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Cirurgia bariátrica e transtornos alimentares: uma revisão integrativa

Bariatric surgery and eating disorders: integrative review

RESUMO

Objetivo

Realizar revisão sobre transtornos alimentares e comportamentos alimentares transtornados relacionados à cirurgia bariátrica.

Métodos

Revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs, Bireme, portal SciELO com descritores indexados com critérios de inclusão: oferecer dado sobre a presença ou frequência de transtorno alimentar e/ou comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais previamente e/ou após a cirurgia.

Resultados

Foram selecionados 150 estudos (14 nacionais e 136 internacionais): 80,6% eram com avaliação de pacientes pré-/pós-cirúrgicos; 12% eram estudos de caso e 7,3% eram estudos de revisão. Diferentes instrumentos foram usados para avaliação, principalmente o Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns, a Binge Eating Scale e Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire. A compulsão alimentar foi o comportamento mais avaliado, com frequências/prevalências variando de 2% a 94%; no caso do transtorno da compulsão alimentar as frequências/prevalências variaram de 3% a 61%. Houve também a descrição de anorexia e bulimia nervosa, síndrome da alimentação noturna e comportamento beliscador. Alguns estudos apontam melhora dos sintomas no pós-cirúrgico e/ou seguimento enquanto outros apontam surgimento ou piora dos problemas.

Conclusão

Apesar da variabilidade entre métodos e achados, comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais são muito frequentes em candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica e podem ainda surgir ou piorar após a intervenção cirúrgica. Profissionais de saúde devem considerar de maneira mais cuidadosa tais problemas neste público, dadas às consequências para o resultado cirúrgico e qualidade de vida.

Cirurgia bariátrica; transtornos alimentares; obesidade; revisão; gastroplastia

ABSTRACT

Objective

To conduct a revision about disordered eating and eating disorders related to bariatric surgery.

Methods

Integrative literature’s review on databases PubMed, Lilacs, Bireme, portal SciELO using indexed keywords; inclusion criteria was provide data about the presence or frequency of eating disorders or disordered eating behaviors previously and/or after surgery.

Results

One hundred and fifty studies were selected (14 in Brazil and 136 other countries): 80.6% were evaluation of patient’s pre or post-surgery; 12% were case studies and 7.3% were revision studies. Diverse scales and questionnaires were used for evaluation, mostly the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns, the Binge Eating Scale and the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire. Binge eating was the most common behavior evaluated, with frequencies/prevalence from 2% to 94%; for Binge Eating Disorder frequencies/prevalence’s range from 3% to 61%. Studies also describe anorexia and bulimia nervosa, night eating syndrome and grazing. Some studies point improvement of symptoms while others call attention for the emergence or aggravation of problems.

Conclusion

Despite the variability among methods and results, the presence of disordered eating behaviors is highly frequent among bariatric surgery candidates, and could emerge or get worse after surgery. Health care providers must consider carefully these problems due their impact on surgery results and quality of life.

Bariatric surgery; eating disorders; obesity; review; gastroplasty

INTRODUÇÃO

A obesidade é dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública da atualidade. No Brasil, entre 1974-1975 e 2008-2009 houve crescimento de mais de quatro vezes entre os homens adultos (2,8% para 12,4%), e mais de duas vezes entre as mulheres adultas (8% para 16,9%)11. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – Os Números da Obesidade no Brasil: Vigitel 2009 e POF 2008-2009. Disponível em: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/pof/2008_2009_encaa/pof_20082009_encaa.pdf. Acessado em: 10 fev. 2016.
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/...
.

Entre os tratamentos propostos, a cirurgia bariátrica (CB) surgiu nos anos 1950 nos Estados Unidos da America (EUA)22. American Psychiatric Association. Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais – DSM-5. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2014.. No Brasil se iniciou a partir de 1970, com as técnicas cirúrgicas jejuno-ileais. O bypass gástrico, gastroplastia horizontal e vertical com anel foram introduzidos a partir de 1980; nos anos 1990 desenvolveu-se a derivação biliopancreática de Scopinaro e o aprimoramento das derivações gástricas em Y de Roux. As derivações obtiveram variantes como a duodenal Switch; todas as técnicas foram adaptadas à via videolaparoscópica33. Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Bariátrica e Metabólica – História da cirurgia bariátrica no Brasil. Disponível em: http://www.sbcb.org.br/. Acessado em: 10 fev. 2016.
http://www.sbcb.org.br/...
; e mais atualmente a técnica Sleeve (gastrectomia vertical) substituiu a banda gástrica – estando entre as mais utilizadas44. Associação Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e da Síndrome Metabólica – Cirurgia bariátrica: a situação atual do Brasil. Disponível em: www.abeso.org.br/coluna/cirurgia-bariatrica/cirurgia-bariatrica-a-situacao-atual-do-brasil. Acessado em: 28 jul. 2016.
www.abeso.org.br/coluna/cirurgia-bariatr...
. O Brasil é o segundo país no mundo que mais realiza a CB, com cerca de 80 mil registros por ano33. Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Bariátrica e Metabólica – História da cirurgia bariátrica no Brasil. Disponível em: http://www.sbcb.org.br/. Acessado em: 10 fev. 2016.
http://www.sbcb.org.br/...
. A última resolução do Conselho Federal de Medicina ampliou o rol de comorbidades para indicação55. Conselho Federal de Medicina – Resolução CFM n. 2131/2015. Disponível em: www.portalmedico.org.br/resolucoes/CFM/2015/2131_2015.pdf. Acessado em: 28 jul. 2016.
www.portalmedico.org.br/resolucoes/CFM/2...
em pacientes com índice de massa corpórea (IMC) entre 35 e 40 kg/m22. American Psychiatric Association. Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais – DSM-5. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2014., o que pode representar ampliação desses índices.

Enquanto a maioria dos tratamentos convencionais para obesidade grave apresenta um impacto modesto e curto, a CB tem mostrado resultados em longo prazo na perda de peso com melhora das comorbidades clínicas66. Müller A, Mitchell JE, Sondag C, de Zwann M. Psychiatric aspects of bariatric surgery. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(10):397.

7. Wood KV, Ogden J. Explaining the role of binge eating behavior in weight loss post bariatric surgery. Appetite. 2012;59:177-80.
-88. Marino JM, Ertelt TW, Lancaster K, Steffen K, Peterson L, de Zwaan M, et al. The emergence of eating pathology after bariatric surgery: a rare outcome with important clinical implications. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45:179-84.. No entanto, consequências adversas também podem surgir, como complicações pós-operatórias e problemas psicossociais relacionados com o funcionamento físico, mental e social – bem como à imagem corporal e a aspectos cognitivos99. Almeida GA, Giampietro HB, Belarmino LB, Moretti LA, Marchini JS, Ceneviva R. Aspectos psicossociais em cirurgia bariátrica: a associação entre variáveis emocionais, trabalho, relacionamentos e peso corporal. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2011;24(3):226-31.. Os fatores psicológicos e comportamentais relacionados aos piores resultados da CB ainda têm recebido pouca atenção1010. Gelinas BL, Delparte CA, Wright KD, Hart R. Problematic eating behaviors among bariatric surgical candidates: a psychometric investigation and factor analytic approach. Eat Behav. 2015;16:34-9.. De modo geral, a CB resulta em melhoras físicas e psicológicas, mas uma parte dos pacientes não responde positivamente à perda de peso1111. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, Simonich H, Lancaster K, Howell LM, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79-87.. Mais recentemente, alguns estudos passaram a focalizar o comportamento alimentar e a existência de patologia alimentar em pacientes pré- e pós-CB, examinando a relação entre os problemas alimentares e a CB88. Marino JM, Ertelt TW, Lancaster K, Steffen K, Peterson L, de Zwaan M, et al. The emergence of eating pathology after bariatric surgery: a rare outcome with important clinical implications. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45:179-84.,1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22..

Indica-se que de 20% a 70% dos pacientes que procuram a CB têm histórico de algum transtorno mental e, portanto, os candidatos à CB constituem grupo de risco para transtornos psíquicos diversos1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54. – incluindo os transtornos alimentares (TA), estes caracterizados por graves alterações da imagem corporal, comportamento e atitude alimentar; os principais quadros são a anorexia nervosa, a bulimia nervosa e o transtorno de compulsão alimentar22. American Psychiatric Association. Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais – DSM-5. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2014..

As primeiras publicações sobre os TA e a CB são da década de 19801414. Shamblin JR, Sessions JW, Soileau MK. Vertical staple gastroplasty: experience with 100 patients. South Med J. 1984;77(1):33-7.

