Brasil
Acta Botanica Brasilica
Sumário Anterior Atual Seguinte
Sumário
Original Article • Acta Bot. Bras. 38 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1677-941X-ABB-2023-0192 linkcopy

Open-access Invasive alien ornamental plants in Brazil: impact, origin, preferred habitats and projections

AuthorshipSCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Ornamental horticulture is recognized as an important pathway for introducing alien plants into new habitats. Ornamental plants have been escaping from cultivated environments for centuries, and human actions are regarded as critical factors in the invasion process as they facilitate the spread of species beyond their native habitats. Understanding the diversity of invasive alien ornamental plants is essential for interpreting current trends, measuring and predicting impacts on biodiversity and economy, and guiding biosecurity programs. This paper presents a list of invasive alien ornamental plants in Brazil, addresses the Brazilian situation regarding invasive alien ornamental plants, and discusses issues related to preferred invasion habitats, origin, ecology, and management of the species. Surveys in national databases and queries to global databases were conducted to determine the invasive alien ornamental plants in Brazil. The list includes 125 ornamental plant species (53 botanical families, 40 trees, 30 shrubs, and 29 herbaceous plants). Species of Asian origin predominate. Degraded areas and forest formations are the preferred invasion habitats. The list will serve as a basis for legislation on the introduction of alien plants, biosafety programs in Brazil and neighboring nations, and will contribute to public involvement on the issue of invasive species.

Keywords:
Biodiversity; Biological invasions; Biosecurity programs; Exotic Plants; Ornamental horticulture.

Introduction

As the world is becoming more urbanized, plants that are inserted in urban environments become increasingly important, mainly for improving the environmental and aesthetic quality of these sites (Kendal et al., 2012; Wilson et al., 2016). Urban vegetation provides a range of benefits, including climate regulation, real estate valuation, and conservation of urban structures (Wilson et al., 2016; Ciftcioglu et al., 2019). Additionally, they positively contribute to human well-being by providing public areas for leisure, recreation, physical activities, and direct contact with nature (Kim & Miller, 2019; Reyes-Riveros et al., 2021). It also plays a crucial role in the water, energy, and food security of the population (Castillo & Crisman, 2019).

Although several urban habitats have large areas of native vegetation, such as parks and riparian forests, a significant proportion of the vegetation that makes up these environments are alien plant species cultivated by people, usually for ornamental purposes (Kendal et al. 2012). Urban habitats are well documented as hotspots for the establishment and propagation of alien plant species due to high colonization and propagation pressures resulting from trade, traffic, frequent and intense disturbances, and especially by horticulture (Pyšek et al., 2020).

People's interest in ornamental plants has contributed to the emergence of the market chain called ornamental horticulture, which is defined as the professional and commercial activity of production, trade, and distribution of flowers and plants cultivated for ornamental purposes (Junqueira & Peetz, 2017). Ornamental plants have escaped from gardens for centuries, and ornamental horticulture remains a major driver of alien plant invasions (Pyšek et al., 2020).

Biological invasion is one of the leading indicators of global biodiversity decline and its impacts are expanding (Bellard et al., 2016; Pyšek et al., 2020). The Invasive Species Specialist Group - supported by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, has pointed out that virtually every ecosystem in the world has invasive alien species (Sampaio and Schmidt, 2013). Anthropic action is a factor that influences the biological invasion process, especially of ornamental species, because it acts as a facilitator for the spread of species beyond their native areas (Pyšek & Richardson, 2006).

Identifying alien species that represent a high risk of causing damage plays a key role in national biosecurity programs (Pyšek et al., 2020). Lists of the most invasive alien species have been developed to raise awareness among the general public, politicians, and stakeholders. (García-de-Lomas & Vilà, 2015; Osunkoya et al., 2019). These lists of invasive alien species support regulations and actions that prevent the introduction of harmful alien species into new environments or regulate the use of known invaders that are already present in the area.

