Brachiaria as a tool for weed management in the cultivation of cabbage hybridsABSTRACT
The search for healthier food, the management of herbicide-resistant weeds and the scarcity of products registered for weeds in vegetable crops are challenges which demand a more sustainable management. The aim of this study was to evaluate tropical forage grass brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens) used as mulch, as a tool for weed management and in the productivity performance of cabbage hybrids. Two managements, with and without brachiaria straw (8.5 t/ha), and three cabbage hybrids, Astrus plus, Fênix and Fuyutoyo, were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a split-plot scheme, with four replicates. The management treatments were arranged in plots and the hybrids in split-plots. The main weed species were Cyperus difformis, Eleusine indica, Commelina benghalensis, Cenchrus echinatus, and Portulaca oleracea. The total weed density before hoeing was 452.8 plants/m2 in the management without straw and 8.3 plants/m2 with straw mulch. Mulch application reduced weed dry mass accumulation by 99.4%. Straw neither interfered with the productivity of the hybrids, which was 105.1 t/ha, nor affected their size and shape. We verified that forage grass brachiaria (U. decumbens) used as a mulch is a highly effective tool for managing weeds, with the potential to completely avoid the use of herbicides in cabbage cultivation, without reducing the productivity of the evaluated hybrids.
Keywords:
Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.; Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster; mulch; Astrus plus; Fênix; Fuyutoyo
RESUMO
A busca por alimentos mais saudáveis, o manejo de plantas daninhas resistentes a herbicidas e a baixa disponibilidade de produtos registrados para controle dessas plantas em hortaliças são desafios que demandam um manejo mais sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a cobertura morta com a forrageira tropical braquiária (Urochloa decumbens) como ferramenta para o manejo integrado de plantas daninhas e no desempenho produtivo de híbridos de repolho. Foram estudados dois manejos, com e sem palha de braquiária (8,5 t/ha), e os híbridos de repolho Astrus plus, Fênix e Fuyutoyo. O arranjo experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas, sendo os manejos dispostos nas parcelas e os híbridos, nas subparcelas. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As principais espécies de plantas daninhas foram Cyperus difformis, Eleusine indica, Commelina benghalensis, Cenchrus echinatus e Portulaca oleracea. A densidade total da comunidade infestante antes da capina foi de 452,8 plantas/m2 no manejo sem palha e 8,3 plantas/m2 com a palha. A cobertura morta também reduziu o acúmulo de massa seca de plantas daninhas em 99,4%. A palha não interferiu na produtividade dos híbridos de repolho, cuja média foi de 105,1 t/ha, bem como não afetou seu tamanho e formato. Concluímos que a cobertura morta com palha de braquiária é uma ferramenta com elevada eficácia no manejo de plantas daninhas, com potencial para redução total do uso de herbicidas na cultura do repolho, podendo ser utilizada para essa finalidade uma vez que não reduziu a produtividade dos híbridos avaliados.
Palavras-chave:
Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster; cobertura morta; Astrus plus; Fênix; Fuyutoyo.
Cabbage is grown, in small, medium and large properties, by family members or even with the use of high technology, providing good financial returns in a short time (Melo et al., 2017). The crop has potential for high productivity. An appropriate space between plants is necessary, which favors weed occurrence; losses up to 85% in production caused by the weeds was reported by Akshatha et al. (2018). Thus, controlling weeds properly is an important management in order to achieve satisfactory production (Thakur et al., 2023).
Chemical weed control in cabbage crop in Brazil is hampered due to a small number of registered products (Reis et al., 2017). Besides, a strong demand for organic foods can be noticed, which is not possible to meet without a non-chemical control against weeds (Eyinade et al., 2021). We highlight that using non-chemical methods against weeds, such as the use of bioherbicides (Hasan et al., 2021), mulch (Thakur et al., 2023) and intercropping (Atal et al., 2021), contributes to a sustainable management of the production systems. These methods have been increasingly used lately in agricultural production, mainly due to an increase of resistance of weeds to herbicide, absence of discovery of new actions against weed occurrence and an increase in the number of regulatory restrictions on herbicide use (Loddo et al., 2021).
An efficient non-chemical method for weed controlling is the use of mulch (Nesar et al., 2023). Besides being efficient for weed control (Steponavičienė et al., 2021), mulch contributes to an increase in microbial biomass (Layek et al., 2021) and fertility (Budianta et al., 2018; Zhong et al., 2018), improves soil physical properties (Yang et al., 2023), and soil mechanical protection against heavy rains (Wang et al., 2022).