15. Mitchell JE. Bulimia with self-induced vomiting after gastric stapling. Am J Psychiatr. 1985;142(5):656.
-1616. Thompson JK, Weinsier RL, Jacobs B. Self-induced vomiting and subclinical bulimia following gastroplasty surgery for morbid obesity: a case description and report of a multi-component cognitive-behavioral treatment strategy. Int J Eat Disord. 1985;4(4):609-15.. A compulsão alimentar em candidatos a CB e sua evolução pós-cirúrgica estão documentadas internacionalmente desde 19901717. Pekkarinen T, Koskela K, Huikuri K, Mustajoki P. Long-term results of gastroplasty for morbid obesity: binge-eating as a predictor of poor outcome. Obes Surg. 1994;4:248-55.,1818. Hsu LKG, Betancourt S, Sullivan SP. Eating disturbances before and after vertical banded gastroplasty: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1996;19:23-34.; e mais especificamente a avaliação de TA e outras disfunções, como o transtorno de compulsão alimentar (TCA), são descritos internacionalmente a partir de 20001919. Kalarchian MA, Wilson GT, Brolin RE, Bradley L. Assessment of eating disorders in bariatric surgery candidates: self-report questionnaire versus interview. Ass Eat Disord. 2000; 465-9.,2020. Mitchell JE, Lancaster KL, Burgard MA, Howell LM, Krahn DD, Crosby RD, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients’ status after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2001;11:464-8.. No Brasil, relatos de caso surgiram a partir de 20042121. Cordás TA, Lopes Filho AP, Segal A. Transtorno alimentar e cirurgia bariátrica: relato de caso. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2004;48(4):564-71.,2222. Segal A, Kussunoki DK, Larino MA. Post-surgical refusal to eat: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or a new eating disorder? A case series. Obes Surg. 2004;14:353-60.. A partir de 1993 há descrição da síndrome alimentar noturna também casos pré- e pós-CB1818. Hsu LKG, Betancourt S, Sullivan SP. Eating disturbances before and after vertical banded gastroplasty: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1996;19:23-34.,2323. Rand CSW, Kuldau JM. Morbid obesity: a comparison between a general population and obesity surgery patients. Int J Obes. 1993;17:657-61.. O primeiro estudo de revisão internacional é de 2012 nos EUA2424. Chesler B. Emotional eating: a virtually untreated risk factor for outcome following bariatric surgery. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012;2012:365961., mas trata-se da apresentação de investigações empíricas e casos clínicos; um estudo mais amplo revisou 15 estudos no mesmo ano88. Marino JM, Ertelt TW, Lancaster K, Steffen K, Peterson L, de Zwaan M, et al. The emergence of eating pathology after bariatric surgery: a rare outcome with important clinical implications. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45:179-84.. No Brasil, apenas uma revisão seletiva foi realizada1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54., com foco em acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes bariátricos – com menção a dados relacionados aos TA.

Entre as diversas questões sobre TA e CB, há o relato que na presença do TCA pré-/pós-CB há menor perda de peso e pior qualidade de vida e persistência de sentimentos de perda do controle relacionados à alimentação1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54.. O consumo de pequenas quantidades de alimento durante períodos extensos de tempo, denominado comportamento beliscador (do Inglês grazing), também tem sido descrito2525. Saunders R. “Grazing”: a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg. 2004;14:98-102.

26. Kofman MD, Lent MR, Swencionis C. Maladaptative eating patterns, quality of life, and weight outcomes following gastric bypass: results of an internet survey. Obesity. 2010;18):1938-43.
-2727. Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, Machado PPP, Lancaster K, Wonderlich SA. What is “grazing”? Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing a standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:973-83., e os indivíduos que apresentam compulsão alimentar antes da CB podem ter alto risco de apresentar comportamento beliscador após a CB – um comportamento com potencial contribuição para reganho de peso1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54.,2525. Saunders R. “Grazing”: a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg. 2004;14:98-102.,2828. Zunker C, Karr T, Sauders R, Mitchell JE. Eating behaviors post-bariatric surgery: a qualitative study of grazing. Obes Surg. 2012;22:1225-31.

29. Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, Speranskaya A, Sanchís P, Julian X, et al. Postoperative grazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-50.
-3030. Goodpaster KPS, Marek RJ, Lavery ME, Ashton K, Rish JM, Heinberg LJ. Graze eating among bariatric surgery candidates: prevalence and psychosocial correlates. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12:1091-7..

Dada a abrangência da realização da CB no Brasil, a emergência de diversos problemas alimentares no pós-cirúrgico, o impacto negativo dos TA (e comportamentos relacionados) e a escassa discussão sobre essa problemática no cenário nacional, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão integrativa sobre a presença e frequência das disfunções alimentares e/ou TA relacionados à CB e sintetizar os achados considerando forma de avaliação, tipo do TA e amplitude do problema.

MÉTODOS

Esta é uma revisão integrativa da literatura nacional e internacional3131. Souza MT, Silva MD, Carvalho R. Revisão integrativa: o que é e como fazer. Einstein. 2010;8(1):102-6., realizada nas bases de dados Bireme e PubMed (US National Library of Medicine), e portal SciELO (The Scientific Electronic Library Online), sem restrição de período, língua ou tipo de estudo para a busca bibliográfica – encerrada em fevereiro de 2016. Foram utilizados os descritores “cirurgia bariátrica”, e combinação com “transtornos alimentares”, “bulimia nervosa”, “anorexia nervosa”, e “compulsão alimentar” – em português e inglês.

Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos que avaliassem ou revisassem TA e/ou comportamentos alimentares/compulsão previamente e/ou após CB – e que incluíssem especificamente dados de presença/frequência/prevalência. Também foram considerados os artigos sobre avaliação/seguimento/questões psicológicas e/ou psiquiátricas antes ou após CB – desde que incluíssem questões alimentares (para verificação da menção à presença/frequência/prevalência dos TA ou correlatos).

A análise e a seleção começaram com a leitura dos títulos, excluindo-se aquelas que não tinham foco no objetivo da revisão e também as repetidas. Na sequência, os resumos dos trabalhos foram lidos, e nesta fase foram excluídas aquelas que não avaliavam TA ou questões alimentares propriamente ditas – ou que não apresentassem dados da presença de TA e correlatos. Por fim, os trabalhos restantes foram lidos na íntegra. Utilizou-se também a estratégia de “repescagem” verificando as listas de referências de cada artigo (especialmente dos artigos de revisão de literatura selecionados) para a inclusão de estudos que não haviam sido localizados nas bases de dados e que preenchessem os critérios de inclusão, e também foi realizada “repescagem” por meio da busca no Google Acadêmico.

Embora primeiramente o termo “síndrome alimentar noturna” – SAN (do inglês night eating syndrome) não tenha sido usado na estratégia de busca – porque as revisões incluíram este TA mais recentemente – na repescagem os artigos sobre SAN foram também incluídos. Também primeiramente o termo “vômito” (vomiting) não foi incluído como termo, pois inclusive pode ser uma “complicação” física da CB. Mas, uma vez que alguns trabalhos incluíram vômitos provocados/associados a TA, os estudos com foco nesse comportamento compensatório foram também incluídos na repescagem.

Pela extensão dos resultados iniciais foram adotados os limites população adulta e palavras-chave no título/resumo, identificando-se 555 publicações. Após avaliação dos títulos e resumos, 122 artigos foram potencialmente elegíveis. Depois da leitura, 75 foram excluídos por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão. Embora não tenha havido restrição de língua (para se conhecer o estado da arte sobre o tema em qualquer idioma publicado), um artigo estava em alemão e não foi incluído pela impossibilidade de leitura e compreensão na íntegra. Na repescagem, pelas questões apontadas nos métodos, um número expressivo de artigos foi localizado (137), os quais tiveram primeiramente seus resumos checados para averiguação dos critérios de inclusão. Novamente um estava em língua alemã e não foi incluído. Do total inicial, 103 foram incluídos. A Figura 1 ilustra as etapas de seleção de artigos desta revisão.

Figura 1
Etapas de seleção dos artigos incluídos na revisão integrativa.

RESULTADOS

Foram destacados (quando disponibilizados) autoria, ano de publicação, local, população, idade, IMC, objetivo do estudo, método (maneira de avaliação do TA/comportamento correlato), e resultados (frequência, presença, prevalência) – com a maior padronização possível de dados. Os objetivos dos estudos foram listados, mas os resultados destacados são os de objeto desta revisão: presença/frequência/prevalência de TA e quadros relacionados. Foram incluídos 14 estudos nacionais e 136 internacionais: 12% eram estudos de caso e 7%, de revisão, entretanto a maioria (80,6%) era de avaliação de pacientes pré-/prós-cirúrgicos (Tabelas 1, 2 e 3).

Dos artigos nacionais, nove foram avaliações com pacientes submetidos à CB2222. Segal A, Kussunoki DK, Larino MA. Post-surgical refusal to eat: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or a new eating disorder? A case series. Obes Surg. 2004;14:353-60.,3232. Lemos MCM. Qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica no município de Cascavel/PR. Arq Cienc Saúde Unipar. 2006;10(3):155-63.,3434. Sallet PC, Sallet JA, Dixon JB, Collis E, Pisani CE, Levy A, et al. Eating behavior as a prognostic factor for weight loss after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2007;17:445-51.

35. Machado CE, Zilberstein B, Cecconello I, Monteiro M. Compulsão alimentar antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2008;21(4):185-91.

36. Schünemann DEM, Gama MO, Navarro AC. Cirurgia bariátrica e bulimia nervosa. Rev Bras Obes Nutr Emagr. 2009;3(13):30-4.

37. Ehrenbrink PP, Pinto EEP, Prando FL. Um novo olhar sobre a cirurgia bariátrica e os transtornos alimentares. Psic Hosp. 2009;7(1):88-105.

38. Magdaleno Junior R, Chaim EA, Turato ER. Surgical treatment of obesity: some considerations on the transformation of the eating impulse. Rev Latinoam Psicopat Fund. 2010;13(3):425-40.