To interpret the current trends and predict the likely future impacts of one of the main pathways of invasive plant introduction in Brazil, a better understanding of the number and diversity of cultivated invasive alien plants is needed (Fenouillas et al., 2021). This article presents an updated picture of the Brazilian situation regarding invasive alien ornamental plants. The main result is an objective list that will serve as a guide in the management of ornamental plant invasions in Brazil and neighboring countries. We use this as a basis to discuss several issues related to preferred invasion habitats, native territory, overview of invasion by ornamental plants, and ecology of the species.

Methods

The identification of invasive alien ornamental plants in Brazil relied on the data available in the National Database of Invasive Exotic Species, coordinated by the Horus Institute for Development and Environmental Conservation (2019). The database presents 462 invasive alien species in Brazil, with 256 species of animals, 201 of plants, 4 from the Protist Kingdom, and one species from the Monera Kingdom, and provides information such as taxonomy, area of natural distribution, biological forms, reproduction, dispersal and economic use, invasion characteristics: dispersal vectors, dispersal routes, invasion preferred habitats and impacts, management characteristics and record of invasion occurrence. All invasion records by alien plants, available in the database, were assessed to create the list of invasive alien ornamental plants in Brazil. The aim was not to establish a hierarchical classification of the worst ornamental invasive plants in the country, but rather a careful selection of the most impactful ones. This approach was adopted due to the challenge of creating an objective and quantitative classification that determines one species as more invasive than another (Luque et al., 2014). The database records undergo a validation process.

The determination of invasive alien plant species that have ornamental character was based on the following steps: 1) selection of species classified as ornamental by the National Database of Invasive Alien Species; and 2) selection of only those species used for ornamental purposes. The definition of species used for ornamental purposes was based on Lorenzi (2015) and Lorenzi et al. (2018). Thus, species traditionally used for wood, fruit, and forage production were excluded from the selection.

The produced list includes only ornamental plants with confirmed invasion in Brazil. Species that are native to a specific region of Brazil but have been introduced and become invasive in other regions of the country were also included on the list. Additionally, information about the continent of origin and the voucher of each species, as well as the part of the plant with ornamental characteristics, were provided.

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility Database (2019) was used to confirm the occurrence of invasion in Brazil. Flora e Funga do Brasil (2020) was used to check and update the scientific name and confirm the origin of the species. Both databases mentioned above were accessed to obtain the vouchers for each species. The invasion risk analysis prepared by the Horus Institute for Environmental Development and Conservation (2019) was used to confirm the magnitude of the invasion.

Results

Among the 201 recorded species of alien invasive plants, a total of 125 are part of the list of invasive alien ornamental plants in Brazil. The distribution in families, the popular names, and the preferred invasion habitats are summarized in Tab. 1.

Thumbnail
Table 1.
List of invasive alien ornamental plants in Brazil, organized according to species family.

In total, 53 botanical families were identified. The tree was the most representative biological form (40 species), followed by shrubs (30 species), and herbs (29 species), while grasses, aquatic plants, ferns and lycophytes, and succulents are collectively represented by 26 species. Fabaceae was the family with the largest number of species (13 species), followed by Rosaceae (seven species), Araceae (five species), Arecaceae (five species), and Poaceae (five species). For the trees, the Fabaceae were the most representative (10 species). This family makes up 25% of the trees present in the list. For the shrubs, the Rosaceae (five species), Poaceae (three species), and Araliaceae (three species) stand out. A similar result was found by Richardson & Rejmánek (2011), where the most representative family was the Fabaceae for invasive trees and Rosaceae for invasive shrubs.

The results indicate that invasive ornamental plants originate most predominantly in Asia, with 55 species, followed by those from Africa (29), and Central America and the Caribbean (18). Oceania and South America had the same number of species (seven). On the other hand, Europe and North America were identified as the regions of natural occurrence with the lowest number of invasive species (four).

Some native species from Brazilian ecoregions, such as Cortadeira selloana, Hura crepitans, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Pachira aquatica, Schizolobium parahyba, Senna macranthera, and Tradescantia fluminensis demonstrate invasive potential in other regions of the country (Tab. 2).

Thumbnail
Table 2.
Brazilian ecoregions invaded by native species .

