses, such as pests and diseases (Leão and Chaves 2019). Rootstock promotes differential effects on the scion cultivar, influencing vigor, yield components, and fruit quality, as well as the quality of derived products (Ferreira et al. 2019, Loureiro et al. 2020, Villanova et al. 2021). However, this influence depends on the specific affinity of the scion/rootstock interaction (Callili et al. 2022, Tecchio et al. 2022), and the climate and soil of each producing region, which improve results in grape production and quality (Souza et al. 2015).
Accurately choosing the rootstock is one of the most critical decisions in the vineyard establishment (Loureiro et al. 2020). It should consider the particularities of the production regions and the cultivars used as scion, since there is no universal rootstock, and no material has superiority for all cultivation regions (Li et al. 2019). Thus, each material must be tested before deciding to use it, given that its efficiency may be modified depending on the scion and planting location (Klimek et al. 2022).
Incompatibility between different scion/rootstock combinations may occur (Gökbayrak et al. 2007, Darikova et al. 2011, Cookson et al. 2013). This incompatibility can be detected a few weeks after grafting and linked to a poor vascular connection (Milien et al. 2012) and phloem degeneration at the graft union, which disturbs water, and nutrient, assimilates flows in the plant and may result in further breakdown of the union (Pina et al. 2012). Mechanism of initial graft incompatibility of grapevine is not fully understood, and early markers to predict graft incompatibility occurrence in scion/rootstock combinations in different crops have been studied (Zarrouk et al. 2010, Loupit et al. 2022).
Molecules exchanged between rootstock and scion, such as hormones, metabolites, proteins, and RNAs, coordinate the grafted plant parts and are suspected to modulate healing of the union and facilitate the regeneration of the vascular tissues (Tedesco et al. 2022).
Although exposing plants to stress situations such as grafting would trigger the antioxidant defense systems, there are indications that, in incompatible rootstock/scion interfaces, either the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radical (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a hydroxyl radical (OH), is increased or there is a less efficient detoxification system (Irissari et al. 2015).
For instance, non-successful grafts show signs of cellular stress such as high accumulation of H2O2 and O2- (Nocito et al. 2010). Especially in non-photosynthetically active tissues, when the ROS is generated in excess, due to environmental challenges, it unbalances the cellular redox system in favor of oxidized forms, resulting in oxidative processes such as membrane lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, enzyme inhibition, and DNA and RNA damage (Bor et al. 2003, Mittler 2002). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme. It constitutes the first level of defense against superoxide radicals in plants, and catalyzes the dismutation of O2- to H2O2 and O2 (Irissari et al. 2015). Antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT), inactivate the cytotoxic ROS compounds and minimize their ability to diffuse into the intracellular space (Noctor and Foyer 1998). SOD enzymatic activities were significantly higher at one and 10 days after wounding in the compatible pear/quince combinations than in the incompatible one (Irissari et al. 2015).
Peroxidase (POX) enzyme is associated with differentiating xylem (Sterjiades et al. 1993), lignification (Harkin and Obst 1973), and graft establishment process (Deloire and Hébant 1982, Feucht et al. 1983, Schmid and Feucht 1981). A significant increase in POX activity in the incompatible unions, with significant differences between compatible and incompatible grafts, was observed in Capsicum/tomato (Deloire and Hébant 1982) and peach/plum combinations (Rodrigues et al. 2002, Zarrouk et al. 2010).
Conversely, in photosynthetically active tissues, the consensus of opinion is now shifting towards a recognition of the positive roles of ROS as essential pro-life signals (Noctor and Foyer 2016, Foyer et al. 2017, Foyer 2018).
We hypothesized that either the antioxidant system is less efficient or the ROS level is increased in incompatible rootstock/scion interfaces. This study was designed to evaluate different scion/rootstock combinations on survival, initial development, and oxidative stress associated with compatibility in Vitis sp.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Plant material and experimental design
The work was carried out and conducted in a controlled environment (phytotrons and greenhouse) at the fruit cultivation experimental area of Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Pato Branco Campus (26°10’S; 52°41’W, altitude 734 m a.s.l.), Pato Branco, PR, Brazil. Cuttings from rootstocks and scion cultivars were collected at the Experimental Station of Canoinhas (SC) of the Embrapa Clima Temperado, on June 30, 2021, and kept for 15 days in a cold room at 4ºC, with the base immersed in water. After leaving cold room, the cuttings were disinfected immediately before grafting by immersion in a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes, then rinsed with running water and sprayed with 70% ethanol.