39. Tae B, Pelaggi ER, Moreira JG, Waisberg J, Matos LL, D’Elia G. O impacto da cirurgia bariátrica nos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, comportamento bulímico e na qualidade de vida. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014;41(3):155-60.
-4040. Venzon CN, Alchieri JC. Indicadores de compulsão alimentar periódica em pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica. Psico. 2014;45(2):239-49. e três com candidatos a CB3333. Petribu K, Sá Ribeiro E, Oliveira FMF, Braz CIA, Gomes MLM, Araujo DE, et al. Transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica em uma população de obesos mórbidos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, em Recife-PE. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2006;50(5):901-8.,4141. Horvath JDC, Kops NL, Castro MLD, Fridman R. Food consumption in patients referred for bariatric surgery with and without binge eating disorder. Eat Behav. 2015;19:173-6.,4242. Costa AJRB, Pinto SL. Transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica e qualidade de vida de pacientes candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2015;28(1):52-5.. Três eram qualitativos3232. Lemos MCM. Qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica no município de Cascavel/PR. Arq Cienc Saúde Unipar. 2006;10(3):155-63.,3737. Ehrenbrink PP, Pinto EEP, Prando FL. Um novo olhar sobre a cirurgia bariátrica e os transtornos alimentares. Psic Hosp. 2009;7(1):88-105.,3838. Magdaleno Junior R, Chaim EA, Turato ER. Surgical treatment of obesity: some considerations on the transformation of the eating impulse. Rev Latinoam Psicopat Fund. 2010;13(3):425-40. e cinco de segmento2222. Segal A, Kussunoki DK, Larino MA. Post-surgical refusal to eat: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or a new eating disorder? A case series. Obes Surg. 2004;14:353-60.,3434. Sallet PC, Sallet JA, Dixon JB, Collis E, Pisani CE, Levy A, et al. Eating behavior as a prognostic factor for weight loss after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2007;17:445-51.,3535. Machado CE, Zilberstein B, Cecconello I, Monteiro M. Compulsão alimentar antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2008;21(4):185-91.,3636. Schünemann DEM, Gama MO, Navarro AC. Cirurgia bariátrica e bulimia nervosa. Rev Bras Obes Nutr Emagr. 2009;3(13):30-4.,3939. Tae B, Pelaggi ER, Moreira JG, Waisberg J, Matos LL, D’Elia G. O impacto da cirurgia bariátrica nos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, comportamento bulímico e na qualidade de vida. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014;41(3):155-60. com reavaliação de seis meses3434. Sallet PC, Sallet JA, Dixon JB, Collis E, Pisani CE, Levy A, et al. Eating behavior as a prognostic factor for weight loss after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2007;17:445-51. a cinco anos3535. Machado CE, Zilberstein B, Cecconello I, Monteiro M. Compulsão alimentar antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2008;21(4):185-91. após CB. Há um estudo de caso2121. Cordás TA, Lopes Filho AP, Segal A. Transtorno alimentar e cirurgia bariátrica: relato de caso. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2004;48(4):564-71. e um artigo de revisão (não incluído na Tabela 1)1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54.. O número de pacientes avaliados, excluindo-se o estudo de caso, variou de 5 a 2162222. Segal A, Kussunoki DK, Larino MA. Post-surgical refusal to eat: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or a new eating disorder? A case series. Obes Surg. 2004;14:353-60.,3434. Sallet PC, Sallet JA, Dixon JB, Collis E, Pisani CE, Levy A, et al. Eating behavior as a prognostic factor for weight loss after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2007;17:445-51.,3737. Ehrenbrink PP, Pinto EEP, Prando FL. Um novo olhar sobre a cirurgia bariátrica e os transtornos alimentares. Psic Hosp. 2009;7(1):88-105. – com imensa maioria de mulheres (75%-100%). Nos estudos que utilizaram questionários, dois utilizaram o Bulimic Investigatory Tesf of Edinburgh – BITE3636. Schünemann DEM, Gama MO, Navarro AC. Cirurgia bariátrica e bulimia nervosa. Rev Bras Obes Nutr Emagr. 2009;3(13):30-4.,3939. Tae B, Pelaggi ER, Moreira JG, Waisberg J, Matos LL, D’Elia G. O impacto da cirurgia bariátrica nos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, comportamento bulímico e na qualidade de vida. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014;41(3):155-60. e quatro, a Binge Eating Scale – BES3333. Petribu K, Sá Ribeiro E, Oliveira FMF, Braz CIA, Gomes MLM, Araujo DE, et al. Transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica em uma população de obesos mórbidos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, em Recife-PE. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2006;50(5):901-8.,4040. Venzon CN, Alchieri JC. Indicadores de compulsão alimentar periódica em pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica. Psico. 2014;45(2):239-49.

41. Horvath JDC, Kops NL, Castro MLD, Fridman R. Food consumption in patients referred for bariatric surgery with and without binge eating disorder. Eat Behav. 2015;19:173-6.
-4242. Costa AJRB, Pinto SL. Transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica e qualidade de vida de pacientes candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2015;28(1):52-5..

Tabela 1
Estudos nacionais realizados sobre cirurgia bariátrica (CB) e transtornos alimentares (TA) e comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais (N = 13)

Desconsiderando-se o estudo de caso/revisão, o comportamento mais avaliado foi a compulsão alimentar (por entrevistas ou questionário). Esta foi descrita de maneira frequente no pré-cirúrgico, variando de 20% a 94%3232. Lemos MCM. Qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica no município de Cascavel/PR. Arq Cienc Saúde Unipar. 2006;10(3):155-63.

33. Petribu K, Sá Ribeiro E, Oliveira FMF, Braz CIA, Gomes MLM, Araujo DE, et al. Transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica em uma população de obesos mórbidos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, em Recife-PE. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2006;50(5):901-8.

34. Sallet PC, Sallet JA, Dixon JB, Collis E, Pisani CE, Levy A, et al. Eating behavior as a prognostic factor for weight loss after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2007;17:445-51.
-3535. Machado CE, Zilberstein B, Cecconello I, Monteiro M. Compulsão alimentar antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2008;21(4):185-91.,4141. Horvath JDC, Kops NL, Castro MLD, Fridman R. Food consumption in patients referred for bariatric surgery with and without binge eating disorder. Eat Behav. 2015;19:173-6.,4242. Costa AJRB, Pinto SL. Transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica e qualidade de vida de pacientes candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2015;28(1):52-5. – com redução3232. Lemos MCM. Qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica no município de Cascavel/PR. Arq Cienc Saúde Unipar. 2006;10(3):155-63.,3535. Machado CE, Zilberstein B, Cecconello I, Monteiro M. Compulsão alimentar antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2008;21(4):185-91. ou não3434. Sallet PC, Sallet JA, Dixon JB, Collis E, Pisani CE, Levy A, et al. Eating behavior as a prognostic factor for weight loss after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2007;17:445-51. após CB. O mesmo foi verificado para presença de comportamento beliscador3535. Machado CE, Zilberstein B, Cecconello I, Monteiro M. Compulsão alimentar antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2008;21(4):185-91.,3838. Magdaleno Junior R, Chaim EA, Turato ER. Surgical treatment of obesity: some considerations on the transformation of the eating impulse. Rev Latinoam Psicopat Fund. 2010;13(3):425-40. e bulímico3636. Schünemann DEM, Gama MO, Navarro AC. Cirurgia bariátrica e bulimia nervosa. Rev Bras Obes Nutr Emagr. 2009;3(13):30-4.,3737. Ehrenbrink PP, Pinto EEP, Prando FL. Um novo olhar sobre a cirurgia bariátrica e os transtornos alimentares. Psic Hosp. 2009;7(1):88-105.,3939. Tae B, Pelaggi ER, Moreira JG, Waisberg J, Matos LL, D’Elia G. O impacto da cirurgia bariátrica nos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, comportamento bulímico e na qualidade de vida. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014;41(3):155-60..

O estudo de caso descreve sintomas de anorexia nervosa (AN), mesmo sem baixo peso (preenchendo critério de TA não especificado, com presença de vômitos autoinduzidos, distorção da imagem corporal, recusa alimentar e medo intenso do ganho de peso) em uma mulher submetida à CB após 11 meses2121. Cordás TA, Lopes Filho AP, Segal A. Transtorno alimentar e cirurgia bariátrica: relato de caso. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2004;48(4):564-71..

O estudo de revisão seletiva sintetizou dados de acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes bariátricos localizando 26 referências sobre compulsão alimentar e CB1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54.. A prevalência de compulsão foi alta entre os candidatos à CB: 10% a 25% (e ainda mais se considerados os casos subclínicos), e houve associação com menor perda ponderal e pior qualidade de vida no pós-CB. O estudo menciona ainda a presença de bulimia nervosa (BN) de 1,8% e 3,5%1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54., que é apontada também em outro estudo com pacientes pós-cirúrgicos3636. Schünemann DEM, Gama MO, Navarro AC. Cirurgia bariátrica e bulimia nervosa. Rev Bras Obes Nutr Emagr. 2009;3(13):30-4.. Sobre o TCA, a revisão destaca prevalência de 11% a 32% e casos subclínicos de 39% a 50%.

Embora haja um estudo que apenas descreve questões sobre fome, saciedade e comportamento beliscador num grupo de sete pacientes (sem percentual para os achados)3838. Magdaleno Junior R, Chaim EA, Turato ER. Surgical treatment of obesity: some considerations on the transformation of the eating impulse. Rev Latinoam Psicopat Fund. 2010;13(3):425-40., ele foi mantido na revisão pela escassez de estudos nacionais sobre a temática e ilustra os achados com população pós-CB.

