Seed germination ecology of Callisthene kuhlmannii H.F. Martins: an endemic species from a biodiversity hotspotABSTRACT:
Callisthene kuhlmannii H.F. Martins (Vochysiaceae), popularly known as “araçalina”, is an endemic species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest coastal region and is considered endangered. Despite its ecological relevance, there is scarce information about its seed biology, which limits the development of conservation strategies. In this study, we evaluated the physical characterization, germination under different temperatures, and seed desiccation tolerance. Biometry revealed small, elongated seeds with low water storage capacity, possibly related to environmental adaptations. Thousand-seed weight was 11.02 g, with an initial moisture content of 11.2%. Germination was high (>90%) at all temperatures. The temperature of 30 °C promoted the fastest germination (5 days) and the highest percentage of normal seedlings. In contrast, extreme temperatures (20 °C and 35 °C) reduced both germination speed and seedling quality. Desiccation down to 6.2% moisture did not compromise viability but decreased normal seedling formation, indicating intermediate behavior between orthodox and recalcitrant seeds. The results demonstrate that C. kuhlmannii has high germination potential but is sensitive to desiccation, providing essential information for conservation actions, seed storage, and seedling production of this species.
Index terms:
biometry; desiccation tolerance; morphology; physiological behavior; viability
RESUMO:
Callisthene kuhlmannii H.F. Martins (Vochysiaceae), popularmente conhecida como “araçalina”, é uma espécie endêmica da região costeira da Mata Atlântica brasileira e é considerada ameaçada de extinção. Apesar de sua relevância ecológica, há escassez de informações sobre a biologia de suas sementes, o que limita o desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação. Neste estudo, avaliamos a caracterização física, a germinação em diferentes temperaturas e a tolerância à dessecação das sementes. A biometria revelou sementes pequenas, alongadas e com baixa capacidade de armazenamento de água, possivelmente relacionada a adaptações ambientais. O peso de mil sementes foi de 11,02 g, com teor de umidade inicial de 11,2%. A germinação foi alta (>90%) em todas as temperaturas. A temperatura de 30 °C proporcionou a germinação mais rápida (5 dias) e a maior porcentagem de plântulas normais. Em contraste, temperaturas extremas (20 °C e 35 °C) reduziram tanto a velocidade de germinação quanto a qualidade das plântulas. A dessecação até 6,2% de umidade não comprometeu a viabilidade, mas diminuiu a formação normal de mudas, indicando um comportamento intermediário entre sementes ortodoxas e recalcitrantes. Os resultados demonstram que C. kuhlmannii possui alto potencial germinativo, mas é sensível à dessecação, fornecendo informações essenciais para ações de conservação, armazenamento de sementes e produção de mudas desta espécie.
Termos de indexação:
biometria; tolerância à dessecação; morfologia; comportamento fisiológico; viabilidade
INTRODUCTION
The conservation of endemic species from the Atlantic Forest represents a major challenge given the intense degradation process faced by this biome. In this context, Callisthene kuhlmannii H.F. Martins, popularly known as “araçalina”, stands out as a species restricted to the coastal region in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, belonging to the Vochysiaceae family (Shimizu et al., 2020). It is currently classified as “endangered” on both the official Brazilian list (Brasil, 2022) and the IUCN Red List (Fernandez et al., 2021), highlighting the urgency of studies aimed at its conservation. Despite its ecological relevance, the species remains poorly studied, with gaps ranging from the physical and morphological characterization of seeds to physiological aspects related to desiccation tolerance and germination. Thus, investigations addressing these early stages of the life cycle are essential to support conservation strategies and sustainable use of the species.
In humid tropical regions of Brazil, wide variation in seed germination behavior is observed (Amorim et al., 2021). In this context, research focused on improving techniques for producing forest species is particularly relevant for their conservation, considering the potential of native vegetation for various uses (Pinheiro et al., 2016).