The graft combinations were performed using the manual bench grafting technique (Grigolo et al. 2021, Maroli et al. 2014, Pertille et al. 2020). In summary, the technique involved top cleft grafting (wedge graft technique), only the scion/rootstock region was first covered with Buddy tape, and after the entire grafting region was immersed in melted wax (Rebwachs W.F.) at 65°C. Subsequently, grafts were wrapped in newspaper and placed in pots with the base of the cuttings submerged in water and kept at 19°C for 21 days in a dark forced ventilation chamber. After this period, the base of the grafts was washed, dried, and immersed in a solution of 2,000 mg·L-1 IBA for 5 seconds. In the greenhouse, grafts were placed in 3-L containers with commercial substrate, with a controlled temperature of approximately 25°C and a drip irrigation system.
The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks, with four replications and 15 experimental units (plants per plot), in a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement, with factor A consisting of four different rootstocks: ‘IAC 572 Jales’ (V. riparia x V. rupestris) x V. caribaea)), ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ (V. riparia x V. caribaea), ‘Paulsen 1103’ (V. berlandieri x V. rupestris), and ‘Freedom’ (V. champinii x V. vinifera x V. labrusca x V. riparia); and factor B consisting of five different scion cultivars: ‘BRS Carmem’ (V. labrusca x (V. vinifera x V. labrusca x V. lincecumii), ‘BRS Magna’ (V. labrusca x (V. riparia, V.rupestris x V. cordifolja, 106-8 Mgt), ‘Bordô’ (V. labrusca), ‘Isabel Precoce’ (V. labrusca), and ‘Concord Clone 30’ (V. labrusca).
Enzymatic assays and H2O2 content
Plant material for enzymatic analysis was collected at three different times: 0, 10, and 20 days after leaving the forcing chamber (21, 31, and 51 days after grafting). Using pruning shears, thin discs were cut from three different regions of the grafted nursery tree. For each date, tissues from three different regions of the three grafted plants per treatment were sampled: 2 cm above the graft (scion), at the graft region (wax removal), and 2 cm below (rootstock). The samples were placed in graduated 2-mL tubes (Eppendorf type), immediately submerged in liquid nitrogen, and then transferred to an ultra-freezer at -45°C, in which they remained until the measurement date, after 90 days.
At 90 days after grafting, grafts survival percentage was evaluated, and then a sample of three plants from each plot was taken for destructive analyses. Leaf, stems, and roots were separated from each plant for the following evaluations: leaf number, leaf area, root number, length of steam and main root, fresh and dry mass of leafs, roots, and stems.
The biochemical analyses performed were: POX and SOD activities and H2O2.
Extract for enzymatic analyses of SOD and POX was extracted from the liquid nitrogen maceration of 150 mg of sampled plant tissue, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), and 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, plus 10 mM of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 5 mM of dithiothreitol (DTT). Then, the material was centrifuged for 12 min at 4°C in 12,000 g. The precipitate was discarded, and the supernatant was used as an enzymatic extract.
POX activity was performed according to the methodology proposed by Flurkey and Jen (1978) with modifications. The reaction buffer was composed of 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, 2.25 mM guaiacol, and 10 mM hydrogen peroxide. This reaction consisted of potassium phosphate buffer 25 mM, pH 6.8, guaiacol 2.25 mM, and hydrogen peroxide 10 mM. The reading was taken after 2 minutes in triplicates at a wavelength of 470 nm and duration of 120 seconds, in a Shimadzu ultraviolet (UV) 1800 spectrophotometer. POX activity was measured by the oxidation of guaiacol to tetra guaiacol through the increase in absorbance at 470 nm, and the results were expressed in µM min-1·mg-1 prot.
SOD activity was quantified according to the methodology described by Giannopolitis and Reis (1977) with some adaptations. The reaction media consisted of potassium phosphate buffer 52.5 mM, pH 7.8, EDTA 0.1 mM, NBT 0.075 mM, methionine 13 mM, and riboflavin 2 µM. For the reaction, 50 µL of the enzymatic extract was added to 2 mL of the reaction media. Tubes were incubated under a fluorescent lamp for 10 minutes. Readings were taken in PP cuvettes at 560 nm, and the enzyme activity was expressed in U mg·prot-1. One unit of SOD was considered the amount of enzyme capable of inhibiting 50% of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) photoreduction under the conditions of the current study.
Protein content in enzyme extracts was estimated according to Bradford (1976) with bovine serum albumin as standard.