Dada à extensão dos estudos internacionais, eles foram divididos em realizados nos EUA na Tabela 2 e demais países na Tabela 3.

Tabela 2
Estudos internacionais (Estados Unidos da América – EUA) realizados sobre cirurgia bariátrica (CB) e transtornos alimentares (TA) e comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais (N = 63)*
Tabela 3
Estudos internacionais (países diversos) realizados sobre cirurgia bariátrica (CB) e transtornos alimentares (TA) e comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais (N = 63)*

Nos EUA houve 56 estudos de avaliação, sendo 29 com candidatos e 27 com pacientes submetidos à CB (19 de seguimento, com reavaliação de dois a 36 meses pós-CB; cinco de longo prazo – 5,5 a 14 anos)2020. Mitchell JE, Lancaster KL, Burgard MA, Howell LM, Krahn DD, Crosby RD, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients’ status after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2001;11:464-8.,4343. Powers PS, Perez A, Boyd F, Rosemurgy A. Eating pathology before and after bariatric surgery: a prospective study. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;25:293-300.

44. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Wilson GT, Labouvie EW, Brolin RE, LaMarca LB. Binge eating among gastric bypass patients at long-term follow-up. Obes Surg. 2002;12:270-5.

45. Alger-Mayer S, Rosati C, Polimeni JM, Malone M. Preoperative binge eating status and gastric bypass surgery: a long-term outcome study. Obes Surg. 2009;19:139-45.
-4646. White MA, Kalarchian MA, Masheb RM, Marcus MD, Grilo CM. Loss of control over eating predicts outcomes in bariatric surgery: a prospective 24-month follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(2):175-84.. Nesses estudos de avaliação, o número de pacientes (excluindo-se o estudo de caso) variou de 22 a 2.2662323. Rand CSW, Kuldau JM. Morbid obesity: a comparison between a general population and obesity surgery patients. Int J Obes. 1993;17:657-61.,4747. Mitchell JE, King WC, Courcoulas A, Dakin G, Elder K, Engel S, et al. Eating behaviors and eating disorders in adults before bariatric surgery. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48:215-22., com maioria feminina (26%-100%). Um era qualitativo (com questões elaboradas pelos autores e autorrelato)2828. Zunker C, Karr T, Sauders R, Mitchell JE. Eating behaviors post-bariatric surgery: a qualitative study of grazing. Obes Surg. 2012;22:1225-31., quatro eram de revisão (não incluídos na Tabela 2)88. Marino JM, Ertelt TW, Lancaster K, Steffen K, Peterson L, de Zwaan M, et al. The emergence of eating pathology after bariatric surgery: a rare outcome with important clinical implications. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45:179-84.,4848. Hsu LKG, Benotti PN, Dwyer J, Roberts SB, Saltzman E, Shikora S, et al. Nonsurgical factors that influences the outcome of bariatric surgery: a review. Psychosom Med. 1998;60:338-46.

49. Niego SH, Kofman MD, Weiss JJ, Geliebter A. Binge eating in the bariatric surgery population: a review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40:349-59.
-5050. Meany G, Conceição E, Mitchell JE. Binge eating, binge eating disorder and loss of control eating: effects on weight outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2014;22(2):87-91., e sete eram estudos de casos1515. Mitchell JE. Bulimia with self-induced vomiting after gastric stapling. Am J Psychiatr. 1985;142(5):656.,1616. Thompson JK, Weinsier RL, Jacobs B. Self-induced vomiting and subclinical bulimia following gastroplasty surgery for morbid obesity: a case description and report of a multi-component cognitive-behavioral treatment strategy. Int J Eat Disord. 1985;4(4):609-15.,5151. Scioscia TN, Bulik CM, Levenson J, Kirby DF. Anorexia nervosa in a 38-year-old woman 2 years after gastric bypass surgery. Psychosomatic. 1999;40(1):86-8.

52. Counts D. An adult with Prader-Willi Syndrome and Anorexia Nervosa: a case report. J Eat Disord. 2001;30:231-3.

53. Rusch MD, Andris D. Maladaptative eating patterns after weight-loss surgery. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22:41-9.

54. Sondike SB, Pisetsky EM, Luzier JL. Development of significant disordered eating in adolescent following gastric bypass surgery. Eat Weight Disord. 2015;1-4.
-5555. Shear M, DeFilippis EM. Complications of pre-operative anorexia nervosa in bariatric surgery. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9:424-8..

Nas avaliações, três usaram somente entrevistas5656. Rand CSW, McGregor AMC, Stunkard AJ. The night eating syndrome in the general population and among postoperative obesity surgery patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1997;65-9.

57. Rosenberger PH, Henderson KE, Grilo CM. Psychiatric disorder comorbidity and association with eating disorders in bariatric surgery patients: a cross-sectional study using structured interview-based diagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:1080-5.
-5858. Lavender JM, Alosco ML, Spitznagel MB, Strain G, Devlin M, Cohen R, et al. Association between binge eating disorder and chances in cognitive functioning following bariatric surgery. J Psychiatric Res. 2014;59:148-54.. Dos instrumentos, 18 usaram o Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns – QEWP (ou a versão revisada QEWP-R)2525. Saunders R. “Grazing”: a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg. 2004;14:98-102.,2626. Kofman MD, Lent MR, Swencionis C. Maladaptative eating patterns, quality of life, and weight outcomes following gastric bypass: results of an internet survey. Obesity. 2010;18):1938-43.,5959. Saunders R. Binge eating in gastric bypass patients before surgery. Obes Surg. 1999;9:72-6.

60. Green AEC, Dymek-Valentine M, Pytluk S, le Grange D, Alverdy J. Psychosocial outcome of gastric bypass surgery for patients with and without binge eating. Obes Surg. 2004;14:975-85.

61. Dymek-Valentine M, Rienecke-Hoste R, Alverdy J. Assessment of binge eating disorder in morbidly obese patients evaluated for gastric bypass: SCID versus QEWP-R. Eat Weight Disord. 2004;9:211-6.

62. Sarwer DB, Cohn NI, Gibbons LM, Magee L, Crerand CE, Raper SE, et al. Psychiatric diagnoses and psychiatric treatment among bariatric surgery candidates. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1148-56.

63. Grilo CM, Reas DL, Brody ML, Burke-Martindale CH, Rothschild BS, Masheb RM. Body checking and avoidance and the core features of eating disorders among obese men and women seeking bariatric surgery. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:629-37.

64. Allison KC, Wadden TA, Sarwer DB, Fabricatore AN, Crerand CE, Gibbons LM, et al. Night eating syndrome and binge eating disorder among persons seeking bariatric surgery: prevalence and related features. Obesity. 2006;14:77-82.

65. Elder KA, Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Rothschild BS, Burke-Martindale CH, Brody ML. Comparison of two self-report instruments for assessing binge eating in bariatric surgery candidates. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44:545-60.

66. Bocchieri-Ricciardi LE, Chen EY, Munoz D, Fischer S, Dymek-Valentine M, Alverdy JC, et al. Pre-surgery binge eating status: effect on eating behavior and weight outcome after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1198-204.

67. Mazzeo SE, Saunders R, Mitchell KS. Gender and binge eating among bariatric surgery candidates. Eat Behav. 2006;7:47-52.

68. Fischer S, Chen E, Katterman S, Roerhig M, Bocchieri-Ricciardi L, Munoz D, et al. Emotional eating in a morbidly obese bariatric surgery-seeking population. Obes Surg. 2007;17:778-84.

69. Sansone RA, Schumacher D, Wiederman MW, Routsong-Weichers L. The prevalence of binge eating disorder and borderline personality symptomatology among gastric surgery patients. Eat Behav. 2008;9:197-202.

70. Jones-Corneille LR, Wadden TA, Sarwer DB, Faulconbridge LF, Fabricatore AN, Stack RM, et al. Axis I psychopathology in bariatric surgery candidates with and without binge eating disorder: results of structured clinical interviews. Obes Surg. 2012;22:389-97.

71. Lent MR, Swencionis C. Addictive personality and maladaptative eating behaviors in adults seeking bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2012;13:67-70.

72. Faulconbridge LF, Wadden TA, Thomas JG, Jones-Corneille LR, Sarwer DB, Fabricatore AN. Changes in depression and quality of life in obese individuals with binge eating disorder: bariatric surgery versus lifestyle modification. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9:790-6.

73. Mitchell JE, King WC, Pories W, Wolfe B, Flum DR, Spaniolas K, et al. Binge eating disorder and medical comorbidities in bariatric surgery candidates. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48:471-6.
-7474. Koball AM, Clark MM, Collazo-Clavell M, Kellogg T, Ames G, Ebbert J, et al. The relationship among food addiction, negative mood, and eating-disordered behaviors in patients seeking to have bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12:165-70.; 13 a BES2525. Saunders R. “Grazing”: a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg. 2004;14:98-102.,3030. Goodpaster KPS, Marek RJ, Lavery ME, Ashton K, Rish JM, Heinberg LJ. Graze eating among bariatric surgery candidates: prevalence and psychosocial correlates. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12:1091-7.,4545. Alger-Mayer S, Rosati C, Polimeni JM, Malone M. Preoperative binge eating status and gastric bypass surgery: a long-term outcome study. Obes Surg. 2009;19:139-45.,4646. White MA, Kalarchian MA, Masheb RM, Marcus MD, Grilo CM. Loss of control over eating predicts outcomes in bariatric surgery: a prospective 24-month follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(2):175-84.,5959. Saunders R. Binge eating in gastric bypass patients before surgery. Obes Surg. 1999;9:72-6.,6767. Mazzeo SE, Saunders R, Mitchell KS. Gender and binge eating among bariatric surgery candidates. Eat Behav. 2006;7:47-52.,7575. Malone M, Alger-Mayer S. Binge status and quality of life after gastric bypass surgery: a one year study. Obes Res. 2004;12(3):473-81.