Straw of various plant species have been used as mulch (Ranaivoson et al., 2018), such as the straw of Fabaceae (Kocira et al., 2020; Zannopoulos et al., 2024) and Poaceae (Alptekin & Gürbüz, 2022; Losana et al., 2024). Brachiaria species (Poaceae) stood out for its potential for weed suppression (Timossi et al., 2007), as it inhibits weed germination and emergence through physical and chemical effects (Martinelli et al., 2018), and also, this species is easily found in tropical climate regions. We highlight that some species used as mulch may be more effective in some weed suppression. Urochloa ruziziensis showed to be effective against species like Bidens pilosa (Oliveira et al., 2014), Digitaria insularis and Ipomoea grandifolia (Menezes et al., 2021), being an alternative weed management method.
Choosing adapted and more competitive genotypes is another important factor to complement integrated weed management (Colquhoun et al., 2017). For cauliflower crop, the not-adapted cultivars to the cultivation region negatively impacted the weed control (Hirata et al., 2019).
We highlight that the use of forage species present in areas close to the commercial cultivation make the use of the straw of these plants as mulch less expensive and easy to implement.
The aim of this study was to evaluate tropical forage brachiaria (U. decumbens) as mulch in weed management and productivity performance of cabbage hybrids.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out from April to July, 2014, under field conditions, at Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA Regional), in Presidente Prudente-SP, Brazil (22°07′21″S, 51°23′17W″, 460 m altitude). The region climate is classified as Aw, according to Köppen, tropical rainy, with dry winter. The following meteorological data were collected during cultivation (Table 1).
The soil in the experimental area is classified as Arenic Hapludult (Santos et al., 2018). The textural class is sandy loam, 833 g/kg total sand,103 g/kg silt and 64 g/kg clay. The soil chemical analysis, in the experimental area, showed the following characteristics in the arable layer, 0-0.20 m: pH = 5.4 (CaCl2); organic matter = 16 g/dm3, V = 80%, Ca = 58 mmolc/dm3, Mg = 7.0 mmolc/dm3, H+Al =18 mmolc/dm3, Presin = 20 mg/dm3; K = 5.3 mg/dm3, Zn = 3.3 mg/dm3, Fe = 30.0 mg/dm3, Mn = 15.7 mg/dm3, Cu = 0.8 mg/dm3 and B = 0.13 mg/dm3.
The authors evaluated two managements, with and without brachiaria straw (8.5 t/ha), and the cabbage hybrids Astrus plus, Fênix and Fuyutoyo. The experiment was arranged in split-plots, being the managements arranged in plots and the hybrids in split-plots. The experimental design used was randomized block, with four replicates. The experimental units showed 7.2 m2 with 36 plants.
The seedlings were sown in 288-cell polystyrene trays containing commercial substrate for vegetables (roasted rice husk, expanded perlite, expanded vermiculite and sphagnum moss peat). The trays were maintained on benches in a protected environment, for 32 days after emergence. Then, the seedlings were taken to the field.
The soil in the experimental area was plowed (disc plow) once and harrowed (leveling disc harrow) twice. Plants were transplanted in pits, spaced 0.4 m between plants and 0.5 m between lines (50,000 plants/ha). The experimental unit consisted of four lines and nine plants each. The useful area was composed by two lines in the center containing 14 central plants. The brachiaria straw was collected in an area adjacent to the trial, using a tractor-mounted mower, and distributed evenly in the plots on the day after transplanting, in an amount of 8.5 t/ha, considering the straw dry mass.
Fertilization was performed according to the soil analysis with the recommendation of Trani et al. (1997). We used formula 4-14-8 (NPK) for planting. Top dressing fertilization was done on the straw or soil (according to the treatment), at 20, 30, 45 and 55 days after transplanting, using ammonium sulfate and potassium chloride as sources, and the leaves were sprayed with boric acid and sodium molybdate. For irrigation, conventional sprinkler irrigation system was used, 100% wetting area, according to the crop needs. Registered products for the crop were used to control the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella).
Weed infestation in the experimental area was sampled before hoeing [21 days after transplanting (DAT)] and when the plants were harvested, weeds were sampled using a 0.3×0.3 m sampling frame, which was randomly placed in each experimental unit twice. The weeds were counted, identified, being determined according to their density per area and dry mass in an oven at 65ºC until reaching constant mass. After sampling (21 DAT) all the treatments were hoed, and the weeds were not taken until harvest.
At 40 days after transplanting, the plant span (distance between the apices of the outermost opposite leaves between lines) and plant height were evaluated, both measured using eight plants of the useful area per experimental unit.
Harvest was carried out considering head firmness (commercial harvest time), starting at 85 days after transplanting. During harvest, after having the head cut vertically, we evaluated head fresh mass, productivity, ratio between vertical diameter and horizontal diameter (shape index) and ratio between vertical length of the heart and vertical diameter of the head (heart index).
