Knowledge and uses of Arecaceae in Brazil: a systematic review

Conhecimento e usos de Arecaceae no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract

Palms are a group of plants that have significant socioecological influence. In Brazil, around 89 genera and 393 species are described, distributed throughout the country. Academic studies highlight how different traditional peoples and communities manage and utilize these plants. Thus, this review aims to address the following questions: a) an overview of the academic production on the use of palms in Brazil over the past three decades; b) the geographical distribution of the studies; c) the species most frequently cited for their uses; d) the importance of ethnotaxonomy, considering the influence of morphological characteristics; e) the most commonly used parts of palms and the main categories of use. By combining the keywords “Palms,” “Traditional Use,” “Ethnobotany,” and “Brazil” in Google Scholar, approximately 74,100 results were found, which, after filtering, totaled 272 articles. The data reveal an increase in the number of ethnobotanical studies addressing palm use over the past fifteen years, mainly concentrated in the fields of Botany, Interdisciplinary Studies, and Multidisciplinary Research. Most publications are in national journals and address the topic partially. The studies report the use and management of approximately 109 palm species, of which 38 are endemic, two are naturalized, six are varieties, and one is a hybrid. The Northeast Region accounts for the highest number of studies, followed by the North Region. Regarding local and Indigenous nomenclature of these palms, it was observed that multiple species belonging to different genera are grouped under the same common names, indicating an overlap of denominations for distinct taxa. Fruits hold great importance, followed by leaves, seeds, and stipes. In Brazil, palms play a fundamental role both among local communities and within Indigenous territories, due to their abundance, ecological diversity, and their cultural, symbolic, and utilitarian value. They serve as an essential source of food, raw materials, traditional medicine, and ritual elements.

Keywords:
palm trees; ethnobotany; research; Brazil

Resumo

As palmeiras são um grupo de plantas que apresentam uma influência socioecológica significativa. No Brasil, são descritos cerca de 89 gêneros e 393 espécies, distribuídas por todo o país. Trabalhos acadêmicos evidenciam como os diferentes povos e comunidades tradicionais manejam e utilizam essas plantas. Assim, esta revisão visa abordar as seguintes questões: a) panorama geral da produção acadêmica sobre o uso de palmeiras no Brasil nas últimas três décadas; b) distribuição geográfica dos estudos; c) espécies mais frequentemente citadas por seus usos; d) importância da etnotaxonomia, considerando a influência das características morfológicas; e) partes das palmeiras mais utilizadas e principais categorias de uso. Utilizando a combinação das palavras-chave “Palmeiras”, “Uso tradicional”, “Etnobotânica” e “Brasil” no Google Acadêmico, foram encontrados cerca de 74.100 resultados, que, após filtragem, totalizaram 272 artigos. Os dados revelam um aumento no número de estudos etnobotânicos abordando o uso de palmeiras nos últimos quinze anos, concentrando-se principalmente nas áreas de Botânica, Interdisciplinar e Multidisciplinar. A maioria das publicações está em periódicos nacionais e aborda o tema de forma parcial. Os estudos relatam o uso e manejo de aproximadamente 109 espécies de palmeiras, das quais 38 são endêmicas, duas naturalizadas, seis variedades e um híbrido. A Região Nordeste é responsável pelo maior número de estudos, seguida pela Região Norte. Em relação à nomenclatura local e indígena dessas palmeiras, observou-se que múltiplas espécies, pertencentes a diferentes gêneros, são agrupadas sob os mesmos nomes populares, indicando uma sobreposição de denominações para táxons distintos. Os frutos têm grande relevância, seguidos por folhas, sementes e estipes. No Brasil, as palmeiras desempenham um papel fundamental tanto entre as comunidades locais quanto nos territórios indígenas, devido à sua abundância, diversidade ecológica e ao seu valor cultural, simbólico e utilitário, servindo como fonte essencial de alimento, matéria-prima, medicina tradicional e elementos rituais.

Palavras-chave:
palmeiras; etnobotânica; pesquisa; Brasil

1. Introduction

The subsistence of human populations is intrinsically linked to the use of plants. Historically, these resources have played a fundamental role in various dimensions of human life, such as food, agriculture, medicine, and religiosity (Agostini-Costa, 2018), meeting basic needs — including the provision of food and materials for housing construction — as well as serving numerous other purposes. Among plant families, Arecaceae (palms) stand out as one of the most important to humankind (Dennehy and Cámara-Leret, 2019), being considered the third most useful plant family. With a pantropical distribution (Agostini-Costa, 2018) and comprising approximately 2,600 species across 181 genera (Dennehy and Cámara-Leret, 2019), palms are often abundant and may even be hyperdominant in tropical forests.

In the Neotropics in particular, the Arecaceae family is likely the most significant in terms of both diversity and the abundance of uses (Macía et al., 2011). Palm trees are rich in oils, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, with fruits that stand out due to their high content of liposoluble bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and tocopherols (vitamin E). Other parts of the plant — including seeds, leaves, hearts of palm, flowers, and roots — are also important sources of bioactive compounds. This chemical richness explains the prominent role of palms in local medical systems, especially in the treatment of infections and disorders affecting various human body systems (Agostini-Costa, 2018).

In Brazil, about 393 species belonging to 89 genera have been documented, occurring throughout the national territory (JBRJ, 2024). This group of plants holds remarkable socio-economic importance in rural areas of the Neotropics, particularly among local communities and traditional peoples (Balick, 1984). Brazil was once known as Pindorama, a word of Tupi origin meaning “Land of the Palms” (Mendes, 2021). Paleobotanical studies provide evidence of the use of palms as sources of materials and food (Cascon and Caromano, 2009; Ceccantini and Gusselia, 2001; Freitas et al., 2018; Kneip, 2009; Melo-Júnior and Oliveira, 2020; Shock and Moraes, 2019; Silva, 2009). The Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, authored by Piso and Marcgrave in the 17th century, records the use of palms for food by human populations in the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil (Medeiros and Albuquerque, 2014). By the mid-19th century, the naturalist Richard Spruce documented the use of eight palm species of great value to local communities in the state of Pará (Santos-Fonseca et al., 2019).

In the late 1980s, the use of palms was recorded among two Indigenous groups in the states of Maranhão (Northeast) and Goiás (Central-West), where 17 analyzed species were employed for food, fuel, shelter and construction, therapeutic uses, plant fibers, and magical-religious purposes (Balick, 1988). This intrinsic relationship between human populations and palms, along with the need to understand the extent and patterns of their use in different contexts, underscores the importance of conducting a comprehensive review of the literature concerning this plant group.

In this context, this review aims to address the following questions: a) What is the general overview of the academic production on the use of palms in Brazil over the past three decades (1994 to 2024), and what are the main thematic focuses? b) How does the geographical distribution of studies correlate with palm species richness across Brazilian biomes and states? c) Which palm species are most frequently cited for their uses, including native, endemic, and naturalized species? d) What is the importance of their ethnotaxonomy, considering the influence of morphological characteristics? e) Which parts of the palms are most commonly used, and what are the main categories of use?

2. Material and Methods

Using the combination of the keywords “Palms,” “Traditional use,” “Ethnobotany,” and “Brazil” on the search platform Google Scholar, this selection as the search tool aimed to broaden the retrieval of studies conducted in Brazil, especially those related to the traditional use of palms. This approach sought to ensure a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the national scientific production on the topic

Approximately 74,100 results were obtained. From these, records such as conference abstracts, undergraduate theses, dissertations, review articles, restricted-access publications, and studies that merely cited the use of palm species without data derived from interviews with human groups or conducted prior to 1994 were excluded. Following this filtering process, a total of 272 articles were analyzed, which either fully or partially reported the use of at least one native and/or naturalized palm species by human communities within Brazilian territory.

The data were organized, selected, and analyzed using a qualitative-quantitative approach, considering the scientific names of the species, their local vernacular names, and, in some cases, names in Indigenous languages. Geographic distribution was also considered, including Brazilian regions, states, and vegetation physiognomies. When available, information was also gathered on the plant parts used and their specific applications. Scientific nomenclature, origin, and endemism of the species were reviewed based on Flora and Funga do Brasil (JBRJ, 2024).

Data regarding the journals were useful in outlining the publication profiles, with journals being classified as either national or international based on their country of origin—thus, even internationally indexed journals were categorized as national if published in Brazil.