76. Boan J, Kolotkin RL, Westman EC, McMahon RL, Grant JP. Binge Eating Quality of life and physical activity improves after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2004;14:341-8.

77. Friedman KE, Ashmore JA, Applegate KL. Recent experiences of weight-based stigmatization in a weight loss surgery population: psychological and behavioral correlates. Obesity. 2008;16(2):S69-74.

78. Azarbad L, Corsica J, Hall B, Hood M. Psychosocial correlates of binge eating in Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian women. Eat Behav. 2010;11:79-84.

79. Hood MM, Corsica JA, Azarbad L. Do patients seeking laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery differ from those seeking gastric bypass surgery? A comparison of psychological profiles across ethnic groups. Obes Surg. 2011;21:440-7.

80. Marek RJ, Ben-Porath YS, Windover A, Tarescavage AM, Merrell J, Ashton K, et al. Assessing psychosocial functioning of bariatric surgery candidates with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF). Obes Surg. 2013;23:1864-73.

81. Marek RJ, Ben-Porath YS, Ashton K, Heinberg LJ. Impact of using DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing binge eating disorder in bariatric surgery candidates: change in prevalence rate, demographic characteristics, end scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF). Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47(5):553-7.
-8282. Marek RJ, Ben-Porath YS, Ashton K, Heinberg LJ. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scale score differences in bariatric surgery candidates diagnosed with binge eating disorder versus BMI-matched controls. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47:315-9.; 11 o Eating Disorders Examination – EDE1818. Hsu LKG, Betancourt S, Sullivan SP. Eating disturbances before and after vertical banded gastroplasty: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1996;19:23-34.,1919. Kalarchian MA, Wilson GT, Brolin RE, Bradley L. Assessment of eating disorders in bariatric surgery candidates: self-report questionnaire versus interview. Ass Eat Disord. 2000; 465-9.,4343. Powers PS, Perez A, Boyd F, Rosemurgy A. Eating pathology before and after bariatric surgery: a prospective study. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;25:293-300.,7070. Jones-Corneille LR, Wadden TA, Sarwer DB, Faulconbridge LF, Fabricatore AN, Stack RM, et al. Axis I psychopathology in bariatric surgery candidates with and without binge eating disorder: results of structured clinical interviews. Obes Surg. 2012;22:389-97.,7272. Faulconbridge LF, Wadden TA, Thomas JG, Jones-Corneille LR, Sarwer DB, Fabricatore AN. Changes in depression and quality of life in obese individuals with binge eating disorder: bariatric surgery versus lifestyle modification. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9:790-6.,7474. Koball AM, Clark MM, Collazo-Clavell M, Kellogg T, Ames G, Ebbert J, et al. The relationship among food addiction, negative mood, and eating-disordered behaviors in patients seeking to have bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12:165-70.,8383. Hsu LKG, Sullivan SP, Benotti PN. Eating disturbances and outcome of gastric bypass surgery: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1997;21:385-90.

84. Kalarchian MA, Wilson GT, Brolin RE, Bradley L. Binge eating in bariatric surgery patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1998;23:89-92.

85. Hsu LKG, Mulliken B, McDonagh B, Das SK, Rand W, Fairburn CG, et al. Binge eating disorder in extreme obesity. Int J Obes. 2002;26:1398-403.

86. Mitchell JE, Selzer F, Kalarchian MA, Devlin MJ, Strain G, Elder KA, et al. Psychopathology prior to surgery in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery-3 (LABS-3) psychosocial study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(5):533-41.
-8787. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Courcoulas AP, Cheng Y, Levine MD. Self-report of gastrointestinal side effects after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:1202-7., sete o Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire – EDEQ1919. Kalarchian MA, Wilson GT, Brolin RE, Bradley L. Assessment of eating disorders in bariatric surgery candidates: self-report questionnaire versus interview. Ass Eat Disord. 2000; 465-9.,4444. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Wilson GT, Labouvie EW, Brolin RE, LaMarca LB. Binge eating among gastric bypass patients at long-term follow-up. Obes Surg. 2002;12:270-5.,4646. White MA, Kalarchian MA, Masheb RM, Marcus MD, Grilo CM. Loss of control over eating predicts outcomes in bariatric surgery: a prospective 24-month follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(2):175-84.,6363. Grilo CM, Reas DL, Brody ML, Burke-Martindale CH, Rothschild BS, Masheb RM. Body checking and avoidance and the core features of eating disorders among obese men and women seeking bariatric surgery. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:629-37.,6565. Elder KA, Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Rothschild BS, Burke-Martindale CH, Brody ML. Comparison of two self-report instruments for assessing binge eating in bariatric surgery candidates. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44:545-60.,8888. Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Brody M, Burke-Martindale C, Rothschild BS. Binge eating and self esteem predict body image dissatisfaction among obese men and women seeking bariatric surgery. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37(4):347-51.,8989. White M, Masheb RM, Rothschild BS, Burke-Martindale CH, Grilo CM. The prognostic significance of regular binge eating in extremely obese gastric bypass patients: 12-month postoperative outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:1928-35. e um o EDE-Bariatric Surgery Version – EDE-BSV8686. Mitchell JE, Selzer F, Kalarchian MA, Devlin MJ, Strain G, Elder KA, et al. Psychopathology prior to surgery in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery-3 (LABS-3) psychosocial study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(5):533-41., e sete utilizaram o Three Factor Eating Questionnaire – TFEQ4444. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Wilson GT, Labouvie EW, Brolin RE, LaMarca LB. Binge eating among gastric bypass patients at long-term follow-up. Obes Surg. 2002;12:270-5.,6060. Green AEC, Dymek-Valentine M, Pytluk S, le Grange D, Alverdy J. Psychosocial outcome of gastric bypass surgery for patients with and without binge eating. Obes Surg. 2004;14:975-85.,6666. Bocchieri-Ricciardi LE, Chen EY, Munoz D, Fischer S, Dymek-Valentine M, Alverdy JC, et al. Pre-surgery binge eating status: effect on eating behavior and weight outcome after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1198-204.,6868. Fischer S, Chen E, Katterman S, Roerhig M, Bocchieri-Ricciardi L, Munoz D, et al. Emotional eating in a morbidly obese bariatric surgery-seeking population. Obes Surg. 2007;17:778-84.,7676. Boan J, Kolotkin RL, Westman EC, McMahon RL, Grant JP. Binge Eating Quality of life and physical activity improves after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2004;14:341-8.,8484. Kalarchian MA, Wilson GT, Brolin RE, Bradley L. Binge eating in bariatric surgery patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1998;23:89-92.,8585. Hsu LKG, Mulliken B, McDonagh B, Das SK, Rand W, Fairburn CG, et al. Binge eating disorder in extreme obesity. Int J Obes. 2002;26:1398-403. – além de outros (Tabela 2).

A primeira revisão nos EUA é de 19984848. Hsu LKG, Benotti PN, Dwyer J, Roberts SB, Saltzman E, Shikora S, et al. Nonsurgical factors that influences the outcome of bariatric surgery: a review. Psychosom Med. 1998;60:338-46. examinando 12 estudos: ela encontrou sete estudos sobre TCA (um mencionou BN antes da CB e ausência após 24 meses; outro 2% de BN e ausência após a CB); dois estudos encontraram compulsão alimentar (que não foi especificamente examinada); um estudo constatou 68% de reapresentação da compulsão após a CB; e outros dois com mulheres observaram que 50% apresentaram TCA antes da CB. A segunda revisão é de 20074949. Niego SH, Kofman MD, Weiss JJ, Geliebter A. Binge eating in the bariatric surgery population: a review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40:349-59. incluindo 32 estudos com foco em compulsão; nos 14 transversais a frequência de TCA foi de 5,6% a 68%; nos 14 estudos prospectivos, de 10% a 61%, e nos 4 retrospectivos, de 37,5% a 49%. Outra revisão incluiu trabalhos realizados em vários países para avaliar o desenvolvimento de TA após CB88. Marino JM, Ertelt TW, Lancaster K, Steffen K, Peterson L, de Zwaan M, et al. The emergence of eating pathology after bariatric surgery: a rare outcome with important clinical implications. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45:179-84.; em 15 artigos houve surgimento de TA após CB, com sintomas como vômito autoinduzido (9 casos), BN (4 casos), compulsão alimentar (3 casos), abuso de laxativos (2 casos), restrição alimentar (6 casos) e recusa alimentar (4 casos). E revisão com foco em compulsão alimentar, TCA e perda do controle incluiu 15 estudos5050. Meany G, Conceição E, Mitchell JE. Binge eating, binge eating disorder and loss of control eating: effects on weight outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2014;22(2):87-91., com variação de 14% a 55% de compulsão alimentar/TCA antes da CB; de 3% a 7,4% após a CB; 13% a 61% de perda do controle antes e de 8% a 50% após a CB.

