Classification of vigor levels for soybean seeds using the accelerated aging test

ABSTRACT:

The accelerated aging test is among the most widely used seed vigor tests, due to its accuracy and sensitivity in detecting differences in physiological quality among seed lots with similar germination rates. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a soybean seed vigor classification table for the period of seed delivery to customers after six months of conventional storage using the results obtained in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 24 hours. For that purpose, regression equations were used, considering the vigor level results from the accelerated aging test as the independent variable and the germination test, first germination count, seedling vigor classification, electrical conductivity, and percentage of seedling emergence in the field as dependent variables. Their relationships with seed physiological quality were estimated using Pearson’s simple correlation analysis and simple regression analysis at 1% and 5% probability levels. The vigor classification levels for soybean seeds after the accelerated aging test are proposed as follows: very high (90% to 100% normal seedlings), high (80% to 89% normal seedlings), medium (61% to 79% normal seedlings), and low (≤ 60% normal seedlings).

Index terms:
Glycine max L.; seed vigor; seed quality; vigor tests

RESUMO:

Dentre os testes de vigor de sementes mais difundidos, o teste de envelhecimento acelerado se destaca, devido à sua precisão e sensibilidade em detectar diferenças de qualidade fisiológica entre lotes de sementes com germinação semelhante. Desta forma, o objetivo neste trabalho foi desenvolver uma tabela de classificação de vigor de sementes de soja para a época de entrega das sementes aos clientes após o período de seis meses de armazenamento convencional, por meio do teste de envelhecimento acelerado a 41 °C por 24 horas. Para tanto por meio das equações de regressão, onde o resultado de vigor por meio do teste de envelhecimento acelerado foi considerado variável independente e os testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, classificação de vigor de plântula, condutividade elétrica, porcentagem de emergência de plântula em campo como variáveis dependentes. Foram estimadas as suas relações com a qualidade fisiológica da semente nos distintos testes de vigor utilizados por meio da análise de correlação simples de Pearson e análise de regressão simples a 1% e 5% de probabilidade. A classificação de níveis de vigor para semente de soja após o envelhecimento acelerado foi: muito alto (90% a 100% de plântulas normais), alto (80% a 89% de plântulas normais), médio (61% a 79% de plântulas normais) e baixo vigor (< 60% de plântulas normais).

Termos para indexação:
Glycine max L.; vigor de sementes; qualidade de semente; testes de vigor

INTRODUCTION

The aim of vigor tests is to observe different responses in the field and/or in storage for seed lots that have similar germination rates, which is especially important if field conditions are unfavorable. However, it is necessary to improve standardized procedures for evaluating and ensuring the supply of high-quality seed lots on the seed market (Marcos-Filho, 2011).

The accelerated aging (AA) test is widely used worldwide in the development of quality control programs established by the seed industry (Marcos-Filho, 2020). Its effectiveness is due to its ability to provide accurate information about the physiological quality of seeds (Hampton and Tekrony, 1995; Pereira et al., 2015).

According to Ravikumar et al. (2002) and Goel et al. (2003), this test induces a series of oxidative reactions, such as lipid peroxidation and enzyme peroxidation. This results in depletion of seed reserves and degradation of metabolites essential for germination and maintenance of seed vigor. Exposure to high temperature and high relative humidity conditions results in a decline in the percentage and speed of germination in seeds, as well as an increase in the formation of abnormal seedlings (Marcos-Filho, 2015).

The environmental conditions of the accelerated aging test intensify the loss of selective permeability of cell membranes and make enzymes less efficient in carrying out catalytic activity, leading to accumulation of chromosomal aberrations or mutations. The high temperatures and humidity of the test accelerate breakdown of seed reserves and result in accumulation of free radicals that impair seed performance (Priestley, 1986; Smith and Berjak, 1995; Dias and Marcos-Filho, 1995; McDonald, 1999; Halmer, 2000; Santos et al., 2004; Binotti et al., 2008; Walter et al., 2020).