The preferred invasion habitats of the listed alien ornamental plants are shown in Tab. 3. Degraded areas were the most invaded type of habitat (72 species), followed by forest formations (70 species). The most invaded habitat by trees is forest formations (Binggeli, 1996), 70% of the ornamental trees indicated in Tab. 1 have forest formations as one of their preferred invasion habitats. Degraded areas are the preferred invasion habitat for 66.67% of the shrubs and 68.97% of the herbaceous.

Thumbnail
Table 3.
Preferred habitats of invasive alien ornamental plants.

Discussion

Trees and shrubs were the most representative biological forms among the invasive ornamental species on the list, and a similar result was found by Romais et al. (2005). In many regions of the world, these biological forms now feature prominently on the list of invasive alien plants, and in some areas, alien tree and shrub species are now among the most notable, damaging, and in some cases best-studied invasives (Richardson and Rejmánek, 2011). Bigger invasive plants, such as trees and shrubs, produce strong impacts on native vegetation due to the change in dominance relations in the invaded communities (Ziller, 2006). In Brazil, an exemplary case is the savannas and grasslands (a community predominantly composed of herbaceous and shrub species) invaded by Pinus taeda and Pinus elliotii (woody trees) (Ziller, 2006).

An important feature of the list is the representation of many families known to have a large proportion of invasive species in other regions of the globe, such as the Fabaceae, Rosaceae, and Poaceae (Binggeli, 1996; Richardson & Rejmánek, 2011; Pyšek et al., 2017; Nentwig et al., 2018; Li et al., 2021). Comparison with other invasive plant lists reveals that our selection identifies several alien species considered problematic by experts (Lowe et al., 2000; Richardson & Rejmánek, 2011; Nentwig et al., 2018; Urziceanu et al., 2020; Arianoutsou et al., 2023; Wilson & Deng, 2023). Five species from this list (Arundo donax, Hedychium gardnerianum, Leucaena leucocephala, Spathodea campanulata, and Ulex europaeus) make up the list of the 100 worst invasive species in the world (Lowe et al., 2000). Robinia pseudoacacia and Cortaderia selloana are on More than “100 worst” alien species in Europe (Nentwig et al., 2018). Forty-seven species also make up the global list of invasive alien trees and shrubs (Richardson & Rejmánek, 2011). Prosopis juliflora is on the list of invasive alien species targeted for action under EU legislation (see go.nature.com/gigftz).

The prevalence of invasion by Asian-origin ornamental plants in Brazil might be associated with the global market for ornamental plants, where China and India are the main exporting countries (Brainer, 2019). Roques et al. (2019) identified that the ornamental plant trade is responsible for the increase of alien plants of Asian origin in Europe and that most of the alien plants found in China originate from other Asian countries, such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Several invasive ornamental plants originate from more than one continent, for example, Ammi majus which is a plant native to northeast Africa and western Asia.

Most alien plant invasions occur in highly disturbed environments, mainly by anthropogenic actions (Binggeli, 1996). It is exceptional cases that alien species manage to invade lightly disturbed areas (Kornaś, 1990). Thus, in environments where anthropic intervention is lower, the disturbances to the environment tend to be smaller, which makes invasion by alien species more difficult.

The use of plants in ornamental horticulture is a very effective route of dissemination, as ornamental plants are cultivated, nurtured, and often selected for attributes that are closely associated with invasiveness, such as rapid and abundant germination, rapid establishment, high reproductive capacity, wide climatic tolerance, and high resource allocation to flowers (Dehnen-Schmutz et al., 2007; Richardson & Rejmánek, 2011; Guido et al., 2017). The availability of plant species through wholesalers and retailers largely determines the alien species that are cultivated in urban areas, of which some of these alien species can escape into the wild and become invasive (van Kleunen et al., 2018).

This study presents the first list of invasive alien ornamental plants in Brazil. This compilation refines the national database of invasive species and signifies a significant advancement in available tools to guide regulatory policies and programs for monitoring, control, and eradication of these plants. Moreover, it directs data collection for scientific research on the biology and distribution of these species, establishing itself as an essential guide for professionals involved in selecting plants for urban projects, landscaping, and degraded area restoration (Reaser et al., 2020).

The release of this list is essential to promote the recognition, prevention, and replacement of invasive species with non-invasive alternatives. This measure will encourage professionals, gardeners, enthusiasts, and the general population to act consciously and responsibly when selecting ornamental plants.

Current climate changes are triggering significant impacts that favor the invasion of alien species worldwide. Changes in climate patterns can disrupt native plants, thereby reducing their ability to resist the arrival and spread of alien species (van Kleunen et al., 2018). The occurrence of extreme climate events in urban areas contributes to increased land degradation, which can also intensify invasions by alien ornamental plants in these environments, as degraded areas are preferred habitats for invasions. (Clarke & Rendell, 2007; Conde-Álvarez & Saldaña-Zorrilla, 2007; Santos et al., 2010).

In this context, understanding the number and diversity of invasive ornamental plants in Brazil may become even more important in the coming decades. Changes in global and regional economies and cross-cutting issues, such as climate change, and the introduction of new ornamental plant species are rapidly altering the pathways for the introduction and spread of ornamental plants worldwide (Richardson & Rejmánek, 2011; van Kleunen et al., 2018). There are many priorities for future research to improve our understanding of the ecology of ornamental plant invasions and our ability to manage them.

Biological invasions are controlled by factors that fluctuate and change in time and space, being a dynamic process (Catford et al., 2009). The regular review and update of invasive species lists are essential to prevent the omission of problematic species due to insufficient data. This ongoing update contributes to the effective and comprehensive management of invasive species, enabling the implementation of more precise strategies adaptable to the dynamics of this complex phenomenon.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the promotion of research and the Department of Forest Engineering of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa. The first author is funded by doctoral scholarship CNPq nº 140957/2021-9.

References

  • Arianoutsou M, Adamopoulou C, Andriopoulos P, Bazos I, Christopoulou A, Galanidis A et al 2023. HELLAS-ALIENS. The invasive alien species of Greece: Time trends, origin and pathways. NeoBiota 86: 45-79. doi: 10.3897/neobiota.86.101778.
    » https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.86.101778
  • Bellard C, Cassey P, Blackburn TM. 2016. Alien species as a driver of recent extinctions. Biology Letters 12: 20150623. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0623.
    » https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0623
  • Binggeli P. 1996. A taxonomic, biogeographical and ecological overview of invasive woody plants. Journal of vegetation Science 7: 121-124. doi: 10.2307/3236424.
    » https://doi.org/10.2307/3236424
  • Brainer MSCP. 2019. Flores e plantas ornamentais. Caderno Setorial ETENE 4: 1-16.
  • Castillo RM, Crisman TL. 2019. The Role of Green Infrastructure in Water, Energy and Food Security in Latin America and the Caribbean: Experiences, Opportunities and Challenges. Washington, IDB Water and Sanitation Division, Inter-American Development Bank.
  • Catford JA, Jansson R, Nilsson C. 2009. Reducing redundancy in invasion ecology by integrating hypotheses into a single theoretical framework. Diversity and distributions 15: 22-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00521.x.
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00521.x
  • Ciftcioglu GC, Ebedi S, Abak K. 2019. Evaluation of the relationship between ornamental plants-based ecosystem services and human wellbeing: A case study from Lefke Region of North Cyprus. Ecological Indicators 102: 278-288. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.02.048
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.02.048
  • Clarke ML, Rendell HM. 2007. Climate, Extreme Events and Land Degradation. In: Sivakumar, MVK, Ndiang’ui N (eds.). Climate and Land Degradation. Environmental Science and Engineering. Berlin, Springer. p. 137-152. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-72438-4_7
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72438-4_7
  • Conde-Álvarez C, Saldaña-Zorrilla S. 2007. Cambio climático en América Latina y el Caribe: Impactos, vulnerabilidad y adaptación. Ambiente y desarrollo 23: 23-30.
  • Dehnen-Schmutz K, Touza J, Perrings C, Williamson M. 2007. A century of the ornamental plant trade and its impact on invasion success. Diversity and Distributions 13: 527-534. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00359.x.
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00359.x
  • Fenouillas P, Peng CA, Amy E, Bracco I, Dafreville S, Gosset M et al 2021. Quantifying invasion degree by alien plants species in Reunion Island. Austral Ecology 46: 1025-1037. doi: 10.1111/aec.13048
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.13048
  • Flora e Funga do Brasil. 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ . 18 Fev. 2020.
    » http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/
  • García-de-Lomas J, Vilà M. 2015. Lists of harmful alien organisms: Are the national regulations adapted to the global world? Biological Invasions 17: 3081-3091. doi: 10.1007/s10530-015-0939-7.
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-0939-7
  • Global Biodiversity Information Facility Database. 2019. Occurrences dataset. https://www.gbif.org/ 10 Aug. 2019.
    » https://www.gbif.org/
  • Guido AC, Hoss D, Pillar VD. 2017. Exploring seed to seed effects for understanding invasive species success. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 15: 234-238. doi: 10.1016/j.pecon.2017.07.006.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.07.006
  • Horus Institute for Development and Environmental Conservation. 2019. Base de Dados Nacional de Espécies Exóticas Invasoras. http://bd.institutohorus.org.br 23 June 2019.
    » http://bd.institutohorus.org.br
  • Junqueira AH, Peetz M. 2017. Brazilian consumption of flowers and ornamental plants: Habits, practices and trends. Ornamental Horticulture 23: 178-184. doi: 10.14295/oh.v23i2.1070.
    » https://doi.org/10.14295/oh.v23i2.1070
  • Kendal D, Williams NSG, Williams KJH. 2012. A cultivated environment: Exploring the global distribution of plants in gardens, parks and streetscapes. Urban Ecosystems 15: 637-652. doi: 10.1007/s11252-011-0215-2.
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0215-2
  • Kim G, Miller PA. 2019. The impact of green infrastructure on human health and well-being: The example of the Huckleberry Trail and the Heritage Community Park and Natural Area in Blacksburg, Virginia. Sustainable Cities and Society 48: 101562. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101562.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101562
  • Kornaś J. 1990. Plant invasions in Central Europe: Historical and ecological aspects. In: Di Castri F, Hansen AJ, Debussche M (eds.). Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Dordrecht, Springer. p. 19-36. doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-1876-4_2
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1876-4_2
  • Li FL, Zhong L, Wen W, Tian TT, Li HC, Cheung SG et al 2021. Do distribution and expansion of exotic invasive Asteraceae plants relate to leaf construction cost in a man-made wetland? Marine Pollution Bulletin 163: 111958. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111958
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111958
  • Lorenzi H, Bacher LB, Torres MAV. 2018. Árvores e arvoretas exóticas no Brasil: Madeireiras, ornamentais e aromáticas. Nova Odessa, Instituto Plantarum de Estudo da Flora.
  • Lorenzi H. 2015. Plantas para jardim no Brasil: herbáceas, arbustivas e trepadeiras. Nova Odessa, Instituto Plantarum de Estudo da Flora .
  • Lowe S, Browne M, Boudjelas S, Poorter M. 2000. 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species: A selection from the global invasive species database. Auckland, Invasive Species Specialist Group.
  • Luque GM, Bellard C, Bertelsmeier C, Bonnaud E, Genovesi P, Simberloff D et al 2014. The 100th of the world’s worst invasive alien species. Biological Invasions 16: 981-985. doi: 10.1007/s10530-013-0561-5.
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0561-5
  • Nentwig W, Bacher S, Kumschick S, Pyšek P, Vilà M. 2018. More than “100 worst” alien species in Europe. Biological Invasions 20: 1611-1621. doi: 10.1007/s10530-017-1651-6.
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1651-6
  • Osunkoya OO, Froese JG, Nicol S, Perrett C, Moore K, Callander J et al 2019. A risk‐based inventory of invasive plant species of Queensland, Australia: Regional, ecological and floristic insights. Austral Ecology 44: 1123-1138. doi: 10.1111/aec.12776.
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12776
  • Pyšek P, Hulme PE, Simberloff D, Bacher S, Blackburn TM, Carlton JT et al 2020. Scientists' warning on invasive alien species. Biological Reviews 95: 1511-1534. doi: 10.1111/brv.12627.
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12627
  • Pyšek P, Pergl J, Essl F, Lenzner B, Dawson W, Kreft H et al 2017. Naturalized alien flora of the world: Species diversity, taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns, geographic distribution and global hotspots of plant invasion. Preslia 89: 203-274. doi: 10.23855/preslia.2017.203
    » https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203
  • Pyšek P, Richardson DM. 2006. The biogeography of naturalization in alien plants. Journal of Biogeography 33: 2040-2050. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01578.x.
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01578.x
  • Reaser JK, Frey M, Meyers NM. 2020. Invasive species watch lists: Guidance for development, communication, and application. Biological Invasions 22: 47-51. doi: 10.1007/s10530-019-02176-6.
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02176-6
  • Reyes-Riveros R, Altamirano A, De La Barrera F, Rozas-Vásquez D, Vieli L, Meli P. 2021. Linking public urban green spaces and human well-being: A systematic review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 61: 127105. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127105.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127105
  • Richardson DM, Rejmánek M. 2011. Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species-a global review. Diversity and Distributions 17: 788-809. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00782.x.
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00782.x
  • Romais DK, Graf Neto J, Zenni RD, Ribeiro RC, Ziller SR. 2005. Resultados preliminares do informe nacional de espécies exóticas invasoras. https://docplayer.com.br/14920573-Resultados-preliminares-do-informe-nacional-de-especies-exoticas-invasoras.html 19 May 2020.
    » https://docplayer.com.br/14920573-Resultados-preliminares-do-informe-nacional-de-especies-exoticas-invasoras.html
  • Roques A, Shi J, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Ren L, Augustin S, Luo YQ. 2019. Are invasive patterns of non-native insects related to woody plants differing between Europe and China? Frontiers in Forests and Glob Change 2: 91. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2019.00091.
    » https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00091
  • Sampaio AB, Schmidt IB. 2013. Espécies exóticas invasoras em unidades de conservação federais do Brasil. Biodiversidade Brasileira 3: 32-49. doi: 10.37002/biobrasil.v%25vi%25i.351.
    » https://doi.org/10.37002/biobrasil.v%25vi%25i.351
  • Santos AR, Rocha CFD, Bergallo HG. 2010. Native and exotic species in the urban landscape of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Density, richness, and arboreal deficit. Urban Ecosystems 13: 209-222. doi: 10.1007/s11252-009-0113-z.
    » https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-009-0113-z
  • Urziceanu M, Camen-Comănescu P, Nagodă E, Raicu M, Sîrbu IM, Anastasiu P. 2020. Updated list of non-native ornamental plants in Romania. Contributii Botanice 55: 59-82. doi: 10.24193/Contrib.Bot.55.4.
    » https://doi.org/10.24193/Contrib.Bot.55.4
  • Van Kleunen M, Essl F, Pergl J, Brundu G, Carboni M, Dullinger S, et al 2018. The changing role of ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions. Biological Reviews 93: 1421-1437. doi: 10.1111/brv.12402.
    » https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12402
  • Wilson A, Kendal D, Moore JL. 2016. Humans and ornamental plants: A mutualism? Ecopsychology 8: 257-263. doi: 10.1089/eco.2015.0077.
    » https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2015.0077
  • Wilson SB, Deng Z. 2023. Ornamental invasive plants in Florida with research-founded alternatives. HortTechnology 33: 349-356. doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH05205-23 .
    » https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH05205-23
  • Ziller SR. 2006. Espécies exóticas da flora invasoras em Unidades de Conservação, In: Campos JB, Tossulino MDGP, Müller CRC (eds.). Unidades de Conservação: ações para valorização da biodiversidade. Curitiba, Instituto Ambiental do Paraná. p. 34-52.

Edited by

  • Editor-in-Chief:
    Thaís Elias Almeida;
  • Associate Editor:
    Nádia Roque

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    22 Nov 2024
  • Date of issue
    2024

History

  • Received
    01 Aug 2023
  • Accepted
    03 July 2024
Creative Common - by 4.0
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
location_on
Sociedade Botânica do Brasil SCLN 307 - Bloco B - Sala 218 - Ed. Constrol Center Asa Norte CEP: 70746-520 Brasília/DF. - Alta Floresta - MT - Brazil
E-mail: acta@botanica.org.br
rss_feed Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS
Reportar erro