Performance of ‘tahiti’ acid lime grafted onto rootstocks in north of Mato GrossoAbstract:
The definition of rootstocks adapted to the cultivation environment is one of the pillars of global citrus farming and, therefore, a starting point for the development of the citrus production chain on an agricultural frontier. Theaim of this work was to evaluate vegetative growth and production of ‘Tahiti’ CNPMF-02 acid lime tree grafted on new rootstocks in the municipality of Guarantã do Norte, MT. The experiment was implemented in December 2016, at school farm at Federal Institute of Mato Grosso, Campus Guarantã do Norte. The experimental design was a randomized block with 12 treatments, four replications and five plants in the plot. The treatments were commercial and hybrid rootstocks selected by the Citrus Breeding Program of Embrapa, named and coded as follows: ‘Santa Cruz Rangpur’ lime (LCRSC), ‘CNPMF – 03 Rangpur’ lime (LCR-03), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo(CTSW), ‘Sunki Tropical’ mandarin (TSKTR), ‘San Diego’ citrandarin (CTRSD),‘Indio’ citrandarin (CTRI), HTR - 069, TSKC x TRFD - 003 (BRS Donadio), TSKC x TRFD -006 (BRS Matta), TSKC x CTSW - 028 (BRS Pompeu), TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 059 (BRS Bravo) and LVK x LCR - 038. Spacing and planting density was 6.25 m x 2.75 m, 582 pl ha-1. The variables evaluated were plant height, rootstock/graft compatibility ratio,scion diameter, scion volume, vegetative vigor index (VVI), productiveefficiency and productivity. All scion/rootstock combinations showed graft compatibility and vegetative growth of the scions in accordance with the ‘Tahiti’ acid limetree physiology up to 60 months after planting (MAP). With the exception of CTRSD, the highest canopy and VVI volumes were observed in plants on commercial rootstocks, while HTR – 069 induced the lowest canopy volumes and VVI. TSKC x TRFD - 006, TSKC x CTSW - 028, TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 059 induced the lowest height to canopy of ‘Tahiti CNPMF-02’ acid lime tree. The hybrid rootstocks HTR - 069 and TSKC x TRFD - 003 (BRS Donadio) induced greater productive efficiency in theacid lime tree ‘Tahiti CNPMF-02’, enabling the use of high planting densities.
Index terms
Citrus × latifolia; Poncirus trifoliata; high-density planting; grafting; citrus gummosis; rootstocks diversification
Resumo:
A definição de porta-enxertos adaptados ao ambiente de cultivo é um dos pilares da citricultura mundial e, por isso, um ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva dos citros em uma fronteira agrícola. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento vegetativo e a produção da limeira ácida ‘Tahiti CNPMF-02’ enxertada em porta-enxertos modernos, no município de Guarantã do Norte-MT. O experimento foi implantado em dezembro de 2016, na fazenda experimental do Instituto Federal do Mato Grosso (IFMT), Câmpus Guarantã do Norte. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com 12 tratamentos, quatro repetições e cinco plantas na parcela. Os tratamentos foram porta-enxertos gerados e/ouintroduzidos pela Embrapa, nomeados e codificados como segue: limoeiro ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’(LCRSC), limoeiro ‘Cravo CNPMF - 003’ (LCR-003), citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (CTSW),tangerineira ‘Sunki Tropical’ (TSKTR), citrandarin ‘San Diego’ (CTRSD), citrandarin ‘Indio’(CTRI), HTR - 069, TSKC x TRFD - 003 (BRS Donadio), TSKC x TRFD - 006 (BRS Matta), TSKC x CTSW –028 (BRS Pompeu), TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 059 (BRS Bravo) e LVK x LCR - 038. O espaçamento e a densidade de plantio foram 6,25 m x 2,75 m e 582 pl ha-1, respectivamente.As variáveis avaliadas foram altura da planta, relação de compatibilidadeporta-enxerto/enxerto, diâmetro da copa, volume da copa e índice de vigor vegetativo (IVV),eficiência produtiva e produtividade. Todas as combinações copa/porta-enxerto apresentaram compatibilidade da enxertia e crescimento vegetativo das copas, em conformidade com a fisiologia da limeira ácida ‘Tahiti‘ até 60 meses após o plantio (MAP). À exceção do CTRSD, os maiores volumes da copa e IVV foram observados nas copas sobre osportaenxertos já comerciais, enquanto HTR - 069 induziu os menores volumes da copa e IVV. TSKC x TRFD - 006, TSKC x CTSW - 028, TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 059 induziram a menor altura à copa de limeira ácida ‘Tahiti CNPMF-02’. Os porta-enxertos híbridos HTR -069 e TSKC x TRFD - 003 (BRS Donadio) induziram maior eficiência produtiva à limeiraácida ‘Tahiti CNPMF-02’, possibilitando o emprego de altas densidades de plantio.