The methodology for the accelerated aging test for soybean seeds is prescribed for three temperature conditions and aging times, depending on climate conditions and periods of use. The prescribed condition of 41 °C for 48 hours at the beginning of the storage period under a tropical climate has been described by Marcos-Filho (2020); the condition of 41 °C for 72 hours in a temperate climate has been defined in the seed testing rules of the ISTA (2017), and the condition of 41 °C for 24 hours has been reported in the study of Costa et al. (1984). These methodologies are based on the principle that high-vigor seeds will maintain their viability, even after being subjected to short periods of severe temperature and humidity conditions, whereas low-vigor seeds will decline in viability. Therefore, seed deterioration intensity is expected to be more pronounced in seed lots of lower physiological quality (Costa et al., 2008; Marcos-Filho, 2020).

Due to the lack of a vigor quantifier, difficulties arise both for understanding the meaning of vigor and for comparing information obtained from different tests, such as the electrical conductivity test expressed in μS.cm^-1.g^-1; the accelerated aging test, expressed in percentage of normal seedlings; and seedling growth tests, expressed in grams or centimeters. For Marcos-Filho (2015), it is most important to rank seed lots according to their physiological potential or to attempt to “translate” the results through calculation of indices, combining the results of different tests to facilitate interpretation and application.

Studies performed at Embrapa Soja over five years (1998-2002) evaluated numerous tests to predict the potential for soybean seedling emergence in the field. These tests included the accelerated aging test, conducted with approximately 600 samples of soybean seeds 30 days before sowing under the conditions of 24 h, 41 °C, and 100% RH, culminating in the following regression equation: Y = 0.6316X + 28.922 (R² = 0.83***). This means that if the value of X is substituted in the equation by the result of the accelerated aging test of the seed lots, their field emergence potential can be obtained, with 83% reliability (Krzyzanowski et al., 2018). Based on the premise that the soybean seed production sector has required studies to be carried out relating the results of this test with field emergence tests, it is necessary to conduct additional studies with the accelerated aging test under the aforementioned conditions. Furthermore, studies are necessary to estimate seedling emergence in the field through tests conducted in the laboratory.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the results of the accelerated aging test conducted at 41 °C for 24 hours in the seed marketing period between August and September, that is, after storage, and the physiological performance of the seeds in the main vigor tests applied to soybean seeds. This aim was to establish the accelerated aging test as a reference in evaluation of seed vigor and to establish vigor ranking levels in the accelerated aging test for soybean seeds.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this study, 15 samples of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds were used from commercial seed lots of five cultivars: M6210 IPRO (four samples), DM6563 RSF IPRO (four samples), BMX Potência RR (three samples), M6410 IPRO (three samples), and Brasmax Brava RR (6663 RSF) (one sample). All the seeds had been under conventional storage conditions for a period of six months without seed treatments. The samples exhibited different vigor levels according to the tetrazolium test (soybean seeds classified into classes 1 to 3, for vigor ranking), ranging from very high vigor (greater than or equal to 90% of seeds into classes 1 to 3), high vigor (from 85% to 89% of seeds into classes 1 to 3), medium vigor (from 75% to 84% of seeds into classes 1 to 3), and low vigor (less than or equal to 74% of seeds into classes 1 to 3) according to França-Neto and Krzyzanowski (2018).

After the materials were chosen, the seeds were subjected to the accelerated aging test for 24 hours at 41 ºC using the methodology proposed by Costa et al. (1984) and França-Neto et al. (2003). This resulted in 15 experimental treatments with different vigor levels, the values of which are shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Numerical identification of the soybean seed samples evaluated, identified by their respective cultivars, illustrating the results of germination after exposure to conditions of 41 °C / 24 h in the accelerated aging test.