To correlate the species with their vernacular names and investigate patterns in ethnotaxonomy, a Sankey diagram analysis was performed using SankeyMatic (2024). In this visualization, the thickness of the arrows represents the relative volume of records (Schmidt, 2008), thereby enabling the identification of connections between different palm species and their respective popular names.

3. Results and Discussion

The data reveal that over the past fifteen years there has been an increase in the number of ethnobotanical studies addressing at least one palm species, particularly between 2014 and 2019, with the latter year being the most representative in terms of the number of publications. No records were found for the year 1994 (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Publication metrics over the past three decades.

Regarding the profile of the journals, the published studies are primarily found in the fields of botany (20.7%), interdisciplinary studies (17.2%), and multidisciplinary research (15.3%). Most of these articles (76.5%) were published in national journals. This trend underscores the importance of scientific dissemination within Brazil (Grinberg et al., 2012). Among the total number of analyzed studies, 75.7% addressed the use and management of Arecaceae species only partially. In these cases, the primary focus was the general use of flora (42.3%). This was followed by studies that listed medicinal plants used by local and traditional communities (21.7%). Research focused exclusively on the use and management of palms as a central theme represented approximately 15.8% of the total publications, investigating one or multiple species. Studies centered specifically on extractivism accounted for around 7% of the publications. These data reveal the urgency of conducting research that focuses exclusively on this group of plants, given their great diversity of species and biocultural importance.

The Northeast region accounted for the highest number of studies conducted (39.1%), followed by the North region. In terms of individual Brazilian states, Pará had the greatest number of published studies. Regarding vegetation types, the highest concentration of studies was found in the Amazon biome, which spans the North region as well as parts of the Central-West and Northeast. The Cerrado biome accounted for approximately 22.5% of the publications and is present in the Central-West, Southeast, North, and Northeast regions. As for the Atlantic Forest, 20.6% of the publications focused on this biome, which extends across the Northeast, Southeast, and South of Brazil (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Distribution of the studies conducted by biomes of the Brazil.

According to Flora and Funga do Brasil (JBRJ, 2024), the North region of Brazil has the highest number of recorded palm species, with approximately 165 species, followed by the Southeast (about 150 species) and the Northeast (114 species). The state of Amazonas holds the highest number of palm records in the country, with around 115 species, followed by Rio de Janeiro (98 spp.) and Bahia (86 spp.). In terms of vegetation types, the Amazon, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest are the most species-rich, with approximately 151, 95, and 78 species, respectively. These data indicate that species richness alone does not determine the focus of academic research; other factors, such as the geographical location of researchers and research institutions, may also play a significant role. However, it is important to emphasize that as experts in the group advance in the description of new occurrences of palm species for the different regions of Brazil, these numbers are constantly changing.

The reviewed studies report the use and management of approximately 109 palm species, of which 38 are endemic, two are naturalized, six are varieties, and one is a hybrid (Table 1). Due to the lack of information in some studies regarding the plant parts used or the specific forms of use, it was not possible to associate which parts are utilized within each category of use, nor to quantify the frequency with which these parts and uses were cited for each species.

Table 1
Palm species used in Brazil with records between 1994 and 2024.