Termos para indexação
Citrus × latifolia; Poncirus trifoliata; adensamento de plantio; enxertia; gomose-dos-citros; diversificação de porta-enxertos
Introduction
Citrus cultivation stands out in Brazilian fruit growing due to its economic and social importance, with an increasing share of lemons and acid limes in the sector’s statistics, especially the acid lime tree‘Tahiti’ [Citrus × latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka].
The harvested area of lemons and acid limes in 2023 was 66,687 ha, with a production of 1,724,330 tons, representing about 10% of the total production of oranges, tangerines, true lemons, and acid limes (IBGE, 2024).
Brazil ranks fifth worldwide in lemon and acid lime production, second considering only the acid lime ‘Tahiti,’ and it is the largest exporter of this fruit, with exports growing steadily in recent years (CEPEA, 2018). In 2019, the revenue generated from exports of lemons and acid limes was US$ 104,617,500, the third-largest export revenue in the fruit segment, with São Paulo (55%) and Bahia (24%) being the main exporting states.
The future outlook of consumer markets, both domestic and international, are favorable and will require an increase in Brazilian production of acid lime ‘Tahiti’ to meet fruit demand (CEPEA, 2020).
The citrus industry figures for Mato Grosso show its current insignificance in the national agribusiness sector. The country’s largest producer of grains and fibers has 942 ha under citrus fruit production, with lemons and acid limes occupying only 378 ha (IBGE, 2024).
According to Coelho and Mascarenhas (1991), the acid lime tree ‘Tahiti’ is a tropical plant, although its exact center of origin is unknown. Its good development requires an average annual temperature above 22°C, with growth rates reaching a maximum between 25°C and 31°C, relative humidity between 70% and 80%, and adequate water availability in the soil (BETTINI, 2019).
The most suitable soils are light, well-aerated, deep, and free of impediments to root penetration (COELHO et al., 1998). Based on research conducted in dry land of forest ecosystem of the Amazon biome, it is possible to infer that the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region meet the requirements of acid lime tree ‘Tahiti,’ according to research results with the crop in the states of Amazonas (SILVA et al., 2007), Rondônia (MIRANDA, 2010), Pará (GURGEL et al., 2016), and Acre (RODRIGUES, 2018).
The greatest limitation to the development of acid lime tree ‘Tahiti’ production in this new citrus frontier lies in the lack of recommended rootstocks adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the mesoregions. The adaptability of the vigorous ‘Cravo’ lemon rootstock (C. ×limonia Osbeck) to various scion varieties, its high tolerance to drought stress, the induction of early production and high productivity in grafted scions, and its tolerance to Citrus Tristeza Virus (POMPEU JÚNIOR, 2005) are irrelevant when faced with its high susceptibility to Phytophthora gummosis when combined with acid lime ‘Tahiti’. Gummosis is considered the main fungal disease affecting citrus rootstocks (BLUMER; POMPEU JÚNIOR, 2005).