Seed quality is determined by genetic, physical, physiological, and sanitary attributes, which influence plant establishment and development, varying both between and within seed lots (Aimi et al., 2016). Among these attributes, germination is one of the main evaluation criteria, serving as a basis for seedling production planning (Silva et al., 2022). Among the factors influencing germination, temperature and substrate stand out, as the process is driven by enzymatic systems that regulate seed metabolism and require suitable thermal conditions (Grzybowski et al., 2022). Seeds have minimum and maximum temperature limits, as well as an optimal range where germination percentage and speed are maximized, which can, in some cases, be favored by thermal alternation (José et al., 2012). Another determining factor is moisture content of the seeds, which directly affects metabolism, viability, and vigor after storage (Hay et al., 2023).
Therefore, studying the behavior of seeds in response to desiccation is crucial to understanding their tolerance to water loss, classifying their physiological type, and defining appropriate conservation and storage strategies (Medeiros and Eira, 2006; Pereira et al., 2024). This type of analysis provides essential information to support conservation and propagation strategies for the species.
Given this, this study was based on two hypotheses: (1) higher temperatures are ideal for the establishment of C. kuhlmannii seeds; and (2) these seeds do not tolerate desiccation and are unable to survive at low moisture levels. Considering these hypotheses and their implications for the conservation and propagation of the species, the objectives were to characterize the seeds in terms of physical aspects, evaluate the ideal temperature conditions for germination and their effect on viability and vigor, and classify the physiological behavior in response to desiccation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
To study the species, separate experiments were carried out, one to evaluate the germination at different temperatures, and another to reveal the desiccation effects on germination. Each experiment was conducted in 2024 at the Forest Seed Laboratory of the Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) in Curitiba, PR, Brazil (25°25′40″ S; 49°16′23″ W). C. kuhlmannii fruits were collected from a mother tree in Morretes, PR, Brazil (25°28′44″ S; 48°49′54″ W). After processing, the seeds were subjected to natural drying in a protected and ventilated environment.
Physical characterization included the weight of one thousand seeds, determined from eight samples of 100 seeds using a precision analytical scale (0.001 g), followed by calculation of the number of seeds per kilogram (Brasil, 2009). Biometric analysis was performed digitally using ImageJ® software (Ferreira and Rasband, 2012), with 300 seeds (six replicates of 50) arranged in a portable mini-studio and photographed by a 9 MP camera at 50 cm, using a millimeter ruler as a reference (Felix et al., 2023). Area, perimeter, width, height, and shape indices (circularity, roundness, and solidity) were estimated. Moisture content was determined by the oven method at 105 (±3) °C for 24 h, with two replicates of 100 seeds each (Brasil, 2009).
The germination test was conducted on sterilized blotting paper (160 °C for 1 h), moistened with distilled water (2.5 times the paper mass), in gerbox containers disinfected with 70% alcohol. Four temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) were tested in a germination chamber under a 12-hour photoperiod, with eight replicates of 50 seeds per treatment.
Germination was evaluated daily until stabilization, considering seeds with radicle protrusion (> 2 mm) as germinated. At the end, the germination percentage (G%), germination speed index (GSI) (Maguire, 1962), and average germination time (AGT) (Labouriau, 1983) were calculated. The formation of normal seedlings, with all structures well-developed, complete, proportional, and healthy, was also recorded, and the percentage of normal seedlings was determined (Brasil, 2009).
Based on the first experiment, the temperature of 30 °C was selected to conduct the germination of the desiccation tolerance test in the second experiment. The control seeds had an initial moisture content of 11.2% and were dehydrated in an oven with forced air circulation at 30 °C in gerbox containers with stainless steel screens until reaching moisture levels of 6.6% and 6.2%, monitored by weighing with a precision scale (0.0001 g) every 12 hours. Subsequently, they were stored in vacuum-sealed polyethylene bags for 48 hours at room temperature (21 °C) and subjected to germination tests under the same conditions described previously. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and four replicates of 50 seeds each.