Data were submitted to the variance analysis (ANOVA), using statistical software Assistat (Silva, 2008). When studied data were significant, the averages of each treatment were compared by Tukey test (p<0.05).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Weed control
No interaction was noticed between the straw managements and the cabbage hybrids for density and dry mass of the weeds evaluated before hoeing (Figure 1). The hybrids also did not differ among each other in relation to cultural weed control, considering that all of them showed broad adaptation to the climate conditions where the trial was carried out. However, Hirata et al. (2019) verified different situation for some cauliflower cultivars, which did not adapt to the weather condition in the planting area, reducing the crop establishment and, therefore, the cultural control, resulting in high weed emergence after hoeing.
The straw mulch had significantly suppressed weed infestation. The authors verified total weed density of 452.8 plants/m2 in the no-straw management before hoeing, whereas in the straw management, the authors observed density of 8.3 plants/m2, meaning 99.4% suppression (practically the entire weed community). These results corroborate those found by Sinkevičienė et al. (2009) and Zaniewicz-Bajkowska et al. (2009), using wheat and rye straw in cabbage cultivation, respectively. Thus, brachiaria straw is one of the options for mulch for weed management in cabbage crop.
On the other hand, Döring et al. (2005) verified no consistent effect of straw mulch on density and mass of weeds; the authors believed that this result is due to relatively low amounts of straw applied (2.5 and 5.0 t/ha). The amount of straw used as mulch is an important factor for weed control. The amount of 8.5 t/ha of U. decumbens used in this study was appropriate to suppress weed community. We highlight that high amounts of straw can also negatively affect the establishment and productive performance of the crop (Hirata et al., 2014).
In addition to the physical effect, possible chemical effects resulting from allelochemicals released by straw may contribute to reducing weed emergence (Oliveira et al., 2014; Ranaivoson et al., 2018).
In relation to the species in the experimental area, the highest densities were verified in the no-straw management for Cyperus difformis (177.8 plants/m2), Eleusine indica (97.2 plants/m2), Commelina benghalensis (80.6 plants/m2), Cenchrus echinatus (72.2 plants/m2), Portulaca oleracea (69.4 plants/m2) and Amaranthus sp. (41.7 plants/m2); on the other hand, in the straw management, we noticed that these species were nearly 100% controlled (Table 2).
The initial weed community (21 DAT), considering the average of no-mulch treatments, was 32.5% Poaceae, 26.0% Dicotyledons, 25.5% Cyperus difformis and 15.5% Commelina benghalensis, therefore Monocotyledons stood out in the area.
During harvest, the authors noticed sharp reduction in weed density which emerged after hoeing in all treatments, and no difference between managements, with or without straw, and among the hybrids was noticed (Figure 2). We also noticed a reduction in the number of species. Gnaphalium spicatum, typical autumn-winter plant, was the most important species at this time (Table 2).
Density (A and B) and dry mass (C and D) of the weeds, in the cultivation of the three cabbage hybrids, associated or not with forage grass brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens), evaluated at 21 days after transplanting. Averages followed by the same letter did not differ statistically from each other by Tukey test (p<0.05). Presidente Prudente, APTA Regional, 2014.
Weed species in cultivation of cabbage hybrids, associated or not with brachiaria straw mulch (Urochloa decumbens), evaluated 21 days after transplanting and during harvest. Presidente Prudente, APTA Regional, 2014.
Density (A and B) and dry mass (C and D) of the weeds, in the cultivation of the three cabbage hybrids, associated or not with forage grass brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens), evaluated during harvest. Averages followed by the same letter did not differ statistically from each other by Tukey test (p<0.05). Presidente Prudente, APTA Regional, 2014.
The straw at the end of cultivation was 2.9 t/ha, it means that a reduction by approximately 66% in comparison to the initial amount of straw placed in the area was verified. Oliveira et al. (2014) reported that even an increase in weed density in situations with low mulch amount can be noticed, which can be associated with the greater contact of the seeds with soil, provided by both the straw and the preservation of higher soil moisture.
Similar values for weed density, in harvest, among hybrids and for managements, with or without straw, can also be explained by the hybrid span (Table 3). Considering that spacing between cultivation lines was 0.50 m and the span of cabbage plant values were approximately 0.49 m, at 40 DAT; spacing between lines were perfectly shaded by the leaves of the cabbage plants, which reduced the presence of light for the emergence of weed community after hoeing. Mondo et al. (2010) verified that for Digitaria horizontalis the lack of light negatively affected the seed germination, showing the importance of light for the germination of these seeds, indicating positive photoblastic.
Productivity and plant traits
The authors observed no interaction between mulch managements and among cabbage hybrids for the evaluated traits of the crop (Table 3). No isolated effect of the mulch was noticed either. On the other hand, the hybrids differed in relation to head mass and heart and shape indexes.