Underthe conditions of Bebedouro, São Paulo, Stuchi and Cyrillo (1998) reported 100% mortality of acid lime tree ‘Tahiti’ plants grafted onto ‘Cravo’ lemon rootstock at nine years of age, with gummosis as the main cause. In the Central-West and North regions of Brazil, where high rainfall, elevated temperatures, and prolonged periods of relative humidity near soil and air saturation are common, the infection-disease- dissemination process of gummosis is accelerated, causing high plant mortality and early economic unviability of the orchards.
Although resistance to gummosis is considered the main characteristic of a rootstock for the success of citrus cultivation in the Central-West region, the trend in modern citrus growing toward high-density and ultra-high-density orchards—both to mitigate the effects of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease and to facilitate automation of orchard activities—requires rootstocks that induce high productive efficiency associated with smaller canopy volumes (STUCHI;GIRARDI, 2010; MADEMBA-SY et al., 2012).
Among rootstocks that combine resistance to gummosis and the ability to induce smaller canopies, the trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] ‘Flying Dragon’ stands out. Trifoliate orange rootstocks predominate in temperate and subtropical citrus production worldwide (PASSOS et al., 2006).
Despite its intolerance to drought, this species has been widely used in intergeneric crosses to generate hybrids that incorporate desirable traits into citrus plants (BORDIGNON et al., 2003a).
Some trifoliate hybrids have been widely adopted in São Paulo citrus cultivation, such as citrumelo (C. ×paradisi Macfad. × P. trifoliata) ‘Swingle’ (CARVALHO et al., 2019).
Others are in the early stages of adoption, such as the citrandarins ‘Indio’ and ‘San Diego’ [C. sunki (Hayata) hort. ex. Tanaka × P. trifoliata], in addition to a diverse group of hybrids developed and pre-selected by the Citrus Genetic Improvement Program of Embrapa Mandioca and Fruiticultura – PMG Citrus, which show promise for a rootstock diversification program in Brazilian citrus cultivation (COSTA, 2019; COSTA et al., 2020a; COSTA et al., 2020b; COSTA et al., 2021; SANTOS, 2019; RODRIGUES et al., 2019a; RODRIGUES et al., 2019b). Many of these hybrids, although carrying genes from Poncirus (Raf.), have demonstrated good tolerance to water deficit. In this context, Mato Grosso still lacks research for the safe recommendation of citrus rootstocks.
Thus, rootstocks play an important role in the agronomic performance of citrus.
Due to citrus gummosis, there is intense negative pressure on the sustainability of orchards in most citrus-growing regions, particularly in humid subtropical areas, making the use of disease-resistant rootstocks essential. Rootstocks clearly impact the estimated productivity indices of citrus (SAU et al., 2018; ALBRECHT and BOWMAN, 2019; HASSANZADEH KHANKAHDANI et al., 2019; SANTOS et al., 2019; CARVALHO et al., 2021a; CARVALHO et al., 2021b).
In this study, the growth and production of the ‘Tahiti’ acid lime tree grafted onto hybrid rootstocks developed by the PMG Citrus program were evaluated, considering the first five years after planting under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Amazon biome in north of Mato Grosso.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was established in December 2016 at the experimental farm of IFMT - Advanced Campus of Guarantã do Norte/MT, located at coordinates 09º47’15”S; 54º54’36”W and an altitude of 345 m.
The municipality belongs to the Amazon biome, within the dry land forest ecosystem, with an Am (tropical monsoon) climate type according to the Köppen- Geiger classification, featuring an average annual temperature of 27.3ºC, a monthly maximum temperature of 36ºC, and a monthly minimum temperature of 21ºC; an average annual rainfall of 2,327 mm; and soil classified as Dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol (Embrapa, 2018).
The results of the chemical attributes and soil granulometric fractions of the experimental area are presented in Table 2.
The experimental design was a randomized block design with twelve treatments (rootstocks) and four replications. Each plot was consisted of five plants. The description of the rootstocks is presented in Table 1. The ‘Cravo’ lemon rootstock was considered the standard rootstock for the ‘Tahiti’ acid lime tree.