Sample	Cultivar	Normal seedlings after accelerated aging for 24 h at 41 °C (%)
1	Brasmax Brava RR (6663 RSF)	98.0
2	DM6563 RSF IPRO	92.0
3	BMX Potência RR	92.0
4	M6210 IPRO	90.0
5	BMX Potência RR	87.0
6	M6410 IPRO	74.0
7	BMX Potência RR	73.0
8	DM6563 RSF IPRO	74.0
9	M6210 IPRO	67.0
10	M6210 IPRO	64.0
11	M6410 IPRO	63.0
12	DM6563 RSF IPRO	61.0
13	M6210 IPRO	46.0
14	M6410 IPRO	37.0
15	DM6563 RSF IPRO	20.5

The physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated using the following tests:

Germination test: this test was conducted with four subsamples of 50 seeds for each treatment and analytical replication. The seedswere placed to germinate between three sheets of “Germitest” (germination testing) paper and moistened with distilled water in the amount of 2.5 times the weight of the dry paper. The papers with seeds were formed into rolls, which were placed in a Mangelsdorf seed germinator regulated to maintain the constant temperature of 25 ± 2 °C. The percentage of normal seedlings was evaluated on the fifth day (first count) of the test following the criteria established in the Rules for Seed Testing (Brasil, 2009).

First germination count: this was performed together with the previous procedure, using the same methodology. The procedures used followed the methodology described by Krzyzanowski et al. 2020a), recording the percentage of normal seedlings larger than 3.75 cm obtained on the third day after sowing. The results were expressed as the percentage of normal seedlings.

Seedling vigor classification: the test was conducted according to the germination test methodology, in which four 50-seed subsamples were used per replication and treatment. Evaluation was made on the fifth day of the test, according to the Rules for Seed Testing (Brasil, 2009). Its normal seedlings were classified as strong high vigor) or weak (low vigor), the latter being those that had some problem in their structure or that had injuries, but for which the problem was not characterized as an abnormality (Krzyzanowski et al. 2020b). The results were expressed in mean percentage of “strong” seedlings.

Accelerated aging test: this test was conducted using the gerbox (plastic germination box) method. The seeds were distributed in a single layer on a stainless-steel screen placed inside plastic boxes containing 40 mL of distilled water (Marcos-Filho, 2020). The plastic boxes were then sealed with a lid and placed in a water-jacketed chamber (VWR/USA brand, model 3015), set at 41 ( 1 °C for 24 hours (Krzyzanowski et al., 2018). The seeds subsequently underwent the germination test, as already described, with four 50-seed subsamples per treatment and replication. Evaluation was carried out on the fifth day after sowing, counting the seedlings considered normal (Brasil, 2009). Results were expressed as percentage of normal seedlings (Marcos-Filho, 2020).

Electrical conductivity: this was evaluated using the weight method (Vieira and Marcos-Filho, 2020). Eight 25-seed subsamples were used per replication and treatment. The seeds were weighed on an analytical scale with precision of 0.001 g and immersed in 75 mL of deionized water in disposable plastic cups (200 mL capacity). They were then kept in a germination chamber at 25 °C for 24 hours. After the seed imbibition period, the electrical conductivity of the imbibition solutions was measured using the Digimed DM-32 conductivity meter. The results were divided by the weight of each subsample and expressed in μS.cm^-1.g^-1.

Seedling emergence in the field: this was performed with four 100-seed subsamples per replication and treatment. Each 100-seed subsample was treated with Maxim Advanced® and sown in 2-m-length furrows to a depth of 5 cm. Seedlings were counted at 15 days after sowing and results were expressed as percentage of normal emerged seedlings, following Krzyzanowski et al. (2020). The test was conducted under natural temperature and rainfall conditions.