Statistical analysis was performed using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) (Fox, 2016), where germination percentage and normal seedling percentage were tested using the Quasibinomial distribution family with a cloglog link function; for the Germination Speed Index (GSI) and average germination time (AGT), the Gaussian distribution family with an identity link function was used (for data considered normal). Model selection was based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) (Akaike, 1992) and graphical interpretation of Half-Normal Plots with Simulation Envelopes using the ‘hnp’ package (Moral et al., 2022). After model fitting, the data were subjected to Deviance Analysis (ANADEVI) and Tukey’s mean test at 5% significance level, using the ‘multcompView’ package (Hothorn et al., 2010). All analyses were conducted in R software v.4.3.2 (R Core Team, 2025).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The thousand-seed weight (TSW) for C. kuhlmannii was 11.02 g (± 0.02 g), with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2%, indicating high uniformity in the analyzed batch. The number of seeds per kilogram was estimated at 90,744, and the initial moisture content was 11.2% (± 0.2%). This moisture content is relatively low compared to the 26.8% and 24.9% observed by Oliveira et al. (2015) in seeds of Callisthene fasciculata, suggesting that the small size of C. kuhlmannii seeds (5.75 mm in width and 4.91 mm in height) influences their water storage capacity and may reflect adaptations to their native environment.
Morphometric analysis revealed elongated seeds with well-defined contours and considerable size variability, while shape parameters showed greater homogeneity (Table 1, Figure 1). The mean circularity was 0.77, indicating a tendency toward an elliptical shape and irregularities in the seed edges. This value is lower than those observed in rounded seeds (>0.90) of other native species (Felix et al., 2023). We also observed for C. kuhlmannii that circularity is associated with low roundness (0.48), indicating that its area is distributed irregularly when defining an axis, and high solidity (0.89), demonstrating few imperfections on its surface.
Seed morphology of Callisthene kuhlmannii H.F. Martins, highlighting the hilum (H), raphe (R), micropylar region (MR), cotyledons (Ct) and embryonic axis (EA).
The combination of variable size, relatively regular shape, and low water content indicates specific adaptations for the species’ establishment. The observed uniformity favors management and seedling production, while the reduced dimensions and low water retention reflect adaptive strategies of C. kuhlmannii to its natural environment in the Atlantic Forest.
The germination of Callisthene kuhlmannii is of the epigeal phanerocotylar type, characterized by the elevation of the cotyledons above the substrate and their exposure after being raised by the elongation of the hypocotyl (Figure 2). Radicle protrusion occurs within the first few days after sowing, culminating in the formation of a normal seedling, with foliaceous cotyledons and a developed hypocotyl-radicle axis, approximately eight days after sowing.
Stages of epigeal phanerocotylar germination of Callisthene kuhlmannii, from radicle protrusion to the formation of a normal seedling eight days after sowing.
Temperature significantly influenced the germination speed of C. kuhlmannii. At lower temperatures (20 and 25 °C), germination occurred more slowly, stabilizing after the 11th day. At 30 °C, germination was faster and more pronounced, with an increase starting from the fourth day and stabilizing on the 12th day, while at 35 °C, despite accelerated germination, the performance was inferior (Figure 3).
Daily germination of Callisthene kuhlmannii H.F. Martins seeds over ten days at four different temperatures.
The germination of C. kuhlmannii exceeded 90% at all tested temperatures (Figure 4A), indicating potential thermal plasticity, as there were no statistically significant differences between treatments. Studies by Oliveira et al. (2015) on Callisthene fasciculata reported high germination at 20, 25 and 20-30 °C (93, 100 and 91%, respectively) and a significant reduction at 30, 35 and 25-35 °C (56, 0 and 57%, respectively). These kinds of results demonstrate that species within the same genus may differ in their optimal germination range. For Callisthene major, however, Oliveira et al. (2020) reported results similar to those of this study, with germination above 90% at all evaluated temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35, 20-30 and 25-35 °C).
Viability and vigor of Callisthene kuhlmannii H.F. Martins seeds at four different temperatures. Germination percentage (A), germination speed index (B), average germination time (C), and percentage of normal Seedlings (D).
The germination speed index (GSI) of C. kuhlmannii was highest at 30 °C, showing a statistically significant difference compared to the other treatments (Figure 4B). The average germination time (AGT) followed the same trend, with the best performance also at 30 °C (4.96 days). At the lower temperatures of 20 °C and 25 °C, the highest AGT values were recorded, at 6.78 and 7.11 days, respectively (Figure 4C). At 35 °C, the GSI was statistically similar to that at 25 °C but lower than at 30 °C, while the AGT showed intermediate values-lower than at the lower temperatures but still higher than at 30 °C.