For the quantification of hydrogen peroxide, a plant extract was obtained only by macerating 150 mg of plant tissue in liquid nitrogen and homogenized in 2 mL of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 1% (m/v). Then, the homogenate was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 12,000 g. The precipitate was discarded, and the supernatant was used as an enzymatic extract.
The H2O2 quantification was performed according to the methodology adapted from Velikova et al. (2000). The reaction consisted of the enzymatic extract, potassium phosphate buffer 10 mM, pH 7.0, and 500 mM KI (potassium iodide). Absorbance was determined at 390 nm, and the values were calculated based on a standard curve. A concentration of H2O2 was determined from the standard curve) and expressed in mM of H2O2·g-1 FW.
Statistical analysis
All data were initially subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk and Oneill-Mathews tests to verify normality and homogeneity of variances, respectively. When necessary, data were transformed using the Box-Cox transformation (Box and Cox 1964). After meeting the assumptions, the development analyses were subjected to an analysis of variance and mean comparison using Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). The biochemical analyses of POX, SOD, and H2O2 were subjected to Pearson’s correlation analysis with the survival rate, and those showing significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subsequently to Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). All statistical analyses were performed using the R language.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Grafts survival and initial development of vine grafts
The interaction between the scion/rootstock combinations was significant only for survival and leaf number. Overall, combinations using the rootstock ‘IAC 572 Jales’ showed the best survival rate. Among the combinations tested, a combination of ‘IAC 572 Jales’/’BRS Carmem’ stood out with 97% survival (Table 1). However, it did not differ from the other scions grafted onto the same rootstock, indicating that it is highly compatible with the scion cultivars used.
Rootstock ‘Freedom’ also responded positively when subjected to different scion combinations, except for the cultivar ‘Bordô’, which had a survival rate of 58%. The lowest survival means were observed in the rootstocks ‘Paulsen 1103’ and ‘IAC 766 Campinas’. ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ had the lowest grafts survival, with an average of 46%, without significant differences among scions, ranging from 33% when grafted with ‘BRS Carmem’ to 64% when combined with ‘BRS Magna’ (Table 1). On the other hand, ‘Paulsen 1103’ showed higher grafts survival when combined with ‘Concord Clone 30’, with 85% grafts survival, significantly different from same rootstock combined with ‘Isabel Precoce’, which had only 35% grafts survival (Table 1).
Regarding scion cultivars, ‘BRS Magna’ showed wider compatibility with the rootstocks used and did not exhibit significant differences in grafts survival (Table 1). However, ‘BRS Carmem’ had low grafts survival when grafted onto ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ (only 33%), but high success when grafted onto ‘Freedom’ and ‘Jales’ (90 and 97%, respectively) and intermediate compatibility with rootstock ‘Paulsen 1103’. ‘Concord Clone 30’ showed good compatibility with the rootstocks ‘Freedom’, ‘Jales’, and ‘Paulsen 1103’, without significant differences. However, it had low success (only 35%) when grafted onto ‘IAC Campinas’ (Table 1). The scion cultivar with the lowest overall grafts survival mean was observed for ‘Isabel Precoce’. This cultivar showed success when grafted onto ‘IAC 572 Jales’ (82%) and ‘Freedom’ (72%), and the worst performance when combined with ‘Paulsen 1103’, with a grafts survival rate of 35%, without significant difference from ‘IAC Campinas’, with 43% grafts survival. ‘Bordô’ showed homogeneous behavior, regardless of the rootstock, with an average grafts survival of 60% without showing specific affinity to any rootstock (Table 1).
Combination with the highest leaf number was observed in the ‘Freedom’/’BRS Carmem’, with an average of 13.58 leaf per plant, significantly different from all other scions grafted onto the same rootstock (Table 2).
Rootstock ‘IAC 572 Jales’ induced the highest mean leaf number, with greater combinations observed with the scions ‘BRS Carmem’, ‘Bordô’, and ‘Isabel Precoce’, 12.25, 10.92, and 10.11 leaf per plant, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest mean leaf number for this rootstock was observed when grafted with ‘BRS Magna’ and ‘Concord Clone 30’, with 9.25 and 8.58 leaf per plant, respectively (Table 2).
Rootstock ‘Paulsen 1103’ combined with ‘BRS Carmem’ resulted in 10.67 leaf per plant, significantly different from the scions ‘Bordô’, ‘Concord Clone 30’, and ‘Isabel Precoce’, with only 4.83 leaf per plant observed when combined with ‘Isabel Precoce’. This combination had the lowest leaf number observed in the study. On the other hand, ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ also induced a lower leaf number without significant differences among the scion cultivars, being the rootstock that resulted in the lowest leaf number among the four evaluated rootstocks (Table 2).