The experiment was set up using a completely randomized experimental design, with four replications, except for the seedling emergence in the field variable, which was evaluated using a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Analysis of variance was used on the data (p < 0.05) using the Sisvar statistical analysis system (Ferreira, 2014). When significant, simple linear regression analysis was performed aiming to obtain an equation estimating the relationship between the physiological performance of each treatment in the different tests evaluated (dependent variable) and the percentage of normal seedlings in the accelerated aging test (independent variable).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The variables studied showed significant results at 5% probability according to the F-test. Equations were derived to estimate the physiological performance of each experimental treatment in the different tests evaluated. To do so, the regression equations and the coefficients of determination resulting from the linear regression analyses of the first germination count, the germination test, seedling vigor classification, electrical conductivity, and seedling emergence in the field were considered dependent variables. The accelerated aging test was considered the independent variable. The results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2
Statistical mathematical model with agronomic interpretation of the following response variables: first germination count (FGC), germination (GER), seedling vigor classification (SVC), electrical conductivity (EC), and percentage of seedling emergence in the field (PEF) obtained through simple linear regression analyses based on the results of the accelerated aging test (AA).

$y=\alpha +\beta .x$
Agronomic Model	R²
FGC = 50.89362 + 0.460710039 × AA	0.7125
GER = 70.24259 + 0.280030015 × AA	0.7445
SVC = 5.94785 + 0.73881000 × AA	0.8396
EC =161.34426 - 0.93127605 × AA	0.8047
PEF = 44.88788 + 0.395204358 × AA	0.8385

Relatively high values of coefficients of determination were obtained for the linear equations derived from the following dependent variables: percentage of emergence in the field (R² = 0.8385), seedling vigor classification (R² = 0.8396), and electrical conductivity (R² = 0.8047).

The coefficient of determination obtained for the dependent variable first germination count was 0.7125; and for germination, it was 0.7445. This indicates that, although these values for coefficients of determination are lower than the levels found above, the quality of the linear model for accelerated aging with these response variables can be considered satisfactory (Matera et al., 2019).

In a way similar to the findings of this study, Torres et al. (2004) indicated that, based on regression analysis, the accelerated aging test adequately estimated soybean seedling emergence in the field. This occurred even though, according to the authors, the quality of fit of the model (R²) decreased when seeds were sown in the field outside the sowing season recommended for the climate zone (unfavorable climate conditions).

These authors also observed that the R², and consequently the accuracy of the model in estimating seedling emergence in the field, increased when only the results of accelerated aging were subjected separately to regression analysis, where the mean values of these results were classified as superior by the means comparison test. Santorum et al. (2013) also reported a high R² value between seedling emergence in the field and accelerated aging at 41 °C for 48 hours in the simple linear regression test.

The physiological performance of different vigor percentage values from the AA test was estimated, based on the regression equations of the response variables obtained experimentally: first germination count (FGC), germination (GER), seedling vigor classification (SVC), electrical conductivity (EC), percentage of seedling emergence in the field (PEF), and the results estimated by the equation of França-Neto et al. (2003) with the percentage of seedling emergence in the field (PEF-E), resulting in Table 3.

Table 3
Physiological performance of soybean seeds with different vigor levels determined by the AA test estimated as based on regression equations of the experimentally obtained response variables: first germination count (FGC), germination (GER), seedling vigor classification (SVC), electrical conductivity (EC), and percentage of seedling emergence in the field (PEF), as well as results estimated using the equation of França-Neto et al. (2003): percentage of seedling emergence in the field (PEF-E).