In a study on Callisthene fasciculata, Oliveira et al. (2015) identified 25 °C as the optimal temperature for germination, with a GSI of 4.9 and an AGT of 25.1 days. For Callisthene major, Oliveira et al. (2020) obtained results similar to those of this study, with GSI values ranging from 9.1 to 16.1 as temperature increased and AGT varying from 7.4 to 11.5 days, reduced to as low as 5.3 days with thermal oscillation. These values are higher than those observed for C. kuhlmannii under the same conditions, which exhibited a GSI of 7.8 and an AGT of 6.78 days at 25 °C, highlighting differences even among species within the same genus.
Temperature, therefore, represents a significant factor for germination, directly influencing both the final percentage and the speed of the process. Values above or below the optimal range can reduce the germination rate and increase seed mortality (Latoh et al., 2024). Additionally, studies indicate that the germination temperature is related to the thermal conditions of the species’ native environment (Guariz et al., 2022), which may explain the good performance observed at 30 °C for C. kuhlmannii, considering that the seeds are native to the coastal region of Paraná, characterized by a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) (Alvares et al., 2013).
The development of normal seedlings of C. kuhlmannii was most efficient between 20 °C and 30 °C, according to the criteria of the Rules for Seed Testing (RAS) (Brasil, 2009). At 35 °C, a reduction in the percentage of normal seedlings was observed, suggesting that high temperatures accelerate seed deterioration (Amorim et al., 2021). Results like these show the importance of establishing protocols that define the optimal germination temperature, considering the most suitable criterion for the formation of normal seedlings.
Unlike the germination percentage, the increase in temperature negatively affected the other evaluated variables. In this regard, Silva et al. (2009) emphasize that achieving the maximum germination speed in the shortest possible time is an important indicator of vigor, as it increases the chances of seedling survival and establishment by reducing their exposure to adverse environmental factors in the field. Therefore, temperatures outside the optimal range can compromise seed vigor, negatively impacting not only initial germination but also the subsequent development of seedlings.
The germination of Callisthene kuhlmannii showed no significant differences among the tested moisture levels, maintaining similar values for all analyzed variables. The cumulative germination pattern also did not vary between treatments (Figure 5), showing overlapping curves throughout the evaluation period. This result indicates that the initial water content of the seeds did not influence germination performance.
Daily germination of Callisthene kuhlmannii H.F. Martins seeds over eight days subjected to dehydration at three water levels.
Germination percentages remained above 90% (Table 2), indicating high survival capacity in unfavorable environments and establishment potential when conditions become more favorable. These results reinforce the evidence that C. kuhlmannii maintains consistent germination performance even under different initial hydration conditions, pointing to low species sensitivity to moisture fluctuations at sowing time.
For the normal seedling variable, values also remained stable among treatments, suggesting that moisture variation does not negatively interfere with initial development. However, when comparing results from newly collected seeds (experiment 1) with those of stored seeds (experiment 2), a significant reduction in normal seedling percentages is observed, which exceeded 70% in newly collected seeds but dropped to a maximum of 50.8% after cold storage (5 °C). These results may indicate that the species is sensitive to storage, losing vigor and capacity to form normal seedlings.
In studies with Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae), Nery et al. (2014) tested different moisture contents and drying methods, finding that the species maintained similar germination percentages, which were significantly reduced only after cold storage. Thus, the authors classified Q. grandiflora as an intermediate species, since moisture does not directly interfere with its development, but storage conditions negatively influence it. Similarly, Ellis et al. (1990; 1991) also proposed the physiological category of intermediate seeds, characterized by moderate survival to desiccation down to about 12% moisture, but showing sensitivity to lower values and temperatures below 15 °C, and being storable for short periods under controlled conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
Callisthene kuhlmannii seeds are characterized by their small size and predominantly elliptical shape. Regarding germination, the species demonstrated high germination potential across all tested temperatures, with optimal performance at 30 °C, which favored both germination speed and normal seedling development. Lower temperatures slowed the germination process, while 35 °C compromised seedling quality.
In terms of desiccation tolerance, C. kuhlmannii maintained high germination rates across different moisture levels but exhibited reduced vigor after cold storage, suggesting sensitivity to prolonged conservation. This pattern classifies the species as belonging to the intermediate seed group, which partially tolerates water loss but requires specific storage precautions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.