From the perspective of scion’s effect on leaf number, ‘BRS Magna’ and ‘Concord Clone 30’ did not differ significantly among the rootstocks used for grafting. ‘Isabel Precoce’, when grafted onto ‘IAC 572 Jales’, resulted in 10.11 leaf per plant, which is twice leaf number compared to the combination with ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Table 2), demonstrating the ability of rootstock to transfer vigor differences to scion cultivar, even at the early stage of plant formation.
The variables such as number of roots, shoot length, root length, leaf area, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass did not show significant interactions for different scion/rootstock combinations, but their individual effects were significant for these variables.
Rootstocks ‘Freedom’ and ‘IAC 572 Jales’ conferred higher means for shoot length, root length, leaf area, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass. The rootstocks that showed the poorest performance for these same variables were ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ and ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Table 3).
Effect of the rootstock on the variables of number of roots, shoot length, root length, leaf area, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass at 90 days after grafting.
The isolated effect of the scion cultivar showed significant differences for variables of shoot length, root length, leaf area, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass (Table 4).
Effect of the scion cultivar on shoot length, root length, leaf area, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass at 90 days after grafting.
Grafts that accumulate higher dry mass have more reserve materials, which are essential for the establishment of grafted nursery tree and the vigor of the plants. Therefore, both scions (‘BRS Carmem’, ‘BRS Magna’, and ‘Concord Clone 30’) and rootstocks (‘IAC 572 Jales’ and ‘Freedom’) that had higher means for this variable had a greater capacity to reallocate reserves for the formation of new organs, shoots, and roots. As observed, rootstocks ‘IAC 572 Jales’ and ‘Freedom’ induced more leaf (Table 2). In general, these same rootstocks also had greater root length, leaf area, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass, resulting in higher overall dry mass (Table 3). These results were even better when grafted with ‘BRS Carmem’, which also showed superior results in its isolated effect on shoot length, root length, leaf area, and shoot dry mass. Leaf number present in a vine graft plays an essential role in rooting, promoting early root formation due to the production of auxins by leaf and buds (Hartmann et al. 2010).
The notability of rootstock ‘IAC 572 Jales’ is evident in its compatibility with all scions and its isolated effect. This rootstock had more growth shoots vigor, length, and diameter than ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ and ‘IAC 313 Tropical’. On the other hand, ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ had slower initial development (Campos et al. 2020). In our study, a grafted nursery tree onto ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ showed less vigor than the other rootstocks.
All the rootstock/scion combinations presented in this study were planted in the field and were evaluated for their productive performance, disease resistance, and fruit quality, to identify the most suitable rootstock for each scion cultivar in the field conditions.
Oxidative stress associated with compatibility of scion/rootstock combinations
The data for POX, SOD, and H2O2 showed and discussed refer to those that had a significant correlation (Table 5) between graft survival rates, and respective indicators of oxidative stress metabolism studied. The correlations were significant in rootstock region at 0 and 20 days for POX and at 10 days for SOD, after leaving the forcing chamber. Finally, a significant correlation was also observed in the scion region for hydrogen peroxide at 10 and 20 days after leaving the forcing chamber.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) in the rootstock region and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the scion region of grapevine with high (A) and low (B) grafts survival rates at 0 (POX), 10 and 20 days (SOD and H2O2) after leaving the forcing chamber.
The rootstock region showed a significant correlation between activity of enzyme SOD and graft survival rates. Significant levels were observed at 10 days after leaving the forcing chamber in the combinations with higher graft survival, ‘IAC 572 Jales’/’BRS Carmem’ and ‘Freedom’/’Concord Clone 30’, with 4.98 and 2.49 U·mg-1 prot, respectively. However, the combination of ‘IAC 572 Jales’/’BRS Carmen’ differed significantly only from ‘IAC 766 Campinas’/’Concord Clone 30’ (Table 5).
In rootstock region, the behavior of POX activity was opposite to that of the SOD enzyme, and combinations with lower grafts survival rates had higher levels of POX. The combination of ‘IAC 766 Campinas’/’Concord Clone 30’ showed significant levels of POX (4,648.37 µM min-1·mg-1 protein) on the 0 day of leaving the forcing chamber, which differed significantly from other evaluated combinations (Table 5). However, 20 days after leaving the forcing chamber, the activity of POX was significant and differed among combinations with high and low grafts survival rates (Table 5).