Although Uwituze et al. (2017) reported that the presence of straw as mulch can favor higher cabbage plant height, in the present study, the authors noticed no difference considering the height and the span of the plant, 40 days after transplanting, among the studied hybrids and between the straw managements. These characteristics are related to the ability of plants to provide shade between the lines of the crops and consequently favor the weed control, which is called crop control.
We noticed no significant difference between straw managements and the evaluated hybrids in relation to productivity, which was high, average of 105.1 t/ha, compared with some results found in literature, with values of 30 t/ha (Silva et al., 2012), 59 t/ha (Silva et al., 2020) and 141 t/ha (Reis et al., 2017). These values can be related to differences in spacing, cultivar, time, local and management of cultivation used. According to Cruz et al. (2024), the South and Southeast Regions are the largest cabbage producers in Brazil, showing an average productivity of 40 t/ha.
Despite the benefits that the presence of mulch can bring regarding the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soil, associated with weed control, the experiment was carried out during autumn/winter, a favorable season for the crop, which may justify the similar productivity in treatments with and without straw. Escobosa-García et al. (2022) reported that the use of wheat straw mulch did not show any gains in cabbage productivity either; this was attributed to lower soil temperatures compared to bare soil. According to Kosterna (2014), straw mulch may or may not favor the crop, depending on weather conditions during cultivation.
We highlight that the type of mulch to be used can also interfere with productivity of cabbage crop. Bhandari & Bhandari (2021) verified that, for broccoli crop, chopped corn stalk mulch did not interfere with productivity; on the other hand, leaves and chopped stems of Ageratina adenophora did. Torres et al. (2015) verified that no effect on the productivity of cabbage grown on desiccated Crotalaria juncea or Pennisetum glaucum could be noticed; however, an increase in productivity after the cultivation on desiccated U. brizantha was verified.
Nevertheless, according to Hefner et al. (2020), a reduction in cabbage productivity in the presence of vegetation cover on soil is frequent, due to a reduction in nitrogen availability. Considering that no productivity reduction was noticed in this study, we can conclude that the conditions related to nitrogen fertilization was appropriate for the crop development.
For head mass, no difference between managements, with or without straw, was noticed. Torres et al. (2015) and Uwituze et al. (2017) reported interference of straw mulch with cabbage head mass. Uwituze et al. (2017) reported greater head masses when wheat straw was added to planting soil. These authors justified the result by the weed suppression, moisture conservation and greater nutrient availability in soil.
Comparing the hybrids, Fuyutoyo showed the greatest head mass; Astrus plus and Fênix did not show any difference for this trait. Torres et al. (2015) verified average mass of 2.1 kg (after fallow) and 2.8 kg (after U. brizantha desiccated) for the hybrid Astrus plus, in a greater spacing (0.8 x 0.4 m) than the one adopted in this study (0.4 x 0.5 m), though.
The relationship between the vertical length of the heart and the vertical diameter of the head, as well as the cabbage shape index, did not differ between the two straw managements (Table 3). Variable results can be found in literature in relation to the effect of straw on plant biometrics. For broccoli, Kosterna (2014) reported an increase in productivity due to mulch application; Bhandari & Bhandari (2021) noticed no increase in productivity with the use of mulch, though. For cabbage, the use of wheat straw resulted in a larger head diameter (Uwituze et al., 2017).
Comparing the hybrids, the authors noticed that behavior varied when it comes to these traits, as also verified by Silva et al. (2020), comparing six materials, which suggests that these distinct traits are more related to the cultivar. For the index related to heart size, difference among materials was noticed. The hybrid Fênix was superior, being a lower value verified for Fuyutoyo. In relation to this trait, the closer to 1, the larger the heart, therefore smaller values of this ratio are desirable.
In relation to head shape index, the authors verified a difference among the hybrids. The hybrid Fuyutoyo showed the greatest value, followed by Fênix and Astrus plus. The closer this relationship is to 1, the more rounded the head shape will be. The values found are within the range to be considered commercial (CEAGESP, 2014).
In short, the use of mulch did not interfere with neither cabbage crop productivity nor with size or shape. Some differences were noticed in relation to the hybrid traits, which showed wide adaptability to weather conditions in the cultivation region.
Mulching represents an alternative for small organic vegetable producers (Genger et al., 2018), considering that sustainable weed management options are scarce. Besides controlling the weed community, mulching also promotes soil protection against erosion.
Thus, the authors concluded that brachiaria straw used as mulch is an affordable and highly effective tool for managing weeds in cabbage crops, with potential to completely avoid herbicide use, without interfering with the productivity performance of the cabbage hybrids Fuyutoyo, Astrus plus and Fênix.
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