The ‘Tahiti’ acid lime tree seedlings were produced in a climate-controlled greenhouse at Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril in Sinop-MT. Rootstock seeds were sown in small tubes, and the “seedlings” were transplanted into 2.6 L plastic bags filled with Tecnomax Citrus® substrate enriched with thermophosphate at a rate of 7 kg m-3, and a slow-release fertilizer (22-04-08 + micronutrients) at a rate of 2.7 kg m-3. The scion grafting was performed at approximately 12 months, and the seedlings reached the standard for field planting at 18 months of age.
The scion cultivar grafted was the acid lime tree ‘Tahiti CNPMF-02’, developed by PMG Citros and released in 2019.
Planting was carried out with minimal soil preparation. Initially, the brachiaria ground cover was desiccated, and then the soil was mobilized along the planting row using a forestry subsoiler. The planting holes were manually dug using a shovel. Fertilization and soil correction were applied directly into the holes with 250 g of dolomitic lime, 150 g of single superphosphate, 10 g of slow-release fertilizer 22-04-08, 50 g of FTE BR 12, and 5 g of boric acid.
Chemical and physical properties of the soil in the 0.0 to 0.20 m depth layer of the experimental area in Guarantã do Norte at the year of planting (2016).
The spacing between planting rows was 6.25 m and between plants was 2.75 m, totaling a density of 582 plants per pl ha-1.
Planting was conducted with supplemental irrigation during dry periods. Weed management was carried out by applying herbicide along the planting rows and tractor mowing in the interrows. In the first and second years of cultivation, chemical control of the citrus leaf miner (Phyllocnistis citrella) was performed. Topdressing fertilizations and soil corrections were applied based on soil analysis results and technical recommendation tables for fertilization and liming of the acid lime tree ‘Tahiti’ crop (SOUSA; LOBATO,2004).
Evaluations were conducted during the vegetative phase of the orchard at 60 months after planting (MAP), with the first harvest occurring at 36 MAP and the last at 60 MAP, considering that fruit harvesting was continuous with successive collections throughout the period.
The following parameters were assessed: plant height (m), measured with a graduated ruler from the soil surface to the highest point of the plant; Rootstock trunk diameter (cm) and scion trunk diameter (cm), measured using a caliper at 10 cm below and 10 cm above the graft union, respectively; graft compatibility ratio, given by the ratio between the trunk diameters of the rootstock and the scion; canopy diameter (m), calculated as the average of two equatorial canopy diameters obtained in perpendicular directions to the planting row, using a tape measure; canopy volume (m3), calculated by the formula V = 2/3 × [(π × D/4) × H], where V is the canopy volume, D is the average canopy diameter (m), and H is the plant height (m); Vegetative Vigor Index (VVI), calculated by the formula VVI = [H + D + (DPE × 10)] / 100, where H is the plant height (cm), D is the canopy diameter (cm), and DPE is the trunk diameter of the rootstock (cm) (BORDIGNON et al., 2003b).
Fruit production(kg plant-1) was measured by the sum of fruit harvests, and productive efficiency was calculated as the ratio between production and canopy volume (kg m-3).
Data were tested for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and subsequently subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the F-test. Means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test at 5% significance level, using the SISVAR software.
Results and Discussion
The results of the vegetative growth and yield evaluations of the ‘Tahiti CNPMF-02’ acid lime tree grafted onto different rootstocks in Guarantã do Norte-MT are presented in Table 3.
Plant height (H), Scion–rootstock compatibility (SRC), canopy diameter (CD), canopy volume (CV), vegetative vigor index (VVI), yield (YLD) and yield efficiency (YE) of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime tree [Citrus × latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka] clone ‘CNPMF 02’, grafted onto 12 rootstocks, from 2019 to 2022. Guarantã do Norte, MT.