In the scion region, correlation was significant for the levels of H2O2, which were higher for combinations with low grafts survival rates. Graft of ‘IAC 766 Campinas’/’BRS Carmen’ (1.29 mM H2O2·g-1 dry mass) showed a significant difference from the other combinations 10 days after leaving the forcing chamber (Table 5). At 20 days, both combinations with ‘IAC Campinas’ had significantly higher levels of H2O2 compared to other combinations, indicating that this oxidizing agent is one of probable causes of the low grafts survival rate of the vine grafts.
In response to stress, the enzyme SOD is one of the first defense enzymes in the metabolism of trees. This enzyme acts by reducing O2- radicals and producing H2O2. However, the latter also causes damage to cellular membranes (Gomes et al. 2017). Production of SOD in combination with high grafts survival rates indicates that ROS detoxification is occurring efficiently.
High levels of SOD activity have been also observed in compatible grafts of lychee, along with increased activity of POX and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the same combinations (Chen et al. 2016). The high activity of SOD may be associated with tissue protection during the healing process, as observed in compatible combinations of pear/quince (Irissari et al. 2015). SOD activity and other antioxidant enzymes were significantly higher in pear callus grown (in vitro) in the heterologous combination (pear/quince) when compared with homologous one (pear/pear) (Nocito et al. 2010). The increase in antioxidant defenses provides support that this response is typical of plant tissues experiencing increases in ROS production (Mittler 2002).
POX activity is the subject of many studies on compatibility of scion and rootstock, as it can be considered a good indicator of incompatibility when evaluated together with other biochemical analyses, as observed in combinations with rootstock ‘IAC 766 Campinas’, which showed lower grafts survival rates. Incompatible combinations, POX activity is generally lower and at similar levels in both the rootstock and scion regions.
High POX activity in the rootstock region has been also observed in combinations of ‘Barbosa’ peach tree with different Prunus rootstocks, in which combinations with higher mortality rates also showed higher levels of POX activity (Oldoni et al. 2019). The increase in POX activity in combination with lower grafts survival rates may be a result of phenol accumulation, which can utilize POX synthesis as a substrate, leading to increased levels of POX activity (Hudina et al. 2014).
However, this enzyme can be affected by various factors, as it is the first enzyme to change when the plant undergoes any stress, whether biotic or abiotic, as it is directly related to tissue lignification (Telles et al. 2009), and it is also directly affected by the substrate (Passardi et al. 2005). This behavior of POX activity was also observed in a study with an integrated peach tree grafted nursery tree, in which, even in incompatible combinations, there was a significant difference in POX levels between the scion and rootstock, emphasizing the fact that enzyme undergoes significant variations due to external and internal factors of the plant (Telles et al. 2009), including the substrate.
The formation of H2O2 is common after the grafting process and is closely related to incompatibility, as its accumulation has been observed in incompatible grafts of different species (Aloni et al. 2008, Irissari et al. 2015). Under stressful conditions, the levels of H2O2 tend to increase, as observed in this study.
Grafts with low survival rates likely had compromised vascular connections, possibly due to material incompatibility. As a result, the transport of water and nutrients was hindered, leading to increased stress levels in the graft’s canopy and, consequently, higher levels of H2O2. These results are similar to those observed in incompatible grafts of quince, which showed higher POX activity and higher levels of H2O2 at graft union (Nocito et al. 2010).
It is attributed that incompatibility is related to the effect of rootstock, as combinations that received the rootstock ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ showed higher levels of POX activity and hydrogen peroxide, as well as lower levels of SOD.
CONCLUSION
The rootstock/scion combinations demonstrated different levels of grafts survival and initial development.
Rootstocks ‘IAC 572 Jales’ and ‘IAC 766 Campinas’ promoted, respectively, the highest and lowest rates of grafts survival and initial development. ‘Freedom’ rootstock showed greater initial development when combined with scion cultivars ‘BRS Carmem’, ‘BRS Magna’, and ‘Concord Clone 30’. ‘Paulsen 1103’ combined with scion cultivars ‘BRS Magna’ and ‘Concord Clone 30’ induced higher grafts survival rates and initial development.
The combinations with a high grafts survival rate showed higher levels of SOD activity and lower levels of POX activity and H2O2 content.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná for providing the infrastructure and materials, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária for the maintenance and availability of genotypes, and the agronomic engineer MsC Lari Maroli for assisting with the grafting process.
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FUNDING
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoGrant No: 303456/2022-1
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
All datasets were generated and analyzed in the current study.
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Edited by
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Section Editor: Cláudia Sales Marinho https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0597-8126