Desconsiderando-se os estudos de caso, revisões e estudo qualitativo, os comportamentos mais frequentes pré-CB foram compulsão e o TCA. As taxas de compulsão variaram de 5% a 88%, e do TCA, de 3% a 52% (Tabela 2). O vômito autoinduzido foi mencionado em quatro estudos (de 4% a 17%)1818. Hsu LKG, Betancourt S, Sullivan SP. Eating disturbances before and after vertical banded gastroplasty: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1996;19:23-34.,6868. Fischer S, Chen E, Katterman S, Roerhig M, Bocchieri-Ricciardi L, Munoz D, et al. Emotional eating in a morbidly obese bariatric surgery-seeking population. Obes Surg. 2007;17:778-84.,8080. Marek RJ, Ben-Porath YS, Windover A, Tarescavage AM, Merrell J, Ashton K, et al. Assessing psychosocial functioning of bariatric surgery candidates with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF). Obes Surg. 2013;23:1864-73.,8383. Hsu LKG, Sullivan SP, Benotti PN. Eating disturbances and outcome of gastric bypass surgery: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1997;21:385-90.. A BN foi descrita como presente antes da CB e ausente após esta4848. Hsu LKG, Benotti PN, Dwyer J, Roberts SB, Saltzman E, Shikora S, et al. Nonsurgical factors that influences the outcome of bariatric surgery: a review. Psychosom Med. 1998;60:338-46.. Há também estudo de revisão com relatos de casos e menção a sintomas de purgação (vômito autoinduzido e abuso de laxativos), restrição alimentar e compulsão após a CB88. Marino JM, Ertelt TW, Lancaster K, Steffen K, Peterson L, de Zwaan M, et al. The emergence of eating pathology after bariatric surgery: a rare outcome with important clinical implications. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45:179-84..

Os relatos de caso incluídos na Tabela 2 descrevem: em 1985 paciente com história de compulsão, mas sem vômito induzido, que apresentou compulsão nas primeiras semanas após CB (e continuou por dois anos), e uso de diuréticos para controlar o peso1515. Mitchell JE. Bulimia with self-induced vomiting after gastric stapling. Am J Psychiatr. 1985;142(5):656.. O outro caso de 19851616. Thompson JK, Weinsier RL, Jacobs B. Self-induced vomiting and subclinical bulimia following gastroplasty surgery for morbid obesity: a case description and report of a multi-component cognitive-behavioral treatment strategy. Int J Eat Disord. 1985;4(4):609-15. é de paciente com vômitos autoinduzidos dois meses após CB por medo de diminuir a perda ponderal (sem compulsão). Há também relato de desenvolvimento de BN dois anos após CB5151. Scioscia TN, Bulik CM, Levenson J, Kirby DF. Anorexia nervosa in a 38-year-old woman 2 years after gastric bypass surgery. Psychosomatic. 1999;40(1):86-8. em paciente que negou vômito antes, mas após apresentou uso de laxantes, jejuns, restrição alimentar, e vômitos cinco vezes ao dia por dois anos (atingindo IMC 16,2 kg/m2). E há descrição de diagnóstico completo de BN em paciente que iniciou compulsão e vômito autoinduzido três meses após CB, cuspindo o alimento e extremamente rígido com a comida aos 12 meses; aos 24 meses evitava comer em público e apresentava isolamento social, ansiedade, depressão e reganho de peso5454. Sondike SB, Pisetsky EM, Luzier JL. Development of significant disordered eating in adolescent following gastric bypass surgery. Eat Weight Disord. 2015;1-4..

Com foco em sintomas de AN, há relato de paciente com diagnóstico de síndrome de Prader-Willi associada à hiperfagia compulsiva5252. Counts D. An adult with Prader-Willi Syndrome and Anorexia Nervosa: a case report. J Eat Disord. 2001;30:231-3. operado aos 11 anos, com restrição severa após CB, atingindo IMC 17,4 kg/m2 e encaminhado para tratamento apenas 28 anos depois. Também descrição de AN antes da CB com reemergência5555. Shear M, DeFilippis EM. Complications of pre-operative anorexia nervosa in bariatric surgery. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9:424-8. (história de AN, com reemergência dos sintomas aos 34 anos, que, após tratamento, passou a apresentar compulsões atingindo obesidade mórbida) e após a CB – em idade não mencionada – apresentou restrição alimentar, exercício excessivo e uso de laxantes e vômitos, atingindo IMC 17,6 kg/m2. Um dos três casos descritos por Rusch e Andris5353. Rusch MD, Andris D. Maladaptative eating patterns after weight-loss surgery. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22:41-9. se trata do desenvolvimento de AN, comportamentos de esquiva alimentar e recusa de suplementos por medo de aumento da fome e ganho de peso, que, após estabilizar peso, iniciou estimulantes e laxativos diários, restrição e esquiva alimentar extrema e vômitos autoinduzidos cinco vezes ao dia por 24 meses após a CB; os outros dois casos deste artigo tratam de perda excessiva de peso após restrição alimentar seguida do uso de laxantes, com reganho de peso; e um de aversão alimentar e vômitos três meses após CB depois de náusea e desidratação uma semana após a cirurgia5353. Rusch MD, Andris D. Maladaptative eating patterns after weight-loss surgery. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22:41-9..

O estudo qualitativo com análise de conteúdo2828. Zunker C, Karr T, Sauders R, Mitchell JE. Eating behaviors post-bariatric surgery: a qualitative study of grazing. Obes Surg. 2012;22:1225-31. descreve comportamento beliscador em termos de frequência e descontrole alimentar (incluindo purgação). Constatou-se alto risco de compulsão e “beliscar” antes da CB e descontrole alimentar, que reapareceu seis meses após CB2525. Saunders R. “Grazing”: a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg. 2004;14:98-102.. Embora sem dados comparativos antes da CB, foi constatada também a presença de “beliscar” de três a dez anos após a CB2626. Kofman MD, Lent MR, Swencionis C. Maladaptative eating patterns, quality of life, and weight outcomes following gastric bypass: results of an internet survey. Obesity. 2010;18):1938-43..

Dentre as avaliações pré- e pós-CB, nove apontaram redução nos TA após cirurgia1818. Hsu LKG, Betancourt S, Sullivan SP. Eating disturbances before and after vertical banded gastroplasty: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1996;19:23-34.,2020. Mitchell JE, Lancaster KL, Burgard MA, Howell LM, Krahn DD, Crosby RD, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients’ status after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2001;11:464-8.,4343. Powers PS, Perez A, Boyd F, Rosemurgy A. Eating pathology before and after bariatric surgery: a prospective study. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;25:293-300.,4646. White MA, Kalarchian MA, Masheb RM, Marcus MD, Grilo CM. Loss of control over eating predicts outcomes in bariatric surgery: a prospective 24-month follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(2):175-84.,5656. Rand CSW, McGregor AMC, Stunkard AJ. The night eating syndrome in the general population and among postoperative obesity surgery patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1997;65-9.,5858. Lavender JM, Alosco ML, Spitznagel MB, Strain G, Devlin M, Cohen R, et al. Association between binge eating disorder and chances in cognitive functioning following bariatric surgery. J Psychiatric Res. 2014;59:148-54.,7676. Boan J, Kolotkin RL, Westman EC, McMahon RL, Grant JP. Binge Eating Quality of life and physical activity improves after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2004;14:341-8.,8383. Hsu LKG, Sullivan SP, Benotti PN. Eating disturbances and outcome of gastric bypass surgery: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1997;21:385-90.,8989. White M, Masheb RM, Rothschild BS, Burke-Martindale CH, Grilo CM. The prognostic significance of regular binge eating in extremely obese gastric bypass patients: 12-month postoperative outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:1928-35.. Uma revisão observou evidências de redução de compulsão, perda do controle alimentar e TCA após a CB – com ampla variabilidade desses comportamentos5050. Meany G, Conceição E, Mitchell JE. Binge eating, binge eating disorder and loss of control eating: effects on weight outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2014;22(2):87-91.. Nas avaliações pós-CB, houve reemergência do descontrole alimentar, vômito autoinduzido e ruminação2525. Saunders R. “Grazing”: a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg. 2004;14:98-102., aumento da perda do controle alimentar aos 12 e 24 meses após a CB4646. White MA, Kalarchian MA, Masheb RM, Marcus MD, Grilo CM. Loss of control over eating predicts outcomes in bariatric surgery: a prospective 24-month follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(2):175-84., e aumento nas taxas de compulsão e SAN7474. Koball AM, Clark MM, Collazo-Clavell M, Kellogg T, Ames G, Ebbert J, et al. The relationship among food addiction, negative mood, and eating-disordered behaviors in patients seeking to have bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12:165-70..

No caso dos outros países, a maioria se concentra na Europa, mas há um na Ásia9090. Lin HY, Huang CK, Tai CM, Lin HY, Kao YH, Tsai CC, et al. Psychiatric disorders of patients seeking obesity treatment.Psychiatry. 2013;13:1-8., nove na Oceania1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,9191. Atchison M, Wade T, Higgins B, Slavotinek T. Anorexia nervosa following gastric reduction surgery for morbid obesity. J Eat Disord. 1998;23:111-6.

92. Latner JD, Wetzler S, Goodman ER, Glinski J. Gastric bypass in a low-income, inner-city population: eating disturbances and weight loss. Obes Res. 2004;12(6):956-61.

93. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress. Int J Obes. 2007;31:1722-30.

94. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Loss of control is central to psychological disturbance associated with binge eating disorder. Obesity. 2008;16:608-14.

95. Hayden MJ, Murphy KD, Brown WA, O’Brien PE. Axis I disorders in adjustable gastric band patients: the relationship between psychopathology and weight loss. Obes Surg. 2014;24:1469-75.