Species	Origin/Endemism	Local name	Name in native language/Ethnicity	Part used	Usage category	Author
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.	N/No	Baba-de-boi, Bocaiúva, Bocaiúveira, Coco-catarro, Coquinho, Iriri, Jerivá, Macaíba, Macaúba, Macaúva, Marajá-pequeno, Mucajá, Tucum, Xodó	Roi/Kayapó, Tuku/Xypaia, Roy rak/Krahô	Fr, St, Ph, Sd, Fl, Le	Fd, Fo, Us, Md, Ic, Cn, Hd, Or	Almeida et al. (2014); Amaral and Guarim-Neto (2008); Amorozo (2002); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Arruda et al. (2014b); Barbosa et al. (2018); Bortolotto et al. (2017, 2019); Campos et al. (2015c, 2016); Cruz et al. (2021); David and Pasa (2016); Espírito Santo et al. (2022); Ferreira-Alves and Santos-Fita (2024); Fiebig and Pasa (2016, 2018); Germano et al. (2014); Gonçalves and Lucas (2017); Gonçalves and Pasa (2015); González-Pérez et al. (2013); Jardim and Cunha (1998); Lima et al. (2021); Machado and Boscolo (2018); Magalhães et al. (2011); Mamede and Pasa (2014, 2019); Martins et al. (2014); Morais et al. (2009); Moreira and Guarim-Neto (2009); Nascimento et al. (2010); Nascimento et al. (2009, 2013); Pasa et al. (2005); Paes and Pasa (2014); Pereira et al. (2012, 2016); Pinheiro et al. (2005, 2018); Rodrigues et al. (2020); Ribeiro et al. (2014a); Saraiva et al. (2015); Silva et al. (2019a); Soares et al. (2020).
Acrocomiaintumescens Drude	N/Yes	Macaíba,		Fr	Fd, Md	Abreu et al. (2011); Almeida and Albuquerque (2002); Rodrigues and Andrade (2014); Santos and Andrade (2020).
Acrocomiatotai Mart.	N/No	Bocaiuva, Coquinho		Fr	Fd	Bortolotto et al. (2017)
Aiphanes horrida (Jacq.) Burret	N/Yes	Pupunha-xicaxica	Nena/Kaxinawá	Fr, Sd	Fd	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Pilnik et al. (2023).
Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze	N/Yes	Guriri, Coquinho-de-guriri		Fr, Sd, Le	Fd, Hd	Fonseca-Kruel and Peixoto (2004); Lopes and Lobão (2013); Santos et al. (2010).
Allagopteracampestris (Mart.) Kuntze	N/No	Buri-do-campo, Coquinho-rasteiro, Coquinho-de-licuri, Licurizinho, Licurizinho-do-cerrado, Licuri-rasteiro-do-campo		Fr, Ph, Le, Sd	Fd, Md, Hd	Martins et al. (2014); Pereira et al. (2012).
Allagoptera leucocalyx (Drude) Kuntze	N/No	Ariri, Arari, Licuri-rasteiro-da-mata, Coco-licuri, Coquinho-painha, Licurizinho, Licurizinho-rasteiro, Licuri-rasteiro, Vassourinha		Ph, Sd, Fr	Fd, Md, Hd, Cn	Amorozo (2002); Arruda et al. (2014b); Martins et al. (2014); Nascimento et al. (2009); Soares et al. (2020).
Astrocaryum aculeatissimum (Schott) Burret	N/Yes	Brejaúva, Brejauva, Bajarova, Coco-de-brejaúva, Coco-bejaúva, Coco-preto, Airí		Fr	Fd, Hd, Fo, Cn, Tc	Barreira et al. (2015); Borges and Peixoto (2009); Lunelli et al. (2016); Miranda and Hanazaki (2008); Pilla and Amorozo (2009); Sauini et al. (2023); Silva and Fisch (2012).
Astrocaryumaculeatum G.Mey.	N/No	Tucumã, Tucum	Roi ti/Kayapó, Kãdʉhkayõ/Tukano-oriental, Paniwã/Yawanawá, Panimã/Kaxinawá	Fr, Pe, Sd, Le	Fd, Ic, Hd, Us, Md	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Campos et al. (2015a); Flores and Lima (2020); Fowler et al. (2024); González-Pérez et al. (2013); Kahn and Moussa (1999); Martins et al. (2023); Rodrigues et al. (2007); Schroth et al. (2004); Silva et al. (2019a, 2019c).
Astrocaryumcampestre Mart.	N/No	Tucum-rasteiro	Ro/Krahô	_	Fd, Hd	Nascimento et al. (2009, 2010); Soares et al. (2020).
Astrocaryumchambira Burret	N/No	Tucum		Le	Fs	Abreu and Nunes (2012).
Astrocaryumechinatum Barb.Rodr.	N/Yes	Tucumã		_	Fd, Hd	Arruda et al. (2014b).
Astrocaryumgynacanthum Mart.	N/No	Mumbaca		Le, Rt, Sp	Fd, Cn, Us	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Rocha and Silva (2005).
Astrocaryumhuaimi Mart.	N/No	Tucum, Tucumã	Roi kàk/Kayapó	Sd	Hd, Fd, Fo	Arruda et al. (2014b); González-Pérez et al. (2013).
Astrocaryumjauari Mart.	N/No	Jauarí, Jauari, Joari, Tucum	Wãkanapa/Xypaia, Roy ti/Krahô	St, Rs, Sd	Fd, Hd, Us	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Barbosa et al. (2018); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Nascimento et al. (2009); Nascimento et al. (2010); Soares et al. (2020).
Astrocaryummurumuru Mart.	N/No	Murumuru, Murmuru	Mry kok/Kayapó, Pani peshku/Yawanawá, Pani/Kaxinawá	Fr, Ph, Sd, Le, St	Hd, Fd, Ic	Almeida and Jardim (2012); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); González-Pérez et al. (2013); Pilnik and Argentim (2024); Pilnik et al. (2023).
Astrocaryumtucuma Mart.	N/NI	Tucumã		Sd	Fd, Hd	Ramos (2017).
Astrocaryumvulgare Mart.	N/No	Tucum-da-mata, Tucum, Tucumã	Roy ti/Krahô, Rojti/Mebêngôkre-Kayapó	Rt, Le, St, Fr, Ph, Sd, Pe, Rc	Hd, Fd, Md, Cn, Us, Ic, Fo, Fs, Or, Bk	Almeida and Jardim (2012); Almeida-Neto et al. (2015); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Carneiro et al. (2010); Chaves and Barros (2008, 2012); Chaves et al. (2014); Coelho-Ferreira and Jardim (2005); Ferreira-Alves and Santos-Fita (2024); Ferreira-Chaves et al. (2019); Garcés (2016); Germano et al. (2014); Gonçalves and Lucas (2017); Lima et al. (2013a); Meireles et al. (2018); Mendes et al. (2019); Nascimento et al. (2009, 2010); Oliveira et al. (2006, 2010, 2014); Pereira et al. (2016); Pinheiro et al. (2005); Portal et al. (2021); Rebêlo et al. (2019); Rego et al. (2016); Robert et al. (2012); Rocha and Silva (2005); Soares et al. (2020); Sousa at al. (2015a); Vieira et al. (2019).
Attalea barreirensis Glassman	N/Yes	Indaiá		Le	Hd, Fd, Cn,	Arruda et al. (2014b); David et al. (2022); David and Silva (2023).
Attaleabutyracea (Mutis ex L.f.) Wess.Boer	N/No	Urucuri, Jaci	Kuti/Yawanawá, Kaxinawá	Le, Fr	Cn, Fo	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Jardim and Cunha (1998).
Attaleacompta Mart.	N/Yes	Indaiá, Daiá, Babaçu		Fr, Sd, Le, Sp	Fd, Hd, Cn, Md, Fu	Martins et al. (2014).
Attaleadahlgreniana (Bondar) Wess.Boer	N/No	Piriná, Pirinã		Rt, Sp	Fd, Cn, Md	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Monteles and Pinheiro (2007).
Attaleadubia (Mart.) Burret	N/Yes	Indaiá, Indaia, Indaiaçu, Coco-indaiá		Fr	Fd, Cn, Or	Barreira et al. (2015); Borges and Peixoto (2009); Silva and Fisch (2012); Pilla and Amorozo (2009).
Attaleaeichleri (Drude) A.J.Hend.	N/Yes	Babaçu-pequeno, Pindoba, Palhinha, Piaçaba, Painha, Coco-painha, Candoba	Rõn ne/Mebêngôkre-Kayapó	Sd, Fr, Fp, Le, Sp	Fd, Us, Cs, Rt, Hd, Cn, Md	Gonzalez-Perez et al. (2012); Martins et al. (2014).
Attaleaexigua Drude	N/Yes	Piaçava, Indaiá, Catolé	Ror peho/Krahô	Ph	Fd, Cn	Nascimento et al. (2009, 2010); Rodrigues et al. (2020); Siqueira (2001); Soares et al. (2020).
Attalea funifera Mart.	N/Yes	Piaçaba, Piaçava		Fb, Fr, St, Le, Sd, Ph	Cn, Hd, Us, Oi, Fo, Md, Ag, Fd	Barreto and Freitas (2017); Silva et al. (2023); Silva and Guarim-Neto (2017); Pimentel and Del Menezzi (2020); Sousa and Oliveira (2014).
Attaleahumilis Mart.	N/Yes	Pindoba		_	Fd	Silva and Fisch (2012).
Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart.	N/No	Inajá, Inajazeiro, Anajá, Cocalinho, Najá, Palheira	Rikre/Kayapó, Ʉ̃gã/Tukano-oriental, Awara/Krahô	Fr, Sd, St, Le, Rs, Ph, Pe	Fd, Cn, Hd, Md, Us, Fs, Ic, Fo	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Arruda et al. (2014b); Barbosa et al. (2018); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Campos et al. (2015a); Coelho-Ferreira and Jardim (2005); Ferreira-Alves and Santos-Fita (2024); Garcés et al. (2015); Germano et al. (2014); Gonçalves and Lucas (2017); González-Pérez et al. (2013); Jardim and Cunha (1998); Medeiros and Caraíba (2014); Mendes et al. (2019); Milliken and Orstom (1997); Nascimento et al. (2009, 2010); Oliveira et al. (2006, 2014); Pereira et al. (2018a, 2018b); Pinheiro et al. (2005); Portal et al. (2021); Ramos (2017); Rocha and Silva (2005); Silva et al. (2019c); Soares et al. (2020); Vieira et al. (2012).
Attaleaphalerata Mart. ex Spreng.	N/No	Acuri, Auricuri, Bacuri, Coco-de-acurí, Najá cabeçudo, Urucuri	Miriari/Yawanawá, Xebun/Kaxinawá, Xebũ/Huni Kuĩ	Sd, Fr, St, Le, Wp	Md, Fd, Cn, Hd, Us, Fo, Ag, Or	Almeida et al. (2014); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Arruda et al. (2014b); Bortolotto et al. (2017); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); David et al. (2022); David and Pasa (2016); David and Silva (2023); Fiebig and Pasa (2016, 2018); Germano et al. (2014); Pilnik et al. (2023); Pinheiro et al. (2018); Rodrigues et al. (2020); Soares et al. (2020); Souza and Guarim-Neto (2010).
Attaleaprinceps Mart.	N/No	Ouricuri		_	Fd	Siviero et al. (2014).
Attaleaspeciosa Mart. ex Spreng.	N/Yes	Babaçú, Babaçu, Babaçu-grande, Babaçu-do-mato, Babassu, Babasú, Coco-babaçu, Coco-babaçu, Coco, Coco-palmeira, Aguaçú, Palmeira	Ro tere/Krahô, Rõn tire/ Mebêngôkre-Kayapó	Fr, Le, St, Rt, Sd, Sp, Ph, Rs, Fp	Fd, Cn, Tc, Ic, Fo, Hd, Fu, Md, Cs, Fs, Us, Or, Ex, Ag, Rt, Hg	Almeida-Silva et al. (2023); Amaral and Guarim-Neto (2008); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Araújo et al. (2016); Arruda et al. (2014a,b); Batista et al. (2016,2021); Baptistel et al. (2014); Barreto and Spanholi (2019); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Campos et al. (2015b,c); Carniello et al. (2010); Chaves-Silva et al. (2017); Costa-Silva and Lucas (2019,2022); David et al. (2022); David and Silva (2023); Espírito Santo et al. (2022); Ferreira et al. (2016a); Franco and Barros (2006); Garcés et al. (2015); Gonzalez-Perez et al. (2012); Maia et al. (2019); Martins et al. (2014, 2023); Meireles et al. (2018); Moreira and Guarim-Neto (2009); Nascimento et al. (2009, 2010); Oliveira et al. (2010); Pasa et al. (2005); Pasa and David (2017); Pereira et al. (2016); Pinheiro et al. (2005,2018); Pires et al. (2023); Porro (2019); Porro and Sousa (2023); Rodrigues et al. (2020); Rufino et al. (2008); Saraiva et al. (2019); Screnci-Ribeiro and Guarim-Neto (2016); Silva and Guarim-Neto (2017); Soares et al. (2020); Souza et al. (2011); Teixeira et al. (2014).
Attaleatessmannii Burret	N/No	Cocão	Kuta/Yawanawá, Kunta/Kaxinawá, Nia kũta/Huni Kuĩ	Fr, Sd	Fd	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Pilnik et al. (2023).
Bactris acanthocarpa Mart.	N/No	Pupunha-brava		_	_	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003).
Bactrisacanthocarpa var. intermedia A.J.Hend.	N/No	_		_	_	Rocha and Silva (2005).
Bactrisbrongniartii Mart.	N/No	Marajá		St, Le	Cn, Us, Fd	Fowler et al. (2024); Pinheiro et al. (2005).
Bactriscampestris Poepp. ex Mart.	N/No	Tucum		Fr, St, Le, Sd	Fd, Cn, Fo, Tc	Brasileiro et al. (2022).
Bactrisgasipaes Kunth	N/No	Pupunha, Palmeira-pupunha, Pupunheira	Pupuĩ/Ka’apor, Ʉ̃ɾĩ/Tukano-oriental, Vaná nená/Yawanawá, Bani bana/ Kaxinawá	Fr, Ph, Rt, St, Pe	Fd, Md, Hd, Ic, Fo, Cn, Ag, Bk	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Barreto and Freitas (2017); Barreto and Spanholi (2019); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Costa et al. (2018); Costa-Silva and Lucas (2019, 2022); Durão et al. (2021); Ferreira-Alves and Santos-Fita (2024); Fowler et al. (2024); Garcés (2016); Germano et al. (2014); Gonçalves and Lucas (2017); Leal et al. (2019); Lunelli et al. (2016); Martins et al. (2005); Medeiros and Caraíba (2014); Mendes et al. (2019); Nascimento et al. (2009); Pereira and Coelho-Ferreira (2017); Pereira et al. (2018a, 2018b); Portal et al. (2021); Ramos (2017); Rebêlo et al. (2019); Rodrigues et al. (2007); Santos and Silva (2016); Santos et al. (2021); Santos and Guarim-Neto (2017); Sauini et al. (2023); Screnci-Ribeiro (2015); Silva et al. (2019c); Vieira et al. (2012);
Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes	N/No	Pupunha		_	Fd	Siviero et al. (2014)
Bactrisgasipaes var. chichagui (H.Karst.) A.J.Hend.	N/No	Pupunha, Pupunha-da- mata	Niimera nená/Yawanawá, Bani/Kaxinawá	Fr	Fd	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Rodrigues et al. (2007).
Bactrisglaucescens Drude	N/No	Tucum-branco, Tucum, Tucum-mirim		Fr	Fd, Md, Ic	Arruda et al. (2014b); Bortolotto et al. (2017); David and Pasa (2013); Pasa and Ávila (2010); Pasa et al. (2005); Siqueira (2001).
Bactrishirta var. spruceana (Trail) A.J.Hend.	N/Yes	_		_	_	Rocha and Silva (2005).
Bactrismajor Jacq.	N/No	Marajá, Marajá-grande		Fr, Le, St	Fd, Fo, Ic	Germano et al. (2014); Jardim and Cunha (1998).
Bactrismaraja Mart.	N/No	Marajá	Xini/Yawanawá, Xii/Kaxinawá	Sd, Fr, Le, St	Fd, Us, Fs	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Oliveira et al. (2006); Pilnik et al. (2023).
Bactrismaraja Mart. var. maraja	N/No	_	Mokamo si/Yanomami	_	Cn	Milliken and Orstom (1997).
Bactrissetosa Mart.	N/Yes	Tucum-do-brejo, Tucum, Coco-tucum, Coco-airi, Airiairi, Ticum		Fr, Sd, Fb, Le	Fd, Ic, Hd, Us, Fu, Tc	Araujo et al. (2018); Bacci et al. (2022); David et al. (2022); Elias et al. (2019); Fonseca-Kruel and Peixoto (2004); Gandolfo and Hanazaki (2011); Leal et al. (2018); Lopes and Lobão (2013); Lunelli et al. (2016); Miranda and Hanazaki (2008); Santos et al. (2010); Silva and Fisch (2012).
Bactrissimplicifrons Mart.	N/No	_		_	_	Rocha and Silva (2005).
Bactrissoeiroana Noblick ex A.J.Hend.	N/Yes	Tucum		Ph	Md	Silva et al. (2017).
Bactristomentosa Mart.	N/No	Marajazinho		Fr, Rt, St	Fd, Hd	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Rocha and Silva (2005).
Butia archeri (Glassman) Glassman	N/Yes	Butiá		_	Fd, Md	Pereira et al. (2012).
Butiacapitata (Mart.) Becc.	N/Yes	Butiá, Butia		Fr	Fd, Ic	Bacci et al. (2022); Barreto and Spanholi (2019); Gandolfo and Hanazaki (2011).
Butiacatarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi	N/Yes	Butiá		Fr, Sd, Le	Fd, Dk, Cn, Us	Hanazaki et al. (2012); Kumagai and Hanazaki (2013); Leal et al. (2018); Varela et al. (2023).
Butiaeriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Becc.	N/Yes	Butiá-da-serra, Butiá		Fr, Sd, Le, Sp	Fd, Us	Leal et al. (2018); Wagner et al. (2022).
Butiaodorata (Barb.Rodr.) Noblick	N/No	Butiá		Fr, Le, Sd, Fb	Fd, Ic, Hd, Us	Campos-Junior and Printes (2020).
Butiaparaguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) Bailey	N/Yes	Butiá-de-espinho		-	Fd	Pereira et al. (2012).
Butiapurpurascens Glassman	N/No	Cabeçudo		Fr, Ph, Sd, Le, Sp, Fl	Fd, Md, Hd, Fu, Rt	Martins et al. (2014).
Chamaedorea angustisecta Burret	N/No	Palmeirinha	Sinkabin/Kaxinawá	-	-	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003).
Chelyocarpus chuco (Mart.) H.E.Moore	N/No	Xila	Bume/Kaxinawá	-	-	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003).
Chelyocarpusulei Dammer	N/No	Carnaubinha	Humewã/Yawanawá, Bumeuã/Kaxinawá	-	-	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003).
Cocos nucifera L.	Na/No	Côco, Coco, Coco-da-baía, Coco-da-Bahia, Coco-da-praia, Coco-verde, Coco-ouro, Coco-anão, Coco-anã, Coqueiro, Coqueiro-amarelo, Coqueiro-anão, Coqueiro-gigante, Palmeira-coqueiro	Kuk/Ka’apor, Arami/Xypaia	Fr, Fp, En, Rs, Fl, Sb, Sd, Le, Pe, St, Wp, Sp	Fd, Md, Hd, Us, Or, Cn, Tc, Fu, Rt, Ic, Fo, Cs	Alcantara et al. (2024); Almeida and Albuquerque (2002); Almeida et al. (2014); Amaral and Guarim-Neto (2008); Amorozo (2002); Andrade et al. (2019); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Barbosa et al. (2018); Barreto and Freitas (2017); Barreto and Spanholi (2019); Bastos et al. (2018); Batista et al. (2021); Borges and Peixoto (2009); Brito et al. (2018); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Carneiro et al. (2010); Carniello et al. (2010); Coelho-Ferreira and Jardim (2005); Coelho et al. (2016); Costa-Silva and Lucas (2019,2022); Lunelli et al. (2016); Costa et al. (2018); Cunha-Castro et al. (2011); David and Pasa (2016); Espírito Santo et al. (2022); Ferreira et al. (2016a); Ferreira-Alves and Santos-Fita (2024); Fiebig and Pasa (2016,2018); Florentino et al. (2007); Fowler et al. (2024); Franco and Barros (2006); Freitas et al. (2012,2020); Garcés (2016); Germano et al. (2014); Giraldi and Hanazaki (2010); Gonçalves and Lucas (2017); Gonçalves and Pasa (2015); Lima et al. (2013b,2021); Lopes and Lobão (2013); Machado and Boscolo (2018); Magalhães et al. (2011); Mamede and Pasa (2014); Martins et al. (2005,2023); Meireles et al. (2018); Morais et al. (2009); Moreira et al. (2002); Mota and Dias (2012); Nascimento et al. (2009,2024); Neto-Galvão et al. (2021); Nunes and Lima (2023); Oliveira (2019); Oliveira et al. (2018); Paes and Pasa (2014); Pasa et al. (2005); Pereira et al. (2016, 2018a, 2018b); Pinheiro et al. (2018); Pinto et al. (2006); Portal et al. (2021); Rebêlo et al. (2019); Ribeiro et al. (2014a); Rodrigues and Andrade (2014); Santos and Andrade (2020); Santos et al. (2008b,2018,2021); Santos and Guarim-Neto (2017); Santos and Silva (2016); Sátiro et al. (2019); Screnci-Ribeiro (2015); Screnci-Ribeiro and Guarim-Neto (2016); Silva et al. (2014, 2017, 2019a, 2020, 2022); Siviero et al. (2014); Spiller et al. (2016); Veiga and Scudeller (2015); Vieira et al. (2012); Vitório et al. (2023).
Copernicia alba Morong	N/No	Carandá, Carnaúba		Bd, St, Pe	Md, Cn, Tc, Hd	Bortolotto et al. (2019); Germano et al. (2014); Moreira and Guarim-Neto (2009).
Coperniciaprunifera (Mill.) H.E.Moore	N/Yes	Carnaúba, Carnauba, Carnaubeira		Le, St, Rt, Fr, Sd	Ic, Fo, Hd, Us, Cn, Fu, Tc, Ag, Md, Fd, Or, Bk	Almeida-Neto et al. (2015); Amorim et al. (2019); Araujo and Lemos (2015); Baptistel et al. (2014); Barbosa et al. (2020); Bastos et al. (2018); Batista et al. (2016,2021); Brasileiro et al. (2022); Brito et al. (2018); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Chaves and Barros (2008,2012); Chaves et al. (2014); Ferreira-Chaves et al. (2019); Freitas et al. (2020); Leal et al. (2019); Lucena et al. (2017); Martins et al. (2023); Meireles et al. (2018); Nunes et al. (2018); Oliveira-Junior and Conceição (2010); Oliveira et al. (2010); Pereira et al. (2016, 2018a, 2018b); Pinto et al. (2019); Pedrosa et al. (2021); Rodrigues et al. (2013); Roque and Loiola (2013); Santos et al. (2008a); Silva et al. (2017); Sousa et al. (2015a, 2015b); Vieira and Loiola (2014); Vieira et al. (2016); Vieira-Filho et al. (2018); Ximenes-Neto et al. (2019).
Desmoncus mitis Mart.	N/No	Jacitara		_	_	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003).
Desmoncusorthacanthos Mart.	N/Yes	Coco-jaquitá, Goitacá, Jacitara		Le, St, Fr, Rt	Tc, Us, Fs, Fd, Ic, Md	Germano et al. (2014); Lopes and Lobão (2013); Oliveira et al. (2006); Santos et al. (2010).
Desmoncuspolyacanthos Mart.	N/No	Jacitara, Urubamba		St, Fr	Hd, Us	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Arruda et al. (2014b); Flores and Lima (2020); Moreira and Guarim-Neto (2009); Rocha and Silva (2005).
Elaeis guineensis Jacq.	Na/No	Dendê, Dendé, Dende, Dendezeiro, Obi		Fr, Rt, Le, Ph, Sd, St	Rt, Fd, Md, Us, Hd, Or	Alves et al. (2019); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Fowler et al. (2024); Germano et al. (2014); Koch et al. (2024); Lopes and Lobão (2013); Nascimento et al. (2024); Pires et al. (2009); Portal et al. (2021); Rodrigues and Andrade (2014); Santos and Andrade (2020); Santos and Fortuna (2023); Sátiro et al. (2019); Vieira et al. (2012).
Euterpe edulis Mart.	N/No	Juçara, Jussara, Jussara-branca, Jiçara, Palmito, Palmito-juçara, Palmito-jussara, Palmito-do-brejo, Açaí, Palmeira-juçara, Palmeira, Coco-de-ripa	Ter ti/Krahô	Ph, Fr, Sd, St, Le, Sp, Rt, Wp	Fd, Ic, Cn, Tc, Hd, Fo, Rt, Md, Or	Andrade et al. (2019); Bacci et al. (2022); Barroso et al. (2010); Borges and Peixoto (2009); Conde et al. (2017); Elias et al. (2019); Esteves et al. (2016); Fanelli et al. (2012); Firmo et al. (2014); Hanazaki et al. (2006); Leal et al. (2018); Lunelli et al. (2016); Martins et al. (2014); Medeiros et al. (2004); Miranda and Hanazaki (2008); Nascimento et al. (2009, 2010); Neto-Galvão et al. (2021); Oliveira-Junior et al. (2010,2018); Pilla and Amorozo (2009); Rossato et al. (1999); Santos et al. (2010); Santos and Vilanova (2017); Sauini et al. (2023); Silva and Fisch (2012); Soares et al. (2020); Lopes-Sobrinho et al. (2018); Tuler et al. (2019).
Euterpeoleracea Mart.	N/No	Açaí, Açaí-branco, Açaí-de-touceira, Açaizeiro, Azaizero, Juçara	Wasai/Ka’apor, Mãnakura/Xypaia, Mĩhĩ/Tukano-oriental, Kamerekàk/ Mebêngôkre-Kayapó	Fr, Ph, Rt, Sd, Pe, St, Le, Sp, Fl, Rs	Fd, Ic, Ag, Md, Cn, Fs, Us, Hd, Fo, Ex	Almeida and Jardim (2012); Almeida et al. (2013); Almeida et al. (2014); Almeida-Silva et al. (2023); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Barbosa et al. (2018); Barreto and Freitas (2017); Campos et al. (2015a); Costa-Silva and Lucas (2019,2022); Costa et al. (2018); Durão et al. (2021); Ferreira et al. (2016b); Ferreira-Alves and Santos-Fita (2024); Fowler et al. (2024); Garcés (2016); Germano et al. (2014); Gois et al. (2016); Gonçalves and Lucas (2017); Jardim and Cunha (1998); Leal et al. (2018); Leal et al. (2019); Machado and Boscolo (2018); Magalhães et al. (2011); Martinez et al. (2018); Martins et al. (2005); Mendes et al. (2019); Mesquita and Tavares-Martins (2018); Monteles and Pinheiro (2007); Moura et al. (2016); Muñiz-Miret et al. (1996); Nascimento et al. (2009); Oliveira et al. (2006, 2014); Oliveira (2019); Penido et al. (2016); Pereira and Coelho-Ferreira (2017); Pereira et al. (2018a, 2018b); Pezzuti and Chaves (2009); Pilnik and Argentim (2024); Pinheiro et al. (2005,2018); Pollak et al. (1995); Rebêlo et al. (2019); Rego et al. (2016); Rocha and Silva (2005); Robert et al. (2012); Rodrigues et al. (2007); Rodrigues and Andrade (2014); Santos and Silva (2016); Santos et al. (2018,2021); Sauini et al. (2023); Screnci-Ribeiro and Guarim-Neto (2016); Silva et al. (2019c, 2020, 2022); Siviero et al. (2014); Soares et al. (2020); Vieira et al. (2012, 2019).
Euterpeprecatoria Mart.	N/No	Açaí, Açaí-do-morro, Açaí-solteiro, Açaí-açú, Assai	Kamerikàk/Kayapó, Panã isã/Yawanawá, Pana isã/Kaxinawá, Pãna isã/ Huni Kuĩ, Maima si/ Yanomami	Fr, Ph, Rt, Sd	Ic, Fd, Md, Hd, Cn, Fo	Almeida-Silva et al. (2023); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Arruda et al. (2014b); Barreto and Spanholi (2019); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Evaristo et al. (2019); Fowler et al. (2024); Gonçalves and Lucas (2017); González-Pérez et al. (2013); Lima et al. (2021); Milliken and Orstom (1997); Oliveira et al. (2019); Pasa and David (2017); Pilnik and Argentim (2024); Pilnik et al. (2023); Ramos (2017); Santos and Guarim-Neto (2017); Silva et al. (2017, 2022); Siviero et al. (2014); Vásquez et al. (2014); Veiga and Scudeller (2015).
Euterpeprecatoria Mart. var. precatoria	N/No	Açaí		-	Fd	Barreto and Spanholi (2019).
Geonoma baculifera (Poit.) Kunth	N/No	Ubim (fêmea), Ubim		Ph, St, Le	Us, Cn, Fs	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Germano et al. (2014); Milliken and Orstom (1997); Oliveira et al. (2006); Rocha and Silva (2005).
Geonomabrevispatha Barb.Rodr.	N/Yes	Palmita, Palmito-merim		Sd, Fr, St, Wp	Fd, Hd, Cn, Rt	Martins et al. (2014).
Geonomaelegans Mart.	N/Yes	Guaricanga-canela-fina, Guaricana		-	-	Lunelli et al. (2016); Silva and Fisch (2012).
Geonomagamiova Barb.Rodr.	N/Yes	Guaricanga-macho, Guaricanga, Canudo		Le	Hd, Cn, Fd	Elias et al. (2019); Pilla and Amorozo (2009); Silva and Fisch (2012).
Geonomamaxima (Poit.) Kunth	N/No	Ubim (macho)		Sd, Le	Cn, Us	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Rocha and Silva (2005).
Geonomapohliana Mart.	N/Yes	Guaricanga-fêmea		-	Cn	Silva and Fisch (2012).
Geonomaschottiana Mart.	N/Yes	Guaricanga-palha-fina, Palha-de-cobrir		Le	Hd, Cn, Fd	Araujo et al. (2018); Silva and Fisch (2012).
Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pav.	N/No	Paxiubão	Tau/Huni Kuĩ	Ph	Fd	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Pilnik and Argentim (2024); Pilnik et al. (2023).
Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace	N/No	Piaçaba		Fb	Hd, Cn	Santos and Silva (2016).
Lepidocaryum tenue Mart.	N/No	Caranaí		-	Fd	Fowler et al. (2024).
Manicaria saccifera Gaertn.	N/No	Bussu, Palha-do-Bussu, Palheira		Fr, Rt, Sd, Sb, St, Pe, Le	Fd, Ic, Hd, Us, Fu, Cn, Md	Almeida and Jardim (2012); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Germano et al. (2014).
Mauritia carana Wallace	N/No	Buritirana		Fr	Fd, Fo	Rego et al. (2016).
Mauritiaflexuosa L.f.	N/No	Buriti, Burití, Burutizeiro, Miriti, Mirití, Palmeira	Nẽ/Tukano-oriental, Krow/Krahô, Vinu/ Yawanawá, Binu/Kaxinawá	Fr, Pe, St, Le, Sd, Rs, Rt, Fb, Wp	Fd, Ic, Md, Cs, Vt, Fo, Ag, Oi, Cn, Tc, Hd, Us, Fu, Rt, Or	Amaral and Guarim-Neto (2008); Amorim et al. (2018); Araújo and Lopes (2012); Arruda et al. (2014b); Baptistel et al. (2014); Barreto and Spanholi (2019); Bastos et al. (2018); Batista et al. (2021); Braga and Bethonico (2018); Brasileiro et al. (2022); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Carvalho et al. (2020); Costa et al. (2018,2020); Eichemberg and Scatena (2011); Espírito Santo et al. (2022); Fagundes et al., 2017; Fernandes (2011); Ferreira-Alves and Santos-Fita (2024); Flores and Lima (2020); Fowler et al. (2024); Garcés et al. (2015); Germano et al. (2014); Gonçalves and Lucas (2017); Jardim and Cunha (1998); Keller (2011); Lima et al. (2024); Martins et al. (2012, 2014, 2023); Matta (2010); Mendes et al. (2019); Moreira and Guarim-Neto (2009); Nascimento et al. (2009, 2010); Oliveira-Junior and Conceição (2010); Oliveira et al. (2010, 2014, 2016, 2019); Pasa and David (2017); Penido et al. (2016); Pereira et al. (2016); Pezzuti and Chaves (2009); Pinheiro et al. (2005); Pinheiro et al. (2018); Ramos (2017); Ribeiro et al. (2014b); Rocha and Silva (2005); Rodrigues et al. (2007, 2020); Sampaio et al. (2008, 2012); Sander et al. (2018); Santos and Coelho-Ferreira (2011, 2012); Santos and Silva (2016); Santos et al. (2021); Soares et al. (2020); Silva et al. (2017, 2019c); Silva and Guarim-Neto (2017); Siqueira (2001); Siviero et al. (2014); Souza and Felfili (2006); Viana et al. (2018); Vieira et al. (2019); Virapongse (2017).
Mauritiella aculeata (Kunth) Burret	N/No	Buritirana	Krawrore/Krahô	Sd	Hd	Nascimento et al. (2010); Oliveira et al. (2014); Soares et al. (2020).
Mauritiellaarmata (Mart.) Burret	N/No	Buritirana, Caranã, Buritizinho, Buriti-bravo, Buriti-merim, Xiriri, Carnaíba, Pati		St, Le, Pe, Fr, Ph, Rt	Cn, Us, Hd, Fu, Fd, Md	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Arruda et al. (2014b); Coelho-Ferreira and Jardim (2005); Germano et al. (2014); Lima et al. (2024); Martins et al. (2014); Nascimento et al. (2009); Rodrigues et al. (2020).
Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.	N/No	Bacaba, Abacaba	Mãnakurapypy/Xypaia, Yũmũ/Tukano-oriental, Kamere/Mebêngôkre-Kayapó, Peri isã/Huni Kuĩ	Fr, Ph, Le, St, Rt, Sd, Sp	Fd, Ic, Us, Md, Fo, Cn, Hd, Ex	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Barbosa et al. (2018); Barreto and Freitas (2017); Barreto and Spanholi (2019); Campos et al. (2015a); Costa-Silva and Lucas (2019,2022); Germano et al. (2014); Ferreira-Alves and Santos-Fita (2024); Gonçalves and Lucas (2017); Medeiros and Caraíba (2014); Oliveira et al. (2014); Pilnik and Argentim (2024); Pilnik et al. (2023); Pinheiro et al. (2018); Ramos (2017); Rebêlo et al. (2019); Robert et al. (2012); Santos et al. (2021); Siviero et al. (2014); Silva and Guarim-Neto, 2017; Silva et al. (2019c).
Oenocarpusbalickii F.Kahn	N/No	Bacaba		-	Fd	Fowler et al. (2024).
Oenocarpusbataua Mart.	N/No	Patauá, Patuá, Patoá, Paxiúba		Fr, Le, St, Pe, Sd, Rt	Fd, Ic, Cn, Us, Hd, Md	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Barbosa et al. (2018); Barreto and Freitas (2017); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Fowler et al. (2024); Germano et al. (2014); Mendes et al. (2019); Milliken and Orstom (1997); Oliveira et al. (2014); Pasa and David (2017); Pezzuti and Chaves (2009); Pilnik and Argentim (2024); Pilnik et al. (2023); Ramos (2017); Silva et al. (2019c).
Oenocarpusdistichus Mart.	N/No	Bacaba-de-leque, Bacaba, Bacabeira, Norte Sul, Nortesul	Kamere/Kayapó, Kapir/Krahô	Fr, Le, Sd	Fd, Md, Rt, Cn, Us, Hd, Or	Arruda et al. (2014b); Barreto and Spanholi (2019); González-Pérez et al. (2013); Mendes et al. (2019); Nascimento et al. (2009, 2010); Pinheiro et al. (2005); Rego et al. (2016); Rocha and Silva (2005); Santos and Silva (2016); Soares et al. (2020).
Oenocarpusmapora H.Karst.	N/No	Bacabi, Bacaba, Bacaba-touceira	Kehu isã/Yawanawá, Purisã/Kaxinawá	Fr	Fd	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Ferreira-Alves and Santos-Fita (2024); Fowler et al. (2024); Pereira et al. (2018a, 2018b).
Oenocarpusminor Mart.	N/No	Bacabí		Le	Fd	Germano et al. (2014).
Phytelephas macrocarpa Ruiz & Pav.	N/No	Jarina	Epevi/Yawanawá, Hepe/Kaxinawá	Sd	Fd	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Pilnik et al. (2023).
Raphia taedigera (Mart.) Mart.	N/No	Jupati		Fr, St, Pe, Le	Fd, Ic, Cn, Hd, Us, Fs	Germano et al. (2014); Jardim and Cunha (1998).
Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H.Wendl.	N/No	Paxiuba, Paxiúba, Paxiubinha, Patauá, Setepé	Ngrowareoaãk-y/Kayapó, Paxiwba/Xypaia, Uxtá/Yawanawá, Nixte/Kaxinawá, Nisti/Kuĩ, Manaka si/Yanomami	St, Pe, Rs, Fr, Le, Ph, Sd	Cn, Fs, Md, Us, Fd, Rt, Hd	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Arruda et al. (2014b); Barbosa et al. (2018); Campos and Ehringhaus (2003); Coelho-Ferreira and Jardim (2005); Germano et al. (2014); González-Pérez et al. (2013); Jardim and Cunha (1998); Milliken and Orstom (1997); Oliveira et al. (2006,2014); Pilnik and Argentim (2024); Pilnik et al. (2023); Rocha and Silva (2005).
Syagrus botryophora (Mart.) Mart.	N/Yes	Pati, Patiova		-	Md, Fd	Boscolo and Galvão (2019); Pilla and Amorozo (2009).
aearensis Noblick	N/Yes	Côco-catolé, Coco-catolé, Catolé, Catole		Fr, Sd, Le, Rt	Fd, Md	Andrade et al. (2019); Campos et al. (2015c, 2016); Cruz et al. (2014); Medeiros et al. (2021); Nascimento et al. (2013); Pessoa-Felix et al. (2020); Silva et al. (2014, 2019a, 2019b).
Syagruscocoides Mart.	N/Yes	Pati-grande, Pati, Coco-catolé	Hõ ti/Krahô	Le, Sp, Rt	Fd, Fo, Cn, Md	Araújo and Lopes (2012); Nascimento et al. (2009, 2010); Pinheiro et al. (2018); Soares et al. (2020).
Syagruscomosa (Mart.) Mart.	N/No	Guariroba, Garioba, Garioba-do-campo, Garioba-da-serra, Gariobina-do-cerrado, Garioba-comum, Gariobinha, Gueiroba, Gariroba-catolé, Catolé, Coco-catolé, Coco-catolé, Catolezinha	Hõ thré/Krahô	Fr, St, Rt, Ph, Sd	Fd, Cn, Md, Hd	Arruda et al. (2014b); Macêdo et al. (2015); Martins et al. (2014); Nascimento et al. (2009, 2010); Nunes and Lima (2023).
Syagruscoronata (Mart.) Becc.	N/Yes	Ouricuri, Licuri, Coco-licuri, Nicuri		Fr, Le, St, Rt, Fl	Fd, Fo, Ic, Hd, Ag, Cn, Tc, Fu, Md	Almeida and Bandeira (2010); Andrade et al. (2015); Barreira et al. (2015); Campos et al. (2019); Dario (2018); Gomes and Bandeira (2012); Lins-Neto et al. (2023); Macêdo et al. (2015); Nascimento et al. (2024); Oliveira et al. (2018); Rufino et al. (2008); Silva et al. (2019b).
Syagrusdeflexa Noblick & Lorenzi	N/Yes	Licuri-da-serra, Licurizinho-da-serra, Coquinho-de-licuri, Coquinho-da-serra, Coquinho-do-cerrado, Paia-de-nicuri		Fr, Sd, Le, Ph	Fd, Hd, Cn, Fu	Martins et al. (2014).
Syagrusinajai (Spruce) Becc.	N/No	Inajá		Fr, Sd, Le, Sb	Fd, Hd, Cn	Almeida and Jardim (2012).
Syagrusoleracea (Mart.) Becc.	N/No	Gueraba, Gueroba, Gueirova, Gueiroba, Guariroba, Gariroba, Garioba-verdadeira, Gariroba-verdadeira, Côco-catolé, Coco-catolé, Coco-catole, Catolé, Palmito-amargo		Fr, Ph, Le, St, Rt, Sd, Sp	Fd, Ic, Fo, Tc, Cn, Md, Hd, Fu	Abreu et al. (2011); Amaral and Guarim-Neto (2008); Barbosa et al. (2020); Carniello et al. (2010); Dias et al. (2014); Ferreira et al. (2016a); Fiebig and Pasa (2016); Figueirêdo-Júnior et al. (2022); Lucena et al. (2017); Martins et al. (2014); Moreira and Guarim-Neto (2009); Nunes et al. (2018); Pedrosa et al. (2021); Pinheiro et al. (2018); Saraiva et al. (2015).
Syagruspicrophylla Barb.Rodr.	N/Yes	Licuri		-	Fd, Fo, Md	Pinheiro et al. (2018).
Syagruspseudococos (Raddi) Glassman	N/Yes	Pati, Patieiro		Ph	Fd, Cn, Hd, Or	Borges and Peixoto (2009); Silva and Fisch (2012), Sauini et al. (2023).
Syagrusromanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman	N/No	Jerivá, Jeriva, Jerivá-pequeno, Jarová, Jarobá, Baba-de-boi, Coqueiro, Coqueiro-vermelho, Coco, Coquinho, Palmeira, Palmeira-jerivá		Fr, Ph, Sd, St, Rt, Fl, Sb, Le	Fd, Md, Bk, Fo, Hd	Bacci et al. (2022); Battisti et al. (2013); Boscolo and Galvão (2019); Elias et al. (2019); Gandolfo and Hanazaki (2011); Koch et al. (2024); Lunelli et al. (2016); Machado and Boscolo (2018); Martins et al. (2014); Negrelle and Fornazzari (2007); Oliveira-Júnior et al. (2018); Pereira et al. (2012); Pinheiro et al. (2018); Pilla and Amorozo (2009); Rauber et al. (2021); Roman-Junior et al. (2022); Silva and Fisch (2012); Tuler et al. (2019).
Syagrusrupicola Noblick & Lorenzi	N/Yes	Catolé, Catolé-rasteiro, Catolé-da-serra, Catolezinho, Coquinho-catolé, Coquinho-da-serra, Licuri-de-raposa		Ph, Fr, Sd, Sp	Fd, Hd	Martins et al. (2014).
Syagrussancona (Kunth) H.Karst.	N/No	Açairana, Catolé		-	-	Campos and Ehringhaus (2003).
Syagrusvagans (Bondar) A.D.Hawkes	N/Yes	Ariri		Fr	Fd	Nascimento et al. (2024).
Syagrusvermicularis Noblick	N/Yes	Guariroba-do-mato		_	Fd, Cn	Arruda et al. (2014b).
Trithrinax brasiliensis Mart.	N/Yes	Palmeira-leque		-	Or	Spiller et al. (2016).

• Origin: N = Native, Na = Naturalized. Part used: Bud = Bd; Endocarp = En; Fiber = Fb; Flower/Inflorescence = Fl; Fruit/Infructescence = Fr; Fruit peel = Fp; Leaf = Le; Palm heart = Ph; Petiole = Pe; Rachis = Rc; Resin = Rs; Root = Rt; Seed = Sd; Spathe = Sp; Stem = St; Stem Bark = Sb; Whole plant = Wp. Usage category: Agriculture = Ag; Beekeeping = Bk; Construction = Cn; Cosmetic = Cs; Drink = Dk; Exchange = Ex; Fishing = Fs; Fodder = Fo; Food = Fd; Fuel = Fu; Handicrafts = Hd; Hygiene = Hg; Income = Ic; Medicinal = Md; Oil = Oi; Ornamentation = Or; Ritual = Rt; Technology = Tc; Utensils = Us; Veterinary = Vt.

Among the native taxa, the genus Syagrus was the most representative, with 15 species cited, followed by Attalea (13 spp.), Astrocaryum (11 spp.), and Bactris (11 spp.). Regarding the total number of palm species citations in the reviewed studies, Mauritia flexuosa leads with approximately 66 mentions (9.5%), we consider that the fact that this species is the most abundant palm tree in Brazil (Lorenzi et al., 2010) and has great potential for use, it appears in several ethnobotanical studies carried out in different locations where it occurs naturally, such as among the Kalunga Quilombolas of the Brazilian Cerrado (Martins et al., 2012, 2014). Followed by Euterpe oleracea with 59 mentions (8.3%), Attalea speciosa (46 mentions = 6.5%), Astrocaryum aculeatum (39 = 5.5%), Copernicia prunifera (36 = 5.1%), Bactris gasipaes (30 = 4.2%), Astrocaryum vulgare and Euterpe edulis, both with 29 mentions (4.1%), and Attalea maripa (26 = 3.7%). Other species were mentioned between one and 20 times (≤ 2.8%), with notable mentions of Euterpe precatoria and Oenocarpus bacaba. South America is a major center of palm richness and diversity, with the genera Astrocaryum, Attalea, Bactris, Geonoma, and Syagrus standing out in terms of species number (Pintaud et al., 2008).

Although naturalized species, Cocos nucifera and Elaeis guineensis hold significant importance in Brazil, having been present since the colonial period. Brazil is currently responsible for 5% of the world's production of C. nucifera fruit. The coconuts are mainly produced in the northeast of the country (Brainer, 2018; Martins and Cuenca, 2018; Rocha et al., 2022; Silva et al., 2021). This species is cultivated throughout nearly the entire national territory and exhibits the highest number of utilized parts (n = 12) as well as the greatest number of local names (n = 15), including among Indigenous communities, where it is known as “Kuk” by the Ka’apor of Maranhão (Garcés, 2016) and “Arami” by the Xypaia of Pará (Barbosa et al., 2018). Meanwhile, E. guineensis, native to the African continent, holds socioeconomic and cultural importance due to the oil produced from its fruits, known as palm oil or dendê oil. The Amazon region is the country’s largest producer. Dendê oil is widely used in Brazilian cuisine, especially in the state of Bahia, and is also essential in Afro-Brazilian liturgical rituals (Borges et al., 2016; Brazilio et al., 2012; Watkins, 2020).

Regarding the local nomenclature of these palms, it was observed that multiple species belonging to different genera are grouped under the same popular names, such as “Tucum,” “Coquinho,” “Palmeira,” and “Catolé,” which encompass several species, indicating an overlap of popular denominations for distinct taxa. This pattern reflects the common use of broad terms in folk classification, contrasting with the specificity of scientific nomenclature. The relationships between different palm species and their respective popular names can be identified based on the Sankey diagram (Figure 3). This analysis indicates a wide diversity of species associated with common names, highlighting both the botanical richness and the complexity of the relationships between scientific and popular nomenclature. Additionally, the diagram illustrates that some popular names, such as “Coco” and “Açaí,” are strongly linked to specific species. In the case of “Coco,” the naturalized species C. nucifera stands out with a thicker flow, indicating a primary and significant association in terms of frequency or importance.

Figure 3
Sankey diagram showing the correlations between taxonomy and ethnotaxonomy of palm species in Brazil.

Traditional communities develop their own systems of plant classification and management, which are the result of accumulated practical knowledge over time (Strachulski and Floriani, 2013). Within ethnobotanical taxonomy systems, different perspectives, such as cognitive and utilitarian views, are integrated into a single model. Thus, nomenclature can be modified based on observations and interactions with plant species (Aparicio et al., 2021).

The data further reveal that most species are associated exclusively with a single popular name, such as “Tucum,” which is linked to several species of the genera Astrocaryum, Bactris, and one species of the genus Acrocomia, given that these species share the presence of spines on their stipes. This morphological characteristic may be closely related to their ethnobotanical classification. The influence of morphological traits, such as fruit color, size, shape, and texture, on the formation of local names for Passiflora species was also observed by Costa-Neto (2008). These findings highlight the importance of understanding popular terminology in biodiversity studies and reinforce the need for integrated efforts to connect scientific knowledge with traditional wisdom, especially in contexts of conservation and sustainable management of natural resources.

Regarding indigenous ethnobotany, the data presented in the Sankey diagram (Figure 4) show that the term “Roy ti” is used to designate, respectively, the species A. jauari and A. vulgare among the Krahô people (Nascimento et al., 2010), where both palms have spiny stipes, indicating an overlap in nomenclature between distinct species. This morphological similarity may be associated with their naming. Meanwhile, the species O. bacaba and O. bataua are called “Mânakurapypy” by the Xipaya people (Barbosa et al., 2018), suggesting a unification of nomenclature among distinct species within the same classification system, as previously observed. The denomination “Kamere” is associated with O. bacaba by the Mebêngôkre-Kayapó ethnicity from the state of Pará (Robert et al., 2012), and with O. distichus by the Kayapó, also from Pará (González-Pérez et al., 2013). Since both groups belong to the Kayapó branch, these data reinforce the idea of convergence in the designation of species that share morphological characteristics and/or similar uses. It is also noted that the term “Kuti” is recognized by both the Yawanawá and Kaxinawá peoples to refer to A. butyracea (Campos and Ehringhaus, 2003). Given that these people are from the state of Acre, it is possible that there is cultural exchange between them.

Figure 4
Sankey diagram depicts the correlation between species, their names in native languages, and the respective ethnic groups responsible for ethnobotanical classification.

The connections presented in the diagram reveal not only the sharing of species among different ethnic groups but also the circulation of traditional knowledge and names, such as “Roy ti,” “Mânakurapypy,” and “Kamere,” which have been applied to different species of the genera Astrocaryum and Oenocarpus, respectively, both within the same ethnic group and across different ethnicities. The results demonstrate a rich diversity of local classifications and the use of indigenous nomenclature, often shared among distinct botanical species and among different peoples, highlighting the complexity and sophistication of traditional knowledge systems. It is worth noting that, in indigenous classification systems, morphological characteristics are also used for plant identification, resulting in similarities in species nomenclature. Thus, a traditional name may correspond to more than one species (Gaudêncio et al., 2020).

According to the data, fruits have great prominence among the used parts of palms, followed by leaves, seeds, and stipes. Although less frequently cited, other plant organs such as roots, hearts of palm, flowers, and petioles, as well as substances like resins, are also used. In different localities, these plants stand out for their use in the daily lives of various human groups that compose their sociocultural diversity, whether generating income through extraction, the use of fruits for human or animal consumption, stipes in construction, leaves in handicrafts and utensil making, or roots as medicinal sources. There is also significant biocultural importance from sacred, religious, spiritual, and ritualistic perspectives (Figure 5).

Figure 5
Biocultural heritage in the use of palms. (A) Quantitative distribution of utilized parts of native palms. (B) Sociocultural diversity in the use of palms in Brazil.

Among the various categories of use, food stands out both in terms of the number of species and modes of consumption, with fruit being the primary element in this process. In the Amazon region, the fruits of E. oleracea (açaí) and O. bacaba (bacaba) are used for pulp production, holding significant socioeconomic importance, especially in agro-family systems (Neves et al., 2015). The fruits of A. aculeatum and A. vulgare are highly appreciated by the population of the North region, with particular emphasis on A. aculeatum fruits, which are marketed in fairs both in natura and as typical dishes, becoming one of the key fruits driving the local economy (Didonet and Ferraz, 2014; Machado et al., 2022). In the Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve, in Central Amazonia, approximately 9.55% of the plant species used for food are palms, where the fruits of Euterpe spp. are consumed and highly valued, showing nutritional, economic, and cultural importance (Machado and Kinupp, 2020).

Not only in this region but throughout Brazil, the importance of palm fruits in human nutrition is observed, such as species of the genus Syagrus in the Midwest and Butia in the South, as well as a source of income for extractivist families or artisans in the Northeast, especially species like A. speciosa, C. prunifera and M. flexuosa (Biondo et al., 2018; Bortolotto et al., 2018; Büttow et al., 2009; Gonçalves et al., 2015; Guimarães et al., 2018; Huergo et al., 2020; Keller, 2011; Passos, 2020; Porro, 2019; Ximenes-Neto et al., 2019).

4. Conclusion

Palms play a fundamental role throughout Brazil, both among local communities and within indigenous territories, not only due to their ecological abundance and diversity but also because of their profound cultural, symbolic, and utilitarian value. They serve as essential sources of food, raw materials for handicrafts, construction, traditional medicine, and rituals.

The diversity of traditional names attributed to these species reflects the richness of local knowledge and the close relationship between the various human groups that comprise Brazil’s sociobiodiversity and the ecosystems they inhabit. Recognizing and valuing this knowledge is crucial for biodiversity conservation and for strengthening the sociocultural rights of traditional populations in Brazil.

Acknowledgements

Thankful to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES (financing code 001), for the scholarship granted to the first author, enabling the completion of this study, which constitutes part of his doctoral thesis. To the State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS) and the Postgraduate Program in Botany (PPGBot).

Data Availability Statement

The entire data set that supports the results of this study was published in the article itself.

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Edited by

• Editor:
  Takako Matsumura Tundisi

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  26 Jan 2026
• Date of issue
  2025

History

• Received
  20 July 2025
• Accepted
  04 Nov 2025