REFERENCES
-
AIMI, S.C.; ARAUJO, M.M.; MUNIZ, M.F.B.; WALKER, C. Teste de sanidade e germinação em sementes de Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. Ciência Florestal, v.26, n.4, p.1361-1370, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509825155
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509825155 - AKAIKE, H. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. Institute of Statistical Mathematics, p.267-281, 1992.
-
ALVARES, C.A.; STAPE, J.L.; SENTELHAS, P.C.; DE MORAES GONÇALVES, J.L.; SPAROVEK, G. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, v.22, n.6, p.711-728, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507 -
AMORIM, I.P.; SOUZA, J.G.; BARBEDO, C.J. Análise comparativa das taxas de deterioração de sementes ortodoxas de Erythrina speciosa e recalcitrantes de Eugenia spp. Iheringia, v.76, 2021. https://doi.org/10.21826/2446-82312021v76e2021013
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21826/2446-82312021v76e2021013 -
BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). Regras para Análise de Sementes Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Brasília: MAPA/ACS, 2009. 399p. https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/arquivos-publicacoes-insumos/2946_regras_analise__sementes.pdf
» https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/arquivos-publicacoes-insumos/2946_regras_analise__sementes.pdf -
BRASIL. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Portaria nº 148, de 7 de junho de 2022 https://www.gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/assuntos/centros-de-pesquisa/aves-silvestres/arquivos/portaria-148-2022.pdf
» https://www.gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/assuntos/centros-de-pesquisa/aves-silvestres/arquivos/portaria-148-2022.pdf -
ELLIS, R.H.; HONG, T.D.; ROBERTS, E.H. An intermediate category of seed storage behaviour?: I. coffee. Journal of Experimental Botany, v.41, n.9, p.1167-1174, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/41.9.1167
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/41.9.1167 -
FÉLIX, F.C.; KRATZ, D.; RIBEIRO, R.; NOGUEIRA, A.C. Caracterização e diferenciação de espécies florestais por meio da análise de imagens de sementes: uma nova abordagem metodológica. Ciência Florestal , v.33, p.e73427, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509873427
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509873427 -
FERNANDEZ, E.; VERDI, M.; MARTINELLI, G.; SHIMIZU, G. Callisthene kuhlmannii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T191136036A191136040, 2021. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T191136036A191136040.pt
» https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T191136036A191136040.pt -
FERREIRA, T.; RASBAND, W. ImageJ user guide-IJ1.46r, 2012. http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/guide
» http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/docs/guide - FOX, J. Generalized linear models. In: Applied Regression Analysis and Generalized Linear Models 3. ed. California: SAGE Publications, p.418-472, 2016.
-
GRZYBOWSKI, C.R.D.S.; VIEIRA, E.S.N.; MICHELON, T.B.; PANOBIANCO, M. Germination test of Cordia trichotoma seeds: a forest species native to Brazil. Journal of Seed Science, v.44, p.e202244006, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v44258572
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v44258572 -
GUARIZ, H.R.; SHIMIZU, G.D.; PAULA, J.C.B.D.; SPERANDIO, H.V.; MARUBAYASHI, R.Y.P. Potencial germinativo de sementes de ‘Pata-de-Vaca’ em diferentes estádios de maturação sob diversas temperaturas. Ornamental Horticulture, v.28, p.367-375, 2022. https://ornamentalhorticulture.com.br/rbho/article/view/2505
» https://ornamentalhorticulture.com.br/rbho/article/view/2505 -
HAY, F.R.; REZAEI, S.; WOLKIS, D.; MCGILL, C. Determination and control of seed moisture. Seed Science and Technology, v.51, n.2, p.267-285, 2023. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2023.51.2.11
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2023.51.2.11 -
HOTHORN, T.; BRETZ, F.; WESTFALL, P.; HEIBERGER, R.; SCHUETZENMEISTER, A.; SCHEIBE, S. Multcomp: simultaneous inference in general parametric models 2010. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/multcomp/index.html
» https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/multcomp/index.html -
JOSÉ, A.C.; ERASMO, E.A.L.; COUTINHO, A.B. Germinação e tolerância à dessecação de sementes de bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.). Revista Brasileira de Sementes, v.34, p.651-657, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222012000400017
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222012000400017 - LABOURIAU, L.G. A germinação das sementes Washington, USA: OEA, 174 p., 1983.
-
LATOH, L.P.; DA LUZ, S.C.D.S.; KRATZ, D.; KOEHLER, H.S.; ZUFFELLATO-RIBAS, K.C. Efeitos de diferentes temperaturas na germinação de Ceratonia siliqua L. para avaliar a viabilidade das sementes. Observatório de la Economía Latinoamericana, v.22, n.9, p.e6830, 2024. https://doi.org/10.55905/oelv22n9-161
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55905/oelv22n9-161 -
MAGUIRE, J. D. Speed of germination-ais in selection and evaluation for seedlings emergence and vigour. Crop Science, v.2, n.2, p.176-177, 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x - MEDEIROS, A.C.S.; EIRA, M.T.S. Comportamento fisiológico, secagem e armazenamento de sementes florestais nativas Circular Técnica 127, 2006.
-
MORAL, R.A.; HINDE, J.; DEMÉTRIO, C.G.B. Half-Normal Plots with Simulation Envelopes Versão 1.2-7, 2022. https://cran.r-project.org/package=hnp
» https://cran.r-project.org/package=hnp -
NERY, M.C.; DAVIDE, A.C.; SILVA, E.A.A. Classificação fisiológica de sementes florestais quanto a tolerância à dessecação e ao armazenamento. CERNE, v.20, n.3, p.477-483, 2014. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-77602014000300018&lng=pt&tlng=pt
» http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-77602014000300018&lng=pt&tlng=pt -
OLIVEIRA, A.K.M.; FERNANDES, R.M.; ABREU, C.A.A.; PINA, J.C. Effect of different temperatures on the germination of Callisthene major (Vochysiaceae). Floresta e Ambiente, v.27, n.1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.085417
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.085417 -
OLIVEIRA, A.K.M.; SOUZA, S.A.; SOUZA, J.S.; CARVALHO, J.M.B. Influência da temperatura e substrato na germinação de sementes e no crescimento inicial de plântulas de Callisthene fasciculata (Vochysiaceae) em laboratório. Revista Árvore, v.39, n.3, p.48-495, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622015000300009
» https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622015000300009 -
PINHEIRO, C.G.; LAZAROTTO, M.; MUNIZ, M.F.B.; REDIN, C.G.; DOS SANTOS, M.V. Efeito da assepsia superficial na germinação e incidência de fungos em sementes de espécies florestais. Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira, v.36, n.87, p.253-260, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4336/2016.pfb.36.87.1234
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4336/2016.pfb.36.87.1234 -
PEREIRA, L.C.V.; BARROSO, P.; FARIA, J.M.R.; JOSÉ, A.C. Reduction of desiccation sensitivity in seeds of tree species. Journal of Seed Science , v.46, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v46285746
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v46285746 -
R CORE TEAM. R: a language and environment for statistical computing Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2025. http://www.r-project.org/
» http://www.r-project.org/ -
SHIMIZU, G.H.; SOUZA, L.F.; GONÇALVES, D.J.P.; FRANÇA, F.V. Vochysiaceae in Flora e Funga do Brasil Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. 2020. https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB101393
» https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB101393 -
SILVA, A.I.S.; CORTE, V.B.; PEREIRA, M.D.; CUZZUOL, G.R.F.; DE ALMEIDA LEITE, I.T. Efeito da temperatura e de tratamentos pré-germinativos na germinação de sementes de Adenanthera pavonina L. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v.30, n.4, p.815-824, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2009v30n4p815
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2009v30n4p815 -
SILVA, F.E.D.; PEREIRA, M.D.; NICOLAU, J.P.B.; FELIX, F.C.; SANTOS, G.C.D.S.; ARAÚJO, J.K.P.D.; BRUNO, R. D. L. A. Morpho-physiological characterization of germination in Senna siamea Revista Ciência Agronômica, v.54, p.e20228425, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20230007
» https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20230007
Additional data will be made available by the authors upon reasonable request