VIGOR LEVEL	FGC (%)		GER (%)		SVC (%)		EC (μS.cm-1.g-1)		PEF (%)		1PEF-E (%)
	Estimated	Obtained	Estimated	Obtained	Estimated	Obtained	Estimated	Obtained	Estimated	Obtained
Very high vigor
100.0	96.9		98.2		79.8		68.2		84.4		92.0
97.5	95.8	97.1	97.5	98.6	77.9	88.8	70.5	56.3	83.4	87.0	90.5
95.0	94.6		96.8		76.1		72.8		82.3		88.9
91.5	93.0	95.7	95.8	94.1	73.5	71.0	76.1	75.7	81.0	85.7	86.
91.5	93.0	89.1	95.8	93.	73.5	73.2	76.1	73.2	81.0	81.7	86.7
90.0	92.3		95.4		72.4		77.5		80.4		85.6
High Vigor
89.5	92.1	93.5	95.3	96.2	72.0	69.6	78.0	68.2	80.2	78.2	85.5
87.0	90.9	97.0	94.6	96.	70.2	73.6	80.3	80.9	79.2	77.2	83.9
85.0	90.0		94.0		68.7		82.1		78.4		82.6
80.0	87.7		92.6		65.0		86.8		76.5		79.5
Medium Vigor
75.0	85.4		91.2		61.3		91.5		74.5		76.4
74.0	84.9	77.7	90.9	88.2	60.6	58.5	92.4	100.6	74.1	73.2	75.8
73.5	84.7	89.0	90.8	96.8	60.2	71.2	92.9	82.4	73.9	76.0	75.5
73.0	84.5	86.3	90.6	92.0	59.8	60.2	93.3	99.3	73.7	77.0	75.1
70.0	83.1		89.8		57.6		96.1		72.5		73.3
67.0	81.7	78.2	89.0	88.0	55.4	49.6	98.9	107.0	71.3	71.7	71.4
65.0	80.8		88.4		53.9		100.8		70.5		70.1
64.0	80.3	64.8	88.1	83.2	53.2	50.7	101.7	115.6	70.1	68.2	69.5
63.0	79.9	86.5	87.8	89.5	52.4	47.6	102.6	116.5	69.7	63.7	68.9
61.0	79.0	84.8	87.3	84.7	51.0	40.1	104.5	113.1	69.0	63.7	67.6
Low Vigor
60.0	78.5		87.0		50.2		105.4		68.6		67.0
55.0	76.2		85.6		46.5		110.1		66.6		63.9
50.0	73.9		84.2		42.8		114.7		64.6		60.7
46.0	72.0	72.2	83.1	85.0	39.9	37.1	118.5	116.0	63.0	61.5	58.2
45.0	71.6		82.8		39.1		119.4		62.6		57.6
40.0	69.3		81.4		35.5		124.0		60.7		54.5
37.0	67.9	63.7	80.6	83.6	33.2	35.0	126.8	118.8	59.5	59.2	52.6
35.0	67.0		80.0		31.8		128.7		58.7		51.4
30.0	64.7		78.6		28.1		133.4		56.7		48.2
25.0	62.4		77.2		24.4		138.0		54.7		45.1
20.5	60.3	64.2	75.9	73.5	21.0	28.0	142.2	133.0	52.9	58.2	42.3
20.0	60.1		75.8		20.7		142.7		52.7		42.02

Data obtained by França-Neto et al. (2003) indicate that when performed at the time of sowing, the accelerated aging test (AA, 41 °C, 100% RH, 24 h) proved to be an adequate parameter for estimating field emergence of the soybean crop. The equation obtained over five years of studies (Y = 29.506 + 0.6258 × AA) showed that the accelerated aging test was effective in predicting seedling emergence in the field.

Based on the equation of percentage of seedling emergence in the field (PEF = 44.88788 + 0.395204358 × AA), predicting the values of this variable using the vigor level values stipulated in Table 3, the values obtained in this study are consistent with those of França-Neto et al. (2003). The percentage difference between the values obtained andestimated was less than 10% of normal seedlings emerged in the field.

As shown, the AA variable can be used to accurately predict the values of electrical conductivity and of percentage of seedling emergence in the field. In this context, based on the results of França-Neto et al. (2003), the scale described in Table 3 can be used to interpret vigor levels for the accelerated aging test.

Specifically, in relation to electrical conductivity, a variable that also showed a high value in the coefficient of determination, the greater range of the results enabled satisfactory separation of the seed lots into different vigor levels (Table 3). These values corroborate the findings of Viera and Marcos-Filho (2020) and Prado et al. (2019), who highlighted that conductivities lower than 70 μS cm^-1 g^-1 identify soybean seed samples of high vigor, whereas values higher than 100 μS.cm^-1.g^-1 indicate low vigor seeds, which was also observed by Carvalho et al. (2014).