96. Coker EL, von Lojewski A, Luscombe GM, Abraham SF. The difficulty in defining binge eating in obese woman: how it affects prevalence levels in presurgical bariatric patients. Eat Behav. 2015;17:130-5.

97. Colles SL, Dixon JB. Night eating syndrome: impact on bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:811-20.
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100. Taylor VH, Sharma AM. A patient with personal control of the adjustable gastric band and bulimia: a psychiatric complication. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1386-7.
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Destes, 31 são com pacientes submetidos à CB e 22 com candidatos à CB; 24 de seguimento variando de três meses102102. Rowston WM, McCluskey SE, Gazet J-C, Lacey JH, Franks G, Lynch D. Eating behavior, physical symptoms and psychological factors associated with weight reduction following the Scopinaro operation as modified by Gazet. Obes Surg. 1992;2:355-60.,103103. Lang T, Hauser R, Buddeberg C, Klaghofer R. Impact of gastric banding on eating behavior and weight. Obes Surg. 2002;12:100-7. a oito anos104104. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, Golay A. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527-34. após CB. Nestes estudos de avaliação, o número de pacientes, excluindo-se o estudo de caso, variou de 16102102. Rowston WM, McCluskey SE, Gazet J-C, Lacey JH, Franks G, Lynch D. Eating behavior, physical symptoms and psychological factors associated with weight reduction following the Scopinaro operation as modified by Gazet. Obes Surg. 1992;2:355-60. a 8419090. Lin HY, Huang CK, Tai CM, Lin HY, Kao YH, Tsai CC, et al. Psychiatric disorders of patients seeking obesity treatment.Psychiatry. 2013;13:1-8. – com maioria feminina (60 – 100%). Foram selecionados também sete estudos de revisão (não incluídos na Tabela 3)2727. Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, Machado PPP, Lancaster K, Wonderlich SA. What is “grazing”? Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing a standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:973-83.,9797. Colles SL, Dixon JB. Night eating syndrome: impact on bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:811-20.,9898. Opolski M, Chur-Hansen A, Witter G. The eating-related behaviours, disorders and expectations of candidates for bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2015;5:165-97.,105105. Amianto F, Ottone L, Daga GA, Fassino S. Binge-eating disorder diagnosis and treatment: a recap in front of DSM-5. Psychiatry. 2015;15:1-22.

106. Conceição EM, Utzinger LM, Pisetsky EM. Eating disorders and problematic eating behaviors before and after bariatric surgery: characterization, assessment and association with treatment outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:417-25.
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109. Bonne OB, Bashi R, Berry EM. Anorexia nervosa following gastroplasty in the male: two cases. Int J Eat Disord. 1996;19(1):105-8.

110. Guisado JA, Vaz FJ, López-Ibor JJ, López-Ibor MI, del Rio J, Rubio MA. Gastric surgery and restraint from food as triggering factors of eating disorders in morbid obesity. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;31:97-100.

111. Lautenbach A, Kulinna U, Löwe B, Rose MR. 100 kg more or less, still the same person (and disorder): from overweight to underweight-exacerbation of an eating disorder after bariatric surgery. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46:280-3.

112. Conceição E, Vaz A, Bastos AP, Ramos A, Machado P. The development of eating disorders after bariatric surgery. Eat Disord. 2013;21:275-82.

113. Conceição E, Orcutt M, Mitchell J, Engel S, LaHaise K, Jorgensen M, et al. Characterization of eating disorders after bariatric surgery: a case series study. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46(3):274-9.
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116. Busetto L, Segato G, De Luca M, De Marchi F, Foletto M, Vianello M, et al. Weight loss and postoperative complications in morbidly obese patients with binge eating disorder treated by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2005;15:195-201.

117. Kinzl JF, Schrattenecker M, Traweger C, Mattesich M, Fiala M, Biebl W. Psychosocial predictors of weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1609-14.

118. Scholtz S, Bidlake L, Morgan J, Fiennes A, El-Etar A, Lacey JH, et al. Long-term outcomes following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: postoperative psychological sequelae predict outcome at 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1220-5.

119. Ronchi A, Marinari GM, Sukkar SG, Scopinaro N, Adami GF. Behavioral characteristics of severely obese patients seeking bariatric surgery: cross-sectional study with alimentary interview. Behav Med. 2008;33(4):145-50.

120. Wölnerhanssen BK, Peters T, Kern B, Schötzau A, Ackermann C, von Flüe M, et al. Predictors of outcome in treatment of morbid obesity by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: results of a prospective study of 380 patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4:500-6.

121. Legenbauer T, Petrak F, de Zwaan M, Herpertz S. Influence of depressive and eating disorders on short-and long-term course of weight after surgical and nonsurgical weight loss treatment. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52:301-11.

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126. Mühlhans B, Horbach T, de Zwann M. Psychiatric disorders in bariatric surgery candidates: a review of the literature and results of a German prebariatric surgery sample. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:414-21.

127. Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, Machado PPP, Lancaster K, Wonderlich SA. What is “grazing”? Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing a standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:973-83.
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128. Baldofski S, Tigges W, Herbig B, Jurowich C, Kaiser S, Stroh C, et al. Nonnormative eating behavior and psychopathology in prebariatric patients with binge-eating disorder and night eating syndrome. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11:621-6.

129. de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE, Howell LM, Monson N, Swan-Kremeier L, Crosby RD, et al. Characteristics of morbidly obese patients before gastric bypass surgery. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(5):428-34.

130. de Man-Lapidoth J, Ghaderi A, Norring C. Binge eating in surgical weight-loss treatments. Long-term associations with weight loss, health related quality of life (HRQL), and psychopathology. Eat Weight Disord. 2011;16:e263-9.

131. Díaz EG, Folgueras TM, Herrera LM, Sosa AJ. Valoración diagnóstica y psicopatológica del trastorno por atracón en obesos mórbidos intervenidos de bypass gástrico. Nutr Hosp. 2012;27:553-7.

132. Müller A, Claes L, Mitchell JE, Fisher J, Horbach T, de Zwann M. Binge eating and temperament in morbidly obese prebariatric surgery patients. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012;20:e91-5.

133. Castellini G, Godini L, Amedei SG, Galli V, Alpigiano G, Mugnaini E, et al. Psychopathological similarities and differences between obese patients seeking surgical and non-surgical overweight treatments. Eat Weight Disord. 2014;19:95-102.

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-135135. Morseth MS, Hanvold SE, Ro O, Risstad H, Mala T, Benth JS, et al. Self-reported eating disorder symptoms before and after gastric bypass and duodenal switch for super obesity-a 5-year follow-up study. Obes Surg. 2015;1-7., três o Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire 4 – EDE-Q-4125125. de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE, Swan-Kremeier L, McGregor T, Howell ML, Roerig JL, et al. A comparison of different methods of assessing the features of eating disorders in pos-gastric bypass patients: a pilot study. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2004;12:380-6.,136136. Abilés V, Rodríguez-Ruiz S, Abilés J, Mellado C, García A, Pérez de la Cruz A, et al. Psychological characteristics of morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2010;20:161-7.,137137. Abilés V, Rodríguez-Ruiz S, Abilés J, Obispo A, Gandara N, Luna V, et al. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in morbidity obese candidates for bariatric surgery with and without binge eating disorder. Nutr Hosp. 2013;28:1523-9., quatro o Eating Disorder Inventory-EDI (e versão EDI-II)104104. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, Golay A. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527-34.,138138. Adami GF, Gandolfo P, Bauer B, Scopinaro N. Binge eating in massively obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17(1):45-50.

139. Bonfa F, Marchetta L, Avanzi M, Baldini E, Raselli R, Uber E, et al. Exploratory evaluation of an obese population seeking bariatric surgery in an Italian public service. Eat Weight Disord. 2010;15:e119-26.
-140140. Beck NN, Mehlsen M, Stoving RK. Psychological characteristics and association with weight outcomes two years after gastric bypass surgery: postoperative eating disorder symptoms are associated with weight loss outcomes. Eat Behav. 2012;13:394-7., oito o QEWP (alguns a QEWP-R)1111. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, Simonich H, Lancaster K, Howell LM, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79-87.,1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,9393. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress. Int J Obes. 2007;31:1722-30.,9494. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Loss of control is central to psychological disturbance associated with binge eating disorder. Obesity. 2008;16:608-14.,129129. de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE, Howell LM, Monson N, Swan-Kremeier L, Crosby RD, et al. Characteristics of morbidly obese patients before gastric bypass surgery. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(5):428-34.,131131. Díaz EG, Folgueras TM, Herrera LM, Sosa AJ. Valoración diagnóstica y psicopatológica del trastorno por atracón en obesos mórbidos intervenidos de bypass gástrico. Nutr Hosp. 2012;27:553-7.,141141. Díaz EG, Arzola MEJ, Folgueras TM, Herrera LM, Sosa AJ. Effect of binge eating disorder on the outcomes of laparoscopic gastric bypass in the treatment of morbid obesity. Nutr Hosp. 2013;28:618-22.,142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8., nove o TFEQ1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,9393. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress. Int J Obes. 2007;31:1722-30.,9494. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Loss of control is central to psychological disturbance associated with binge eating disorder. Obesity. 2008;16:608-14.,129129. de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE, Howell LM, Monson N, Swan-Kremeier L, Crosby RD, et al. Characteristics of morbidly obese patients before gastric bypass surgery. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(5):428-34.,138138. Adami GF, Gandolfo P, Bauer B, Scopinaro N. Binge eating in massively obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17(1):45-50.,143143. Macias JAG, Leal FJV. Psychopathological differences between morbidly obese binge eaters and non-binge eaters after bariatric surgery. Eat Weight Disord. 2003;8(4):315-8.

144. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, et al. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg. 2005;15:684-91.

145. Noli G, Cornicelli M, Marinari GM, Carlini F, Scopinaro N, Adami GF. Alexithymia and eating behavior in severely obese patients. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010;23:616-9.
-146146. Gradaschi R, Noli G, Cornicelli M, Camerini G, Scopinaro N, Adami GF. Do clinical and behavioral correlates of obese patients seeking bariatric surgery differ from those of individuals involved in conservative weight loss programme? J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013;26(1):34-8., cinco o Eating Disorders in Obesity121121. Legenbauer T, Petrak F, de Zwaan M, Herpertz S. Influence of depressive and eating disorders on short-and long-term course of weight after surgical and nonsurgical weight loss treatment. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52:301-11.,136136. Abilés V, Rodríguez-Ruiz S, Abilés J, Mellado C, García A, Pérez de la Cruz A, et al. Psychological characteristics of morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2010;20:161-7.,140140. Beck NN, Mehlsen M, Stoving RK. Psychological characteristics and association with weight outcomes two years after gastric bypass surgery: postoperative eating disorder symptoms are associated with weight loss outcomes. Eat Behav. 2012;13:394-7.,142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8.,147147. Mauri M, Rucci P, Calderone A, Santini F, Oppo A, Romano A, et al. Axis I and II disorders and quality of life in bariatric surgery candidates. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(2):295-301., quatro a BES1717. Pekkarinen T, Koskela K, Huikuri K, Mustajoki P. Long-term results of gastroplasty for morbid obesity: binge-eating as a predictor of poor outcome. Obes Surg. 1994;4:248-55.,139139. Bonfa F, Marchetta L, Avanzi M, Baldini E, Raselli R, Uber E, et al. Exploratory evaluation of an obese population seeking bariatric surgery in an Italian public service. Eat Weight Disord. 2010;15:e119-26.,143143. Macias JAG, Leal FJV. Psychopathological differences between morbidly obese binge eaters and non-binge eaters after bariatric surgery. Eat Weight Disord. 2003;8(4):315-8.,148148. Larsen JK, van Ramshorst B, Geenen R, Brand N, Stroebe W, van Doornen LJP. Binge eating and its relationship to outcome after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1111-7., três o BITE1717. Pekkarinen T, Koskela K, Huikuri K, Mustajoki P. Long-term results of gastroplasty for morbid obesity: binge-eating as a predictor of poor outcome. Obes Surg. 1994;4:248-55.,102102. Rowston WM, McCluskey SE, Gazet J-C, Lacey JH, Franks G, Lynch D. Eating behavior, physical symptoms and psychological factors associated with weight reduction following the Scopinaro operation as modified by Gazet. Obes Surg. 1992;2:355-60.,147147. Mauri M, Rucci P, Calderone A, Santini F, Oppo A, Romano A, et al. Axis I and II disorders and quality of life in bariatric surgery candidates. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(2):295-301. – além de outros (Tabela 3).

Quanto aos estudos de revisão fora dos EUA, Conceição et al.127127. Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, Machado PPP, Lancaster K, Wonderlich SA. What is “grazing”? Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing a standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:973-83. revisaram a literatura para características clínicas associadas ao comportamento beliscador e descreveram o mesmo variando de 19,5% a 59,8% no pré-cirúrgico e de 32,2% a 46,6% após a CB. Uma revisão focou em candidatos à CB9898. Opolski M, Chur-Hansen A, Witter G. The eating-related behaviours, disorders and expectations of candidates for bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2015;5:165-97. verificando que a frequência de “beliscar” variou de 20% a 60%, a de TCA variou de 4% a 45%, e a de SAN, de 2% a 42%. Há revisão sobre a presença de SAN no pré-CB9797. Colles SL, Dixon JB. Night eating syndrome: impact on bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:811-20., que variou de 8% a 55%, enquanto revisão sobre critério diagnóstico e prevalência da SAN107107. de Zwaan M, Marschollek M, Allison KC. The night eating syndrome (NES) in bariatric surgery patients. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:426-34. referiu a coocorrência da SAN e TCA, variando de 3,9% a 30% em pacientes pré-CB; e frequência de SAN de 6% a 28,5% após a CB, mas chegando até 51% de episódios irregulares de compulsão ou alimentação noturna após CB. A comparação pré- e pós-cirurgia em uma revisão106106. Conceição EM, Utzinger LM, Pisetsky EM. Eating disorders and problematic eating behaviors before and after bariatric surgery: characterization, assessment and association with treatment outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:417-25. descreveu compulsão de 6% a 64% após a CB; TCA de 4% a 49% antes da CB, e de 0 a 10% de diagnóstico completo após CB; e SAN de 1,9% a 17,7% antes da CB – com evidências de manutenção após. E outra revisão descreveu grande disparidade nas taxas de TCA (de 0 a 46%)105105. Amianto F, Ottone L, Daga GA, Fassino S. Binge-eating disorder diagnosis and treatment: a recap in front of DSM-5. Psychiatry. 2015;15:1-22. e discutiu a dificuldade de comparação pela variação nas definições adotadas.

Os estudos de caso descreveram a presença de BN e AN após a CB. O primeiro de BN é de 1987 em paciente que já tinha compulsão pré-CB e que desenvolveu vômitos autoinduzidos frequentes cinco meses após CB108108. Ringel M. Post-gastroplasty bulimia in a 40-year-old woman. Psychosomatics. 1987;28(3):158-9.; o segundo de 1992 também foi em paciente que já tinha compulsão pré-CB, intensificando-a pós-CB e iniciando vômitos (que foram reduzidos de 20 para 4,5 vezes ao dia após tratamento)9999. Viens MJ, Hranchuk K. The treatment of bulimia nervosa following surgery using a stimulus control procedure: a case study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiat. 1992;23(4):313-7.. O terceiro caso de BN foi no Canadá100100. Taylor VH, Sharma AM. A patient with personal control of the adjustable gastric band and bulimia: a psychiatric complication. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1386-7. em paciente com histórico prévio de uso de laxantes e purgação não identificada no pré-CB, que, após ter a banda apertada para promover perda de peso, desenvolveu disfagia severa. Orientou-se a ajustar o acesso subcutâneo e passou-se a fazê-lo como instrumento “bulímico” (após compulsões).

Nos casos de AN, há descrição de dois casos de restrição extrema em Israel: um com vômitos associados, levando à perda de peso intensa109109. Bonne OB, Bashi R, Berry EM. Anorexia nervosa following gastroplasty in the male: two cases. Int J Eat Disord. 1996;19(1):105-8.; e dois casos na Austrália com restrição severa, vômitos autoinduzidos e uso de laxantes levando à perda de peso extrema9191. Atchison M, Wade T, Higgins B, Slavotinek T. Anorexia nervosa following gastric reduction surgery for morbid obesity. J Eat Disord. 1998;23:111-6.. Ainda há também descrição de caso diagnosticado como TA não especificado (AN subclínica) na Espanha110110. Guisado JA, Vaz FJ, López-Ibor JJ, López-Ibor MI, del Rio J, Rubio MA. Gastric surgery and restraint from food as triggering factors of eating disorders in morbid obesity. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;31:97-100. em paciente que apresentou importante restrição alimentar, vômitos, uso de diuréticos e amenorreia cinco meses após CB; e outro caso na Itália com perda de peso significante oito meses após CB, chegando a fazer cirurgia de restauração aos 30 meses pela má absorção114114. Tortorella A, Volpe U, Fabrazzo M, Tolone S, Docimo L, Monteleone P. From over-to under-weight: treatment of post-surgical anorexia nervosa in morbid obesity. Eat Weight Disord. 2015;529-32..

Desconsiderando-se os estudos de caso e revisões, os comportamentos mais frequentes na avaliação pré-CB foram o TCA e a compulsão. As taxas do TCA observadas em 27 estudos variaram de 4% a 61%. Em 17 a compulsão variou de 9% a 64%. A BN foi descrita em 11 estudos, com taxas de 0,6% a 10%, e um estudo mencionou “episódios bulímicos” em 29% da população135135. Morseth MS, Hanvold SE, Ro O, Risstad H, Mala T, Benth JS, et al. Self-reported eating disorder symptoms before and after gastric bypass and duodenal switch for super obesity-a 5-year follow-up study. Obes Surg. 2015;1-7.. A SAN foi identificada variando de 5% a 55%1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,9292. Latner JD, Wetzler S, Goodman ER, Glinski J. Gastric bypass in a low-income, inner-city population: eating disturbances and weight loss. Obes Res. 2004;12(6):956-61.,9393. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress. Int J Obes. 2007;31:1722-30.,104104. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, Golay A. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527-34.,115115. Adami GF, Meneghelli A, Scopinaro N. Night eating and binge eating disorder in obese patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;335-8.,116116. Busetto L, Segato G, De Luca M, De Marchi F, Foletto M, Vianello M, et al. Weight loss and postoperative complications in morbidly obese patients with binge eating disorder treated by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2005;15:195-201.,128128. Baldofski S, Tigges W, Herbig B, Jurowich C, Kaiser S, Stroh C, