Teorizando sobre a migração de retorno: uma abordagem conceitual revisitada sobre migrantes de retorno

Theorising return migration: the conceptual approach to return migrants revisited

Resumos

A diversidade de categorias migratórias (variando de migrantes econômicos a refugiados e solicitantes de asilo) exige a desagregação dos vários tipos de retornados. Ainda precisamos saber quem retorna, quando e por quê; e por qual razão alguns migrantes retornados aparecem como atores de mudança, em circunstâncias sociais e institucionais específicas em sua pátria, enquanto outros não. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como o retorno vem sendo tratado pelas teorias de migração internacional, enfatizando particularmente os pressupostos nos quais elas se baseiam. Esta abordagem teórica é necessária para mostrar como o retorno vem sendo definido e localizado no tempo e no espaço, e como o migrante retornado tem sido descrito. O segundo objetivo é dar um passo à frente nas várias abordagens da migração de retorno, por meio do aprofundamento de conhecimentos teóricos que têm sido propostos até agora. Será, então, apresentada uma abordagem conceitual revisitada aos migrantes retornados, levando-se em conta um conjunto de critérios de distinção, quais sejam, a "return preparedness" e a "mobilização de recursos".

migrações de retorno; teorias; return preparedness; recursos; capital humano; redes sociais

The diversity of migratory categories (ranging from economic migrants to refugees and asylum-seekers) necessitates a desegregation of the various types of returnees. We still need to know who returns when, and why; and why some returnees appear as actors of change, in specific social and institutional circumstances at home, while others do not. The first objective of this paper is to analyse how return has been dealt with by international migration theories, emphasising particularly the assumptions on which they rest. This theoretical overview is necessary to show how return has been defined and located in time and space, and how the returnee has been depicted. The second objective is to take the various approaches to return migration a step further by elaborating on the theoretical insights which have been extensively proposed so far. It will then present a revisited conceptual approach to returnees, taking into account a set of distinguishing criteria, i.e., "return preparedness" and "resource mobilisation".

return migration; theories; preparedness return; resources; human capital; social networks

• AL-ALI, Nadje; KOSER, Khalid (eds). New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home. London: Routledge, 2002.
• AL-ALI, Nadje; BLACK, Richard; KOSER, Khalid. The Limits of Transnationalism: Bosnian and Eritrean Refugees in Europe as Emerging Transnational Communities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, v. 24, n. 4, 2001, p. 578-600.
• AMMASSARI, Savina; BLACK, Richard. Harnessing the Potential of Migration and Return to Promote Development: Applying Concepts to West Africa. IOM Migration Research Series, n. 5. Geneva: IOM, 2001.
• BRAND, Laurie. States and Their Expatriates: Explaining the Development of Tunisian and Moroccan Emigration-Related Institutions. Working Paper n. 52. La Jolla: The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California-San Diego, 2002.
• BYRON, Margaret; CONDON, Stephanie. A Comparative Study of Caribbean Return Migration from Britain and France: Towards a Context-Dependent Explanation. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, v. 21, n. 1, 1996, p. 91-104.
• CALLEA, Saverio. Different Forms, Reasons and Motivations for Return Migration of Persons who Voluntarily Decide to Return to Their Countries of Origin. International Migration, v. 24, 1986, p. 61-76.
• CASSARINO, Jean-Pierre. Tunisian New Entrepreneurs and their Past Experiences of Migration in Europe: Networks, Resource Mobilisation, and Hidden Disaffection. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers, 2000.
• CERASE, Francesco P. Expectations and Reality: A Case Study of Return Migration from the United States to Southern Italy. International Migration review, v. 8, n. 2, 1974, p. 245-262.
• CERVANTES, Mario; GUELLEC, Dominique. The Brain Drain: Old Myths, New Realities. Paris: Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, OECD, 2002.
• CHAPMAN, Murray; PROTHERO, R. Mansell. Themes on Circulation in the Third World. International Migration Review, v. 17, n. 4, 1983-1984, p. 597-632.
• CHURCH, Madeline et alii Participation, Relationships and Dynamic Change: New Thinking On Evaluating the Work of International Networks. Working Paper no. 121. London: University College of London, 2002.
• COLEMAN, James. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, suppl. 94, 1988, p. S95-S120.
• COLTON, N. A. Homeward Bound: Yemeni Return Migration. International Migration Review, v. 27, n. 4, 1993, p. 870-882.
• CONSTANT, Amelie; MASSEY, Douglas S. Return Migration by German Guestworkers: Neoclassical versus New Economic Theories. International Migration, v. 40, n. 4, 2002, p. 5-38.
• COUNCIL OF EUROPE. Third Conference of European Ministers Responsible for Migration Affairs: Conclusions, 4 June 1987. MMG-3 (87) 22. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1987.
• DUMON, Wilfried. Problems Faced by Migrations and their Family Members, Particularly Second Generation Migrants, in Returning to and Reintegrating into their Countries of Origin. International Migration, v. 24, 1986, p. 113-128.
• DUSTMANN, Christian. Return Migration, Wage Differentials, and the Optimal Migration Duration. Discussion Paper, n. 264. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor, 2001.
• ECCLES Robert G.; NOHRIA, Nitin. Networks and Organizations. Structure, Form, and Action. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992.
• FAIST, Thomas. Transnationalization in International Migration: Implications for the Study of Citizenship and Culture. Bremen: Institute for Intercultural and International Studies WPTC-99-08, 1999.
• GHOSH, Bimal. Introduction: Towards a New International Regime for Orderly Movements of People. In GHOSH, Bimal (ed). Managing Migration. Time for a New International Regime? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 6-26.
• ________. Return Migration: Reshaping Policy Approaches. In GHOSH, Bimal (ed.). Return Migration: Journey of Hope or Despair? Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2000, p. 181-226.
• GLASER, William A.; HABERS, Christopher G. The Migration and Return of Professionals. International Migration Review, v. 8, n. 2, 1974, p. 227-244.
• GMELCH, George. Return Migration. Annual Review of Anthropology, v. 9, 1980, p. 135-159.
• GUARNIZO, Luis Eduardo. Notes on Dual Citizenship, Nationalism, and Transnational Migration. Working Paper n. 5. New Haven: Yale Center for International and Area Studies, 1998.
• HSING, You-Tien. Making Capitalism in China: The Taïwan Connection. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
• IREDALE, Robyn. 2001. The Migration of Professionals: Theories and Typologies. International Migration Review, v. 39, n. 5, p. 7-24.
• IREDALE, Robyn; GUO, Fey. The Transforming Role of Skilled and Business Returnees: Taiwan, China and Bangladesh. Wollongong: Centre for Asia Pacific Social Transformation Studies (CAPSTRANS), University of Wollongong (manuscript), 2001.
• KING, Russel (ed.). Return Migration and Regional Economic Problems. London: Croom Helm, 1986.
• KNOKE, David; KUKLINSKI, James H. (eds). Network Analysis London: Sage Publications, 1982.
• KRITZ, Mary M. International Migration Policies: Conceptual Problems. International Migration Review, v. 21, n. 4, 1987, p. 947-964.
• KRITZ, Mary M.; LEAN LIM, Lin.; ZLOTNIK, Hania (eds.). International Migration Systems: A Global Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.
• KUBAT, Daniel (ed.). The Politics of Return. International Return Migration in Europe. (Proceedings of the First European Conference on International Return Migration, Rome November 11-14, 1981). New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1984.
• LAUMANN, Edward O.; MARSDEN, Peter V.; PRENSKY, David. The Boundary Specification Problem in Network Analysis. In BURT, Ronal; MINOR, Michael J. (eds.). Applied Network Analysis: A Methodological Introduction. London: Sage Publications Ltd., 1983, p. 18-34.
• LAUMANN, Edward O.; GALASKIEWICZ, Joseph., MARSDEN, Peter V. Community Structure as Interorganizational Linkages. Annual Review of Sociology, v. 4, 1978, p. 455-484.
• LEVITT, Peggy. Forms of Transnational Community and their Implications for Immigrant Incorporation: Preliminary Findings. Paper presented at the Conference on Integrating Immigrants in Liberal States, Florence: European University Institute, European Forum, 8-9 May 1998, (Manuscript).
• LEWIS, Jim; WILLIAMS, Allan. The Economic Impact of Return Migration in Central Portugal. In KING, Russel (ed.). Return Migration and Regional Economic Problems, London: Croom Helm, 1986, p. 100-128.
• LOWELL, Lindsay B. Policy Responses to the International Mobility of Skilled Labour Geneva: International Migration Branch, ILO, 2001.
• MARTIN, Philips; WIDGREN Jonas. International Migration: Facing the Challenge. Population Bulletin, v. 57, n. 1, 2002, Washington: Population Reference Bureau.
• McLAUGHAN, Gail; SALT, John. Migration Policies towards Highly Skilled Foreign Workers London: Migration Research Unit, University College London, 2002.
• MURPHY, Rachel. How Migrant Labor is Changing Rural China Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
• PHILLIPS, Joan L.; POTTER, Robert B. Social Dynamics of Foreign Born and Young Returning Nationals to the Caribbean: A Review of the Literature. Reading: University of Reading. Geographical Paper n. 167, 2003.
• PORTES, Alejandro. Introduction: The Debates and Significance of Immigrant Transnationalism. Global Networks, v. 1, n. 3, 2001, p. 181-193.
• PORTES, Alejandro et alii The Study of Transnationalism: Pitfalls and Promise of an Emergent Research Field. Ethnic and Racial Studies, v. 22, n. 2, 1999, p. 217-237.
• RICHMOND, Anthony H. Explaining Return Migration. In KUBAT, Daniel (ed.). The Politics of Return. International Return Migration in Europe. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1984, p. 269-275.
• ROGERS, Rosemarie. Return Migration in Comparative Perspective. In KUBAT, Daniel (ed.). The Politics of Return. International Return Migration in Europe. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1984, p. 277-299.
• STALKER, Peter. Migration Trends and Migration Policy in Europe. In VAN HEAR, Nicholas; NYBERG SØRENSEN, Ninna (eds.). The Migration-Development Nexus Geneva: IOM, 2003, p. 159-187.
• STARK, Oded. On the Microeconomics of Return Migration. Occasional Papers n. 1, 1996. Vienna: University of Vienna, ZIIS, 1996.
• ________. The Migration of Labor Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
• TAYLOR, J. Edward (ed.). Development Strategy, Employment and Migration: Insights from Models. Paris: OECD Development Centre, 1996.
• THOMAS-HOPE, Elizabeth. Return Migration to Jamaica and its Development Potential. International Migration, v. 37, n. 1, 1999, p. 183-207.
• THOMPSON, Grahame; FRANCES, Jennifer; LEVACIC, Rosalind; MITCHELL, Jeremy (eds.). Markets, Hierarchies, and Networks: the Coordination of Social Life. London: Sage Publications, 1991.
• TODARO, Michael P. A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, v. 59, n. 1, 1969, p. 138-148.
• VELIKONJA, Joseph. Geography of Return Migration. In KUBAT, Daniel (ed.). The Politics of Return. International Return Migration in Europe (Proceedings of the First European Conference on International Return Migration, Rome November 11-14, 1981). New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1984, p. 247-250.
• VERTOVEC, Stephen. Transnational Networks and Skilled Labour Migration. Oxford: ESRC University of Oxford, 2002.
• ________. Conceiving and Researching Transnationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, v. 22, n. 2, 1999, p. 447-462.
• WEBER, Max. Sociological Writings New York: Continuum, 1994.

Datas de Publicação

• Publicação nesta coleção
  31 Jan 2014
• Data do Fascículo
  Dez 2013

Histórico

• Recebido
  18 Out 2013
• Aceito
  23 Nov 2013