CONCLUSIONS

In the accelerated aging test under the conditions of 41 °C and 24 hours carried out at the time of soybean seed delivery, that is, after a 6-month storage period, values from 100% to 90% normal seedlings are considered very high vigor, values from 89% to 80% high vigor, values from 79% to 61% medium vigor, and values of 60% and below low vigor.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank CAPES and CNPq for the financial support. We would also like to thank the Postgraduate Program at the State University of Maringá for the institutional support, resources, and academic environment that were essential for the development of this study.

REFERENCES

• BINOTTI, F.F.S.; HAGA, K.I.; CARDOSO, E.D.; ALVES, C.Z.; SÁ, M.E.; ARF, O. Efeito do período de envelhecimento acelerado no teste de condutividade elétrica e na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão.Acta Scientiarum, v.30, n.2, p.247-254, 2008. https://www.scielo.br/j/asagr/a/rsgrgZGKcGqVBL56y9Xpscc/?lang=pt
  » https://www.scielo.br/j/asagr/a/rsgrgZGKcGqVBL56y9Xpscc/?lang=pt
• BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Regras para Análise de Sementes Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Brasília: MAPA/ACS, 2009. 399p. https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/lfda/arquivos-publicacoes-laboratorio/regras-para-analise-de-sementes.pdf/view
  » https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/lfda/arquivos-publicacoes-laboratorio/regras-para-analise-de-sementes.pdf/view
• CARVALHO, E.R.; OLIVEIRA, J.A.; CALDEIRA, C.M. Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja convencional e transgênica RR produzidas sob aplicação foliar de manganês. Bragantia, v.73, n.3, 2014. https://www.scielo.br/j/brag/a/86Mh9FjSd8WsbxKKQsLCMbQ/?lang=pt#
  » https://www.scielo.br/j/brag/a/86Mh9FjSd8WsbxKKQsLCMbQ/?lang=pt#
• COSTA, N.P.; PEREIRA, L.A.G.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B.; HENNING, A.A.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; BARRETO, J.N.; PRADERI, E.V. Padronização do teste de envelhecimento precoce. In: Embrapa. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja. Resultados de pesquisa de soja 1983/1984 1984. p.119-120. https://www.bdpa.cnptia.embrapa.br/consulta/busca?b=ad&id=452143&biblioteca=vazio&busca=(autoria:%22HENNING.%20A.%20A.%22)&qFacets=(autoria:%22HENNING.%20A.%20A.%22)&sort=&paginacao=t&paginaAtual=37
  » https://www.bdpa.cnptia.embrapa.br/consulta/busca?b=ad&id=452143&biblioteca=vazio&busca=(autoria:%22HENNING.%20A.%20A.%22)&qFacets=(autoria:%22HENNING.%20A.%20A.%22)&sort=&paginacao=t&paginaAtual=37
• COSTA, N. P; MARCOS-FILHO, J.; FRANÇA-NETO, J. B.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F. C.; HENNING, A. A. Teste de tetrazólio em semente de soja com precondicionamento abreviado: série sementes Londrina: Embrapa Soja, 2008. (Circular Técnica, 56). https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/busca/Circular%20T%C3%A9cnica%2C%2056%20Embrapa%20Soja?
  » https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/busca/Circular%20T%C3%A9cnica%2C%2056%20Embrapa%20Soja?
• DIAS, D.C.F.S.; MARCOS-FILHO, J. Testes de vigor baseados na permeabilidade das membranas celulares: I. condutividade elétrica. Informativo ABRATES, n.5, v.1, p.26-36. 1995
• FERREIRA, D.F. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.35, n.6, p.1039-1042, 2014. https://www.scielo.br/j/cagro/a/yjKLJXN9KysfmX6rvL93TSh/?lang=en
  » https://www.scielo.br/j/cagro/a/yjKLJXN9KysfmX6rvL93TSh/?lang=en
• FRANÇA-NETO, J.B.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C. Metodologia do teste de tetrazólio em sementes de soja Londrina: Embrapa Soja , 2018. 108p. https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/1098452
  » https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/1098452