The number of mean groupings for plant height at 60 MAP was three. The rootstocks that most influenced canopy height were citrandarin ‘Indio’ (4.41 m), tangerine tree ‘Sunki Tropical’ (4.41 m), and lime trees ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’ (4.49 m) and ‘Cravo CNPMF-003’ (4.61 m). The canopies of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime tree on the hybrids TSKC x TRFD - 003 (4.12 m) and TSKC x CTSW - 028 (4.16 m) showed intermediate averages, together with citrandarin ‘San Diego’ (4.29 m) and citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (4.34 m), while the hybrids LVK x LCR – 038 (3.71 m), HTR – 069 (3.68 m), TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 059 (3.86 m), and TSKC x TRFD – 006 (3.65 m) induced the shortest plant heights, approaching the ideal height for phytosanitary management of 3.5 m. Costa (2019).
After evaluating several rootstocks in combination with the ‘Valência IAC’ sweet orange tree [C. ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck], it was concluded that TSKC x TRFD - 006 and TSKC x TRFD - 003 induced dwarf and semi-dwarf growth habits in the scion variety, respectively, corroborating the results obtained thus far in this study — with the exception of the hybrid LVK x LCR – 038.
The mean values of the ratio between the rootstock trunk diameter and the scion trunk diameter (compatibility) showed no statistically significant differences across all scion/rootstock combinations, remaining close to perfect balance (1.00) until the end of the evaluations at 60 MAP (Table 3).
This is a good indication of compatibility for all the scion/rootstock combinations in the study.
The canopy diameter at 60 MAP was greatest in the ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’ (55.2 m) and ‘Cravo CNPMF-003’ (59.8 m) rootstocks lemon trees, as well as in the citrandarin ‘Indio’ (59.3 m).
It was intermediate in the rootstocks citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (44.6 m), tangerine tree ‘Sunki Tropical’ (50.8 m), citrandarin ‘San Diego’ (49.4 m), and the hybrids TSKC x TRFD – 003 (49.6 m), TSKC x CTSW – 028 (48.7 m), and TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 059 (43.2 m). The rootstocks that had the least influence on canopy diameter were the hybrids TSKC x TRFD - 006 (38.2 m) and HTR – 069 (33.42 m).
Similarly, to what was observed for canopy diameter, the highest average canopy volumes of the lime ‘Tahiti CNPMF-02’ were 59.3 m3 for the citrandarin ‘Indio’, 54.8 m³ for the rootstock ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’, and 60.2 m3 for the rootstock ‘Cravo CNPMF-003’ (Table 3).
The tangerine tree ‘Sunki Tropical’ (50.78 m3), the citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (45.91 m3), the citrandarin ‘San Diego’ (49.39 m3), and the hybrids TSKC x TRFD – 003 (48.87 m3) and TSKC x CTSW – 028 (48.77 m³) formed the second class of highest averages. The hybrids HTR – 069 (33.42 m3), LVK x LCR - 038 (35.54 m3), TSKC x TRFD - 006 (38.01 m3), and TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 059 (42.71 m3) made up the lowest canopy volume averages.
The hybrid HTR- 069 induced a canopy volume 50% lower than determinated by the rootstock ‘Cravo CNPMF-003’, which were the two extremes observed in the study.
For the vegetative vigor index (VVI), three groups were formed. The citrandarin ‘Indio’ (10.86), tangerine tree ‘Sunki Tropical’ (10.5), and the rootstocks ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’ (10.7) and ‘Cravo CNPMF-003’ (10.9) induced the highest VVI on the lime ‘Tahiti’ canopy.
The hybrid rootstocks TSKC x (LCR x TR) – 059 (9.8), TSKC x TRFD - 003 (10.1), and TSKC x CTSW - 028 (10.2), along with citrandarin ‘San Diego’ (10.3) and citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (10.3), influenced the canopy VVI at intermediate levels. The hybrids LVK x LCR – 038 (9.2), HTR – 069 (9.2), and TSKC x TRFD – 006 (9.4) showed the lowest increase in VVI.
Bettini (2019), in the evaluation of VVI for combinations of acid lime tree ‘Tahiti’ with 16 rootstocks—13 of which were new citrandarins —at four years after planting, obtained an index of 7.8 for the standard rootstock ‘Cravo’ lime and 7.4 for the most vigorous citrandarins.
These results demonstrate how favorable the edaphoclimatic conditions of Guarantã do Norte are for the development of acid lime tree ‘Tahiti,’ since these rootstocks also showed higher VVI in the study by Roncatto et al. (2021). The HTR - 069 rootstock stood out in the nursery phase for its low growth vigor (TONIAL et al., 2015; ROMANO et al., 2016; PAROLIN et al., 2017).
The rootstocks lemon tree ‘Cravo CNPMF-003’ (22.2 kg.pl-1), HTR – 069 (21.5 kg.pl-1), and TSKC x TRFD - 003 (22.8 kg.pl-1), based on the accumulated result of three harvests, produced the highest fruit yields, while the others were associated with lower production, ranging from 9.6 kg.pl-1 for the citrumelo ‘Swingle’ up to 16.2 kg.pl-1 for the TSKC x TRFD – 006.
The rootstock that most influenced canopy height was the limoeiro ‘Cravo CNPMF-003’ limon tree, as well as other growth characteristics, resulting in the highest fruit production.
However, this rootstock is not suitable for high-density planting. In contrast, the rootstocks HTR – 069 and TSKC x TRFD – 003 showed the highest production efficiency per canopy volume, with 81.2 kg·m-3 and 66.8 kg·m-3 respectively, making them suitable for high-density orchards. Similarly, the hybrids LVK x LCR – 038 and TSKC x TRFD – 006 also induced lower vegetative growth while maintaining high production efficiency (58.8 kg·m-3 and 55.8 kg·m-3, respectively).
This finding aligns with the study by Rodrigues et al. (2018), who observed that the rootstocks causing the least influence on canopy height of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime tree were the citrandarin ‘Indio’ and the hybrid TSKC x CTSW – 041, which showed higher fruit production and consequently higher production efficiency. Conversely, rootstocks that induced greater canopy development exhibited lower production efficiency despite higher fruit yield.
Furthermore, reduced tree size facilitates harvest and the application of cultural practices (PORTELA et al., 2016).
Productive efficiency measures fruit yield per canopy volume (LIMA et al., 2014). The higher the production per volume, the greater the chances of adopting high planting densities, consequently increasing overall productivity (RODRIGUES et al., 2018).
Lower productive efficiency may be related to a larger canopy volume, as this variable is inversely correlated with citrus plant growth (FRANÇA et al., 2016).
According to Bacar et al. (2017), rootstocks that promote high productive efficiency and smaller canopy volume are more advantageous than those that result in larger canopy volume and fruit production per plant, since this indicates that production can be compensated by increasing plant density per area.
Conclusions
In the Amazon biome, north of Mato Grosso, preliminary results indicate that the rootstocks that least influenced canopy development of the ‘Tahiti’ acid lime tree were the hybrids HTR - 069 and TSKC × TRFD - 003 (BRS Donadio), standing out for their high yield efficiency and enabling the adoption of high-density planting systems.
Acknowledgments
Our sincere appreciation goes to the institutions CNPMF, CPAMT, IFMT Guarantã do Norte Campus, the Municipality of Guarantã do Norte, Empaer-MT, and CNPq, without whose support this work would not have been possible.
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Edited by
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Scientific Editor
Alexandre Pio Viana
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Associate Editor
Fernando Higino e Silva
Data citations
CEPEA. Lima ácida Tahiti: mercado e perspectiva para 2019. Disponível em: https://www.hfbrasil.org.br/upload/kceditor/files/Dia%20do%20Lima%cc%83o%20PDF.pdf Acesso em: 02 jun. 2020
IBGE. Censo Agropecuário 2024 Rio de Janeiro, 2024. Disponível em: https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/5457#/n1/all/n3/all/u/y/v/214,8331/p/last%201/c782/0,40152/l/v,p+c782,t/resultado Acesso: 18 out. 2024.
