Nutrient export in sour passion fruit cultivars irrigated with saline water and cattle manure biofertilizerABSTRACT
Nutrient export analysis is a reliable parameter to help sour passion fruit producers in the recommendation of fertilization and replacement nutrients to plants. Among the factors that can reduce export of nutrients to the fruits of sour passion fruit, the low-quality genetic material, inadequate supply of nutrients to the plants, and irrigation with saline water are the most limiting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the liquid cattle manure biofertilizer in the soil on the export of nutrients by the harvest of fruits of sour passion fruit cultivars irrigated with moderately saline water. The experiment was conducted in Nova Floresta, Paraíba, Brazil, in a randomized block design and in a 3 × 5 factorial scheme, with three replicates and three plants per plot, referring to three cultivars (‘Guinezinho’, ‘BRS SC1’, and ‘BRS GA1’) and five concentrations of biofertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%), applied monthly in a constant volume of 5 L per plant with water of 1.2 dS m-1. Liquid cattle manure biofertilizer should be applied at concentration of 40%, as it promotes an increase in the export of phosphorus, potassium, and copper to the fruits. ‘Guinezinho’ and ‘BRS GA1’ were the sour passion fruit cultivars that showed the highest export of nutrients by fruits. Nitrogen and copper were, respectively, the most and least exported elements to fruits of sour passion fruit, in the following order of export: [N > K > Ca > Mg > P] > [Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu].
Key words:
Passiflora edulis Sims; genetic material; organic input; nutritional status; mineral composition of fruits
HIGHLIGHTS:
Bovine biofertilizer at a concentration of 40% increases the export of P, K, and Cu to the fruits of sour passion fruit.
The export of nutrients from leaves to the fruits was greater in the sour passion fruit cultivars ‘Guinezinho’ and ‘BRS GA1’.
Nitrogen and iron were the macro and micronutrients, respectively, most exported from leaves to fruits of sour passion fruit.
RESUMO
A análise de exportação de nutrientes é importante para auxiliar os produtores de maracujazeiro-azedo na recomendação da fertilização e na reposição de nutrientes às plantas. Dentre os fatores que podem reduzir a exportação de nutrientes para os frutos do maracujazeiro-azedo nesta região, o material genético de baixa qualidade, o fornecimento inadequado de nutrientes às plantas e a irrigação com água salina são os mais limitantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do biofertilizante líquido de esterco bovino no solo sobre a exportação de nutrientes pela colheita de frutos de cultivares de maracujazeiro-azedo irrigados com águas moderadamente salinas. O experimento foi conduzido em Nova Floresta, Paraíba, Brasil, em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados e em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, com três repetições e três plantas por parcela, referente a três cultivares ( ‘Guinezinho’, ‘BRS SC1’ e ‘BRS GA1’) e cinco concentrações de biofertilizante (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%), aplicado mensalmente em volume de 5 L por planta com água de 1,2 dS m-1. O biofertilizante esterco bovino líquido deve ser aplicado na concentração de 40%, pois promove aumento na exportação de fósforo, potássio e cobre para os frutos. O cultivares de maracujazeiro-azedo ‘Guinezinho’ e ‘BRS GA1’ foram de que apresentaram maior exportação de nutrientes pelos frutos. Nitrogênio e cobre foram, respectivamente, os elementos mais e menos exportados para os frutos do maracujazeiro-azedo, na seguinte ordem de exportação: [N > K > Ca > Mg > P] > [Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu].
Palavras-chave:
Passiflora edulis Sims; material genético; insumo orgânico; estado nutricional; composição mineral dos frutos
Introduction
Brazil ranks as the world’s largest producer and consumer of sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims), with the juice of its fruits being the third most produced (Fonseca et al., 2022). Paraíba state, despite the tradition in sour passion fruit production, currently occupies the sixth position among the largest producers in the Northeast region of Brazil. The little production may be related, mainly, to the use of low-quality genetic material and inadequate management of plant nutrition (Aguiar et al., 2017; Lima et al., 2023).
A parameter that has been used to estimate the nutritional requirement of crops is nutrient export by fruits, which occurs as a function of the quantities of elements extracted by plants from the soil and exported by fruit harvests (Mesquita et al., 2010; Vieira et al., 2024). In this context, the application of liquid bovine biofertilizer (common or chemically enriched) can act by increasing soil fertility (Mesquita et al., 2010; Suddarth et al., 2019; Nascimento et al., 2020), positively influencing mineral nutrition and increasing the production capacity of sour passion fruit (Cavalcante et al., 2019; Diniz et al., 2020).
Selecting sour passion fruit cultivars that combine adaptability to the cultivation site with good yield and fruit quality is of fundamental importance for the development of the crop (Viera et al., 2022). Among them, ‘BRS GA1’ and ‘BRS SC1’ cultivars stand out, with production capacity of 40 and 42 t ha-1, respectively (Brito et al., 2020), as well as local varieties, such as ‘Guinezinho’, which is cultivated in Paraíba and other States, which has a production potential greater than 30 t ha-1 (Aguiar et al., 2017; Diniz et al., 2020).
Liquid cattle manure biofertilizer is an input that can improve soil fertility (Suddarth et al., 2019; Nascimento et al., 2020), contributing to greater plant nutrition and fruit quality (Diniz et al., 2020, 2022), and the response depends on the concentration and genetic material used (Aguiar et al., 2017). In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of doses of liquid cattle manure biofertilizer in the soil on the export of nutrients by the harvest of fruits of sour passion fruit cultivars irrigated with moderately saline water.
Material and Methods
An experiment was carried out from February 2018 to March 2019, in an experimental area located in the municipality of Nova Floresta, Paraíba State, Brazil. The municipality is situated at the geographical coordinates 6° 25’ 33” S and 36° 12’ 18” W of the Greenwich Meridian, at 661 m above sea level. The climate of the region is classified, according to Köppen’s classification, as As’, which means hot, with dry summers and rainy winters in the period from March to August (Alvares et al., 2013). During the experiment, the monthly values of air temperature, rainfall, evaporation, and relative humidity were recorded, respectively, with Datalogger, rain gauge, Class A pan and hygrometer and are shown in Figure 1.
Monthly recording of air temperature, rainfall, evaporation and relative humidity of air during the experimental period
The soil of the experimental area was classified according to the criteria of the Key to Soil Taxonomy (US Soil Survey Staff, 2014), as Oxisol, which corresponds to a Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico in the Brazilian Soil Classification System (EMBRAPA, 2018). Before setting up the experiment, single soil samples were collected at 0.20 m depth, mixed, transformed into a composite sample, and taken to the laboratory for determination of chemical attributes, in terms of fertility and salinity, and physical attributes following methodologies recommended by Silva (2009), as presented in Table 1.
Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks, in a 3 × 5 factorial scheme, with three replicates and three plants per plot. The sources of variation were the sour passion fruit cultivars Local Selection (‘Guinezinho’), BRS Sol do Cerrado (‘BRS SC1’) and BRS Gigante Amarelo (‘BRS GA1’) grown in the soil with liquid cattle manure biofertilizer (LCMB) at concentrations of 0 (water), 10, 20, 30, and 40% in a constant volume of 5 L per plant. The concentrations of bovine biofertilizers (pure and enriched) tested in the experiment were based on the research of Nascimento et al. (2011) with sour passion fruit irrigated with 4 dS m-1 water.
Seedlings of each passion fruit cultivar were prepared in 1 L black polyethylene bags filled with a compost containing a mixture of soil collected from the 0.20 m depth of the experimental area and aged cattle manure in a 3:1 ratio (v:v). Three seeds were sown in each polyethylene bag at a depth of 5 mm; seedling emergence began eight days after sowing (DAS) and stabilized at 30 DAS, when the seedlings were thinned, leaving the most vigorous seedling.
The biofertilizer was obtained by anaerobic fermentation of equal parts of fresh cattle manure and non-saline and non-chlorinated water (ECw = 0.5 dS m-1) in a biodigester kept hermetically sealed for a period of 30 days (Cavalcante et al., 2019). Before the dilutions, as it was applied in liquid form, the LCMB was chemically characterized as water for irrigation and for mineral elements in the dry matter (DM) of cattle manure residues according to methodologies recommended by Teixeira et al. (2017) (Table 2).
After preparation and characterization, LCMB was diluted to 0% (water used for irrigation), 10, 20, 30, and 40% in a constant volume of 5 L per plant. The proportions of water (W) (ECw = 1.2 dS m-1) and biofertilizer (B) at the respective concentrations (v:v) were 0B:5W (0%), 0.5B:4.5W (10.0%), 1.0B:4.0W (20%), 1.5B:3.5W (30%), and 2.0B:3.0W (40%). The chemical characterization of the water used to dilute the biofertilizers is presented below in Table 3.
The diluted doses were characterized as irrigation water in terms of hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), cation contents and sodium adsorption ratio, and the results are presented in Table 4.
Before setting up the experiment, liming was carried out with calcitic lime (53% CaO and 4% MgO) in the entire experimental area, incorporated in the 0-0.20 m layer, because the soil had low levels of calcium and high levels of magnesium (Table 1), to raise the initial base saturation of the soil from 63 to 70% (Borges & Rosa, 2021). For 30 days after liming and every two days, the entire area was irrigated with moderately saline water from an Amazon well (Table 3).
The holes were opened with dimensions of 0.40 × 0.40 × 0.40 m and filled with soil from the 0.20 m depth, 10 L of cattle manure per hole with a C:N ratio = 18:1 and mineral supplementation with 100 g of single superphosphate per hole (20% P2O5, 16% Ca and 8% S), as recommended by Aguiar et al. (2017). At 30 days after opening the holes, LCMB was applied at the respective doses and, on the following day, the seedlings were transplanted at the age of 60 days after sowing (DAS).
The irrigation system adopted was the localized micro-sprinkler method, using one emitter per plant with a flow rate of 60 L h-1, operating at a service pressure of 0.20 MPa. Water supply was based on the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) of the previous day obtained through the product between the evaporation of the Class A pan installed near the experiment (ECA) and the pan coefficient - 0.75, as shown in Eq. 1.
where:
ET0 - reference evapotranspiration; and
ECA - evaporation of the Class A pan.
Irrigation was carried out by replacing the volume of water according to the evapotranspiration of the sour passion fruit crop (ETc). ETc was obtained through the product between the reference evapotranspiration and the crop coefficient (kc) in each phenological phase (Eq. 2). The crop coefficients adopted were 0.69 in the vegetative phase, 0.82 in the flowering phase, and 1.09 in the production phase (Cunha et al., 2013).
where:
ETc - evapotranspiration of the crop; and,
kc - crop coefficient.
The spacing adopted was 3.0 m between plants and 2.0 m between rows, using a trellis with 2-m-high stakes, with smooth wire nº 12 installed at the top to support and guide the plants. Topdressing fertilization with urea (45% N), single superphosphate (18% P2O5), and potassium chloride (60% K2O) was carried as suggested by Borges & Rosa (2021). Nitrogen and potassium supplementation was performed with 5 g of N in the first month, 5 g of N and 5 g of K2O in the second month, 10 g of N and 5 g of K2O from the third to the fifth month, 10 g of N and 10 K2O from the sixth to the tenth month, and 10 g of N and 15 g of K2O from the tenth to the fifteenth month. Phosphate fertilization was applied every two months, with 5 g per plant of P2O5 at 30 DAS, 10 g per plant of P2O5 from 90 to 180 DAS, and 20 g per plant of P2O5 from 240 DAS to the end of harvest (Borges & Rosa, 2021). Control of pests, diseases and invasive plants and training and cleaning pruning operations were carried out whenever necessary.
At the peak of production, three fruits were randomly harvested in each plot, totaling nine per treatment. After collection, the fruits were opened and placed in laminated containers, which were dried at 65 °C with air circulation for 72 hours until they reached a constant mass. Then, the samples were crushed in a TE-650 Wiley mill, placed in a container, which was closed and later taken to the laboratory for analysis of mineral composition in terms of macronutrients and micronutrients.
Nutrient contents in the fruits were analyzed according to the methodologies described by Silva (2009) and are detailed below. Nitrogen (N) content was extracted by sulfuric digestion and determined by the Kjeldahl method. Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were determined using nitric-perchloric acid in the digestion. P was determined by a spectrophotometer at 400 nm, using a solution containing 20 ppm of P2O5 as blank. K was determined by photometry in a flame photometer. Ca, Mg, Fe and Cu were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) at the respective wavelengths of 422.7, 285.2, 508.0, and 3,274.7 nm. Zn and Mn contents were determined in acetylene flame by atomic absorption spectrometry.
The export of nutrients, per ton of fruit produced, was calculated using the methodology of Mesquita et al. (2010), which considers the fresh weight and dry weight of fruits, yield, and the nutrient content of the fruit to obtain the exports of macro and micronutrients at the time of fruit harvests.
Before data analysis, Shapiro-Wilk normality and homogeneity test was performed. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using the F test at 0.05 probability level. Means referring to the sour passion fruit cultivars were compared by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05), and those related to the biofertilizer concentrations by polynomial regression (p ≤ 0.05). Data analysis was performed using the statistical software Sisvar 5.6 (Ferreira, 2019), and graphs were constructed with SigmaPlot 12.5 software. The multivariate analysis, referring to principal component analysis (PCA), was performed with the statistical analysis packages available in R Studio version 4.4.0 (R Core Team, 2022).
Results and Discussion
According to the results of the analysis of variance, for macronutrient export in fruits of sour passion fruit, only P and K responded to the interaction between cultivars and liquid cattle manure biofertilizer (LCMB) concentrations (Table 5). Although there was no significant difference between the treatments, the nutrients N, Ca and Mg showed mean export of 2.14, 0.72 and 0.44 kg ton-1 of fruit, respectively. According to Table 5, the export of macronutrients for sour passion fruit under irrigation with moderately saline water (1.2 dS m-1) is as follows: N > K > Ca > Mg > P.
The N results differ from those reported by Dutra et al. (2015), who found that the application of cattle manure increased export from 0.70 to 0.74 kg t-1 of sweet passion fruit (Passiflora alata Curtis) in Campos de Goytacazes. On the other hand, Viera et al. (2022) evaluated the mineral composition of passion fruit genotypes in Ecuador and found that there is variability in pulp N content among the materials. Although Ca and Mg were the third and fourth nutrients, respectively, most exported by sour passion fruit, as also observed by Mattar et al. (2018) in sour passion fruit, the absence of difference in Ca and Mg exports between cultivars and LCMB concentrations demonstrates that the amount of nutrients present in the fruits is similar between cultivars and that the concentrations of the organic input have little influence on the increase in the dry matter content of the fruits for the respective elements.
Under irrigation with saline water (1.2 dS m-1), which is common in sour passion fruit production areas in the studied region, the absorption of Ca and Mg is impaired by the accumulation of Na ions in the soil, negatively affecting the nutritional status, yield, and fruit quality of the plants due to the antagonistic effect between the elements (Diniz et al., 2022). Under these conditions, the results show that LCMB needs to be supplied at a higher concentration (water:LCMB ratio) so that it can provide nutrients in adequate quantities and directed to be exported by the fruits, mainly because these are nutrients required in greater quantities by the sour passion fruit crop (Mesquita et al., 2010; Cavalcante et al., 2019). In addition, other factors that most influence the nutritional requirement of the crop are the genetics of the variety, environmental conditions, and nutritional management strategies (Fischer et al., 2018).
In ‘Guinezinho’, the export of P to the fruits remained constant up to the LCMB concentration of 35.16%, subsequently showing exponential increase up to the concentration of 40%, at which it reached a maximum value of 2.09 kg t-1, representing an increase of 105.63% compared to the lower concentrations of liquid cattle manure biofertilizer (Figure 2A). In the other cultivars (‘BRS GA1’ and ‘BRS SC1’), the export of P was not described satisfactorily by any regression model as LCMB concentrations increased, with mean value of 0.17 kg t-1 of fruit. Difference between the sour passion fruit cultivars was observed only under LCMB concentration of 40%, with ‘Guinezinho’ showing P export to the fruits (0.30 kg t-1 of fruit) 114.28% higher than that of ‘BRS SC1’ (Figure 2A).
Export of phosphorus (A) and potassium (B) to fruits of the sour passion fruit cultivars as a function of the application of concentrations of liquid cattle manure biofertilizer
K export to the fruits increased between the liquid biofertilizer concentrations of 29 and 40% in ‘Guinezinho’, with maximum value of 1.59 kg t-1 of fruit (Figure 2B). With the application of the biofertilizer at concentration of 40%, the values for ‘Guinezinho’ and ‘BRS GA1’ were, respectively, 129.67 and 74.72% higher than the K export to the fruits of sour passion fruit ‘BRS SC1’, which had a mean value of 1.04 kg t-1 of fruit.
Application of the highest concentration of LCMB (40%) promoted an increase in the uptake of P and K by the plants and export to the fruits (Figure 2). This behavior is probably associated with the stimulus caused by the biofertilizer to increase the activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, as sour passion fruit is highly responsive and dependent on the presence of these microorganisms in the soil for better performance (Cavalcante et al., 2019). In papaya (Carica papaya L.), Mesquita et al. (2010) point out that the increase in the doses of LCMB (pure and enriched) increased the export of P and K to the fruits.
The higher presence of P in fruits of ‘Guinezinho’ compared to the commercial cultivars is in line with the results reported by Viera et al. (2022), who observed that the local cultivars of sour passion fruit produced in Ecuador have a higher content of P in the pulp, which may be linked to the greater adaptability to climate and soil conditions of this material.
In soils with low K content, the application of liquid biofertilizers at higher concentrations or doses stimulates the release of K to the plants, resulting in higher leaf contents that lead to greater export to the fruits (Mesquita et al., 2010; Suddarth et al., 2019). The higher concentration of K present in LCMB at concentration of 40% (Table 4) probably increased the K content in the plants, which contributed to transport of photoassimilates in the phloem and to the activation of enzymes linked to the formation of carbohydrates and other compounds (Dalazen et al., 2022).
Regarding the export of micronutrients to fruits of sour passion fruit (Table 6), the results of the analysis of variance showed that only Mn was not influenced by the factors studied, with a mean value of 1.74 g t-1 of fruit. The elements Fe and Zn responded to the interaction between cultivars and LCMB concentrations. Cu export to the fruits responded individually to the cultivars and biofertilizer concentrations. The order for export of micronutrients was Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu (Table 6).
The absence of response in Mn export to the fruits may be linked to the chemical composition of the LCMB, which at high concentrations contain considerable amounts of Ca2+ and Mg2+ (Table 3). The antagonism between Ca and Mg and Mn may have affected the uptake of this micronutrient by plants and its export to the fruits (Cavalcante et al., 2008).
Sour passion fruit ‘BRS GA1’ showed a trend of lower Fe export to the fruits compared to the other cultivars when LCMB concentrations between 0 and 30% were applied (Figure 3A). On average, ‘Guinezinho’ export more Fe to the fruits at LCMB concentrations of up to 30%, while the sour passion fruit ‘BRS SC1’ had the maximum Fe export to the fruits at the LCMB concentration of 14.84%, equal to 16.32 g t-1. At the highest LCMB concentration (40%), there was no statistical difference for Fe export between the cultivars.
Export of iron (A) and zinc (B) by the sour passion fruit cultivars as a function of the application of concentrations of liquid cattle manure biofertilizer
In the absence of LCMB (0%), ‘Guinezinho’ and ‘BRS SC1’ showed higher Zn export to the fruits compared to ‘BRS GA1’ (Figure 3B). In the treatments with application of LCMB at 10%, Zn exports in ‘Guinezinho’ were 36.34 and 72.53% higher than those of ‘BRS SC1’ and ‘BRS GA1’, respectively. However, at high concentrations of LCMB, there was an inversion of the response among the cultivars, with higher Zn export to the fruits in the sour passion fruit ‘BRS GA1’, significantly differing from the ‘BRS SC1’ and exceeding its value by 38.93%.
Among the sour passion fruit cultivars, ‘Guinezinho’ had Cu export to the fruits of 1.14 g t-1 of fruit, which is 52.00 and 56.16% higher than the values found for the cultivars ‘BRS SC1’ and ‘BRS GA1’, respectively (Figure 4A). The increase in LCMB concentration from 0 to 40% increased Cu export to the fruits of sour passion fruit from 0.720 to 1.152 g t-1 of fruit, representing an increase of 60% (Figure 4B).
Export of copper by fruits of the sour passion fruit cultivars (A) and as a function of the application of liquid cattle manure biofertilizer concentrations in the soil (B)
According to Marastoni et al. (2019), the presence of high concentrations of Cu can interfere with the uptake and translocation of Fe and Zn, causing nutritional imbalance in plants. In papaya, Mesquita et al. (2010) found no influence of the application of biofertilizer doses (pure and enriched) on the export of Fe, while the export of Zn and Cu to the fruits increased as the doses increased. According to Cavalcante et al. (2008), although the LCMB contains several nutrients and microorganisms, with an active interaction between ions and mycorrhizae, the increase in the doses of biofertilizers had little influence on the leaf micronutrient content in sour passion fruit. In addition, biofertilizer can provide humic substances (Suddarth et al., 2019; Nascimento et al., 2020), but their role is still unclear, and the mechanisms involved are not easily explainable, due to the complexity and unknown nature of the substances (Cavalcante et al., 2008).
In general, ‘Guinezinho’ tends to export more Fe and Cu to the fruits, while the export of Zn to the fruits was more prominent in ‘BRS GA1’. Similarly, Viera et al. (2022) observed variation in the micronutrient mineral content in the pulp of fruits of different sour passion fruit cultivars. These authors point out that the determination of the mineral content of the fruits is an important parameter to add value in the promotion of consumption from a nutritional point of view, but there are still few studies on this theme considering the local accessions of sour passion fruit.
Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, the passion fruit cv. ‘BRS SC1’ was little influenced by the application of LCMB in the export of nutrients to the fruits, with all concentrations grouped in the quadrant opposite to the variables; thus, it can be observed that this cultivar exported less of the nutrients to the fruits (Figure 5). The local selection ‘Guinezinho’ and cv. ‘BRS GA1’ increased the export of nutrients to the fruits with the application of LCMB in the soil. For both cultivars, the LCMB concentration of 40% had the greatest influence on the export of the nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Cu to the fruits.
Multivariate principal component analysis for nutrient export by fruits of sour passion fruit as a function of the liquid cattle manure biofertilizer concentrations
The local selection ‘Guinezinho’ responded well to the application of LCMB at concentrations of 30 and 40%, showing high export of Fe and Zn and N, P, and Mg to the fruits, respectively (Figure 5). ‘BRS GA1’ showed higher export of nutrients to the fruits under the application of LCMB at concentration of 40%. Application of LCMB at concentrations of 40% in ‘Guinezinho’ and 20% in ‘BRS SC1’ promoted higher export of N and P to the fruits. When analyzing only the variables, there are some notable correlations that should be highlighted; the negative correlation was more intense between N and Fe, due to the greater angle between the arrows compared to the other response variables. Following the same premise, Ca was the nutrient that least contributed to the variations observed among cultivars and LCMB concentrations in the multivariate analysis, results that were corroborated by the ANOVA (Tables 5 and 6).
According to the principal component analysis (Figure 5), the most exported elements to the fruits were found in ‘Guinezinho’ and ‘BRS GA1’ fertilized with liquid biofertilizer at high concentrations. It is worth pointing out that the fruits of the sour passion fruit ‘Guinezinho’ exported all the minerals in considerable quantities, especially when the biofertilizer was applied at concentration of 40%. In this context, Viera et al. (2022) report that local passion fruit materials have fruits with a high content of minerals in the pulp, being a source of antioxidant compounds, minerals, and soluble solids.
In addition, Fe was the element most influenced by the treatments, which can be observed by the amplitude of the eigenvector (Figure 5), i.e., the farther the variable is from the center of the graph, the greater the influence exerted by the treatments. The increase in Fe export from the leaves to fruits of sour passion fruit is an important parameter of nutritional quality, as this micronutrient is essential for oxygen transport, metabolism, and various enzymatic functions (Lal, 2020; Bai et al., 2021).
Based on the results presented, the sour passion fruit cultivars have different nutritional requirements, which influences the export of minerals to the fruits. LCMB at adequate concentrations can be an alternative in the recommendation and partial replacement of synthetic fertilizers to increase the mineral contents in fruits of sour passion fruit, reducing production costs. Sour passion fruit cultivars can be affected by the environmental conditions of cultivation (altitude, temperature, and luminosity), with local accessions showing greater adaptability (Viera et al., 2022). Therefore, future studies in Brazil should focus on determining and selecting cultivars in breeding programs based on the interaction with the environment.
Conclusions
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Liquid cattle manure biofertilizer should be applied at concentration of 40%, because it promotes an increase in the export of phosphorus, potassium, and copper to the fruits of sour passion fruit.
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‘Guinezinho’ and ‘BRS GA1’ were the sour passion fruit cultivars that showed the highest export of nutrients by fruits.
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Nitrogen and copper were, respectively, the most and least exported elements to fruits of sour passion fruit, in the following order of export: [N > K > Ca > Mg > P] > [Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu].
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In the formulation and recommendation of fertilization for sour passion fruit, the contents of nutrients exported to the fruits should be considered, with adjustments according to the variations in requirement and extraction of the elements in the selected cultivar.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES-Brazil) [Finance Code 001] for the financial support.
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There are no supplementary sources of data.
ns - Not significant; * - Significant at 5% probability level (p ≤ 0.05), and ** - Significant at 1% probability level (p ≤ 0.01). Vertical bar represents the standard error of the mean (n = 3). Means with the same lowercase letter indicate that there was no significant difference for the concentrations of liquid cattle manure biofertilizer by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05)
ns - Not significant; * - Significant at 5% probability level (p ≤ 0.05), and ** - Significant at 1% probability level (p ≤ 0.01). Vertical bar represents the standard error of the mean (n = 3). Means with the same lowercase letter indicate that there was no significant difference for the concentrations of liquid cattle manure biofertilizer by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05)
ns - Not significant; * - Significant at 5% probability level (p ≤ 0.05). Vertical bar represents the standard error of the mean (n = 3). Means with the same lowercase letter indicate that there was no significant difference for the sour passion fruit cultivars by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05)