• FRANÇA-NETO, J.B.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; COSTA, N.P.; HENNING, A.A.; PÁDUA, G.P.; Adequação da metodologia de testes de vigor para sementes de soja. Resultados de pesquisa da Embrapa Soja-2002: sementes e transferência de tecnologia. Embrapa Soja. 2003. Documentos 211, p.25-32. (Embrapa Soja. Documentos, 211). https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/466515
  » https://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/handle/doc/466515
• GOEL, A.; GOEL, A. K. SHEORAN, I. S. Changes in oxidative stress enzymes during artificial ageing in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) seeds. Journal of Plant Physiology, v.160, p.1093- 1100, 2003. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0176161704704988
  » https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0176161704704988
• HALMER, P. Commercial seed treatment technology. In: BLACK, M.; BEWLEY, J.D. (Eds.)Seed Technology and its Biological Basics England: Sheffield Academic Press, p.266-273, 2000.
• HAMPTON, J.G.; TEKRONY, D.M. Handbook of vigor test methods Zurich: ISTA, 1995. 177p. https://www.seedtest.org/en/handbooks/handbook-for-vigour-test-methods-3rd-edition-1995-product-1049.html
  » https://www.seedtest.org/en/handbooks/handbook-for-vigour-test-methods-3rd-edition-1995-product-1049.html
• ISTA. International Seed Testing Association. Seed vigor testing In: International Rules for Seed Testing. Zurich: ISTA , 2017. P.1-19. https://www.seedtest.org/en/publications/international-rules-seed-testing.html
  » https://www.seedtest.org/en/publications/international-rules-seed-testing.html
• KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; VIEIRA, R.D.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B.; MARCOS-FILHO, J. Vigor de sementes: conceitos e testes (2 ed.). Londrina: ABRATES, 2020a. 383p.
• KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B.; GOMES-JÚNIOR, F.G.; NAKAGAWA, J. Testes de vigor baseados em desempenho de plântulas In: KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; VIEIRA, R. D.; FRANÇA-NETO, J. B.; MARCOS-FILHO, J. Vigor de sementes: conceitos e testes . Associação Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes. Londrina-PR, ABRATES, p.79-140, 2020b.
• KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B.; HENNING, A.A. A alta qualidade da semente de soja: fator importante para a produção da cultura Londrina: Embrapa Soja , 2018. 24 p. (Embrapa Soja, Circular Técnica, 136). https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/177391/1/CT136-online.pdf
  » https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/177391/1/CT136-online.pdf
• MARCOS-FILHO, J. Teste de envelhecimento acelerado In: KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; VIEIRA, R.D.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B.: MARCOS-FILHO, J. (Eds.) Vigor de sementes: conceitos e testes . Londrina: ABRATES , p.185-246. 2020.
• MARCOS-FILHO, J. Fisiologia de sementes de plantas cultivadas Londrina: ABRATES , 2015. 659p. https://repositorio.usp.br/item/002724502
  » https://repositorio.usp.br/item/002724502
• MARCOS-FILHO, J. Teste de vigor: dimensão e perspectivas. Revista Seed News, v.15, n.1, p.22-27, 2011. https://seednews.com.br/artigos/1111-testes-de-vigor-dimensao-e-perspectivas-edicao-janeiro-2011
  » https://seednews.com.br/artigos/1111-testes-de-vigor-dimensao-e-perspectivas-edicao-janeiro-2011
• MATERA, T.C.; PEREIRA, L.C.; BRACCINI, A.L.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; SCAPIM, C.A.; PIANA, S. C.; MARTELI, D.C.V.; PEREIRA, R.C.; FERRI, G.C.; SUZUKAWA, A.K. Teste de envelhecimento acelerado e suas relações com o potencial fisiológico de sementes de soja. Journal of Seed Science, v.41, n.3, p.301-308, 2019. https://www.scielo.br/j/jss/a/WnKWBWgZdmhJTTbQHVPyX4C/?format=pdf⟨=pt
  » https://www.scielo.br/j/jss/a/WnKWBWgZdmhJTTbQHVPyX4C/?format=pdf⟨=pt
• McDONALD, M.B. Seed deterioration: physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Science and Technology, v.27, p.177-237, 1999. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=222280
  » https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=222280
• PEREIRA, M.F.S.; TORRES, S.B.; LINHARES, P.C.F. Teste de envelhecimento acelerado para avaliação do potencial fisiológico em sementes de coentro. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v.36, n.2. p. 595-606, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n2p595.
  » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n2p595
• PRADO, J.P.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; MARTINS, C.C.; VIEIRA, R.D. Physiological potential of soybean seeds and its relationship to electrical conductivity. Journal of Seed Science , v.41, n.4, p.407- 415, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n4214988
  » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n4214988
• PRIESTLEY, D.A. Seed ageing New York: Comstock Publication Association, 1986. 304p. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2267547
  » https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2267547
• RAVIKUMAR, R.; ANANTHAKRISHNAN, G.; GIRIJA, S.; GANAPATHI, A. Seed viability and biochemical changes associated with accelerated ageing inDendrocalamus strictusseeds”. Biologia Plantarum, v.45, n.1, p.153-156, 2002. https://bp.ueb.cas.cz/pdfs/bpl/2002/01/35.pdf
  » https://bp.ueb.cas.cz/pdfs/bpl/2002/01/35.pdf
• SANTOS, C.M.R.; MENEZES, N.L.; VILLELA, F.A. Alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em sementes de feijão envelhecidas artificialmenteRevista Brasileira de Sementes , v.26, n.1, p.110-119, 2004. https://www.scielo.br/j/rbs/a/q8vXFYqt4Yjb8gMQMDryVBz/?lang=pt
  » https://www.scielo.br/j/rbs/a/q8vXFYqt4Yjb8gMQMDryVBz/?lang=pt
• SANTORUM, M.; NÓBREGA, L.H.P.; SOUZA, E.G.; SANTOS, D.; BOLLER, W.; MAULI, M.M. Comparison of tests for the analysis of vigor and viability in soybean seeds and their relationship to field emergence. Acta Scientiarum , v.35, n.1, p.83-92, 2013. https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v35i1.14955
  » https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v35i1.14955
• SMITH, M.T.; BERJAK, P. Deteriorative changes associated with the loss of viability of stored desiccation-tolerant and desiccation-sensitive seeds In: KIEGEL, J.; GALILI, G.; DEKKER, M. (Eds.). Seed development and germination. New York, 1995. p. 701-746. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203740071-26
  » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203740071-26
• TORRES, R.M.; VIEIRA, R.D.; PANOBIANCO, M. Accelerated aging and seedling field emergence in soybean.Scientia Agricola, v.61, n.5, p.476-480, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162004000500002
  » https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162004000500002
• VIEIRA, R.D.; MARCOS-FILHO, J. Teste de condutividade elétrica In: KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; VIEIRA, R.D.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B; MARCOS-FILHO, J. (Eds.). Vigor de sementes: conceitos e testes . Londrina: ABRATES , 2020. p.333-388.
• WALTER, L. S.; GABIRA, M.M.; NOGUEIRA, A. C. Envelhecimento acelerado em sementes deMimosa tenuiflora(Willd.) Poir. Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú, v.17, n.40, p.51-57, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/rfmk.v17i40.4907
  » https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/rfmk.v17i40.4907

Edited by

• Editor:
  Everson Reis Carvalho

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  21 Mar 2025
• Date of issue
  2025

History

• Received
  28 May 2024
• Accepted
  17 Jan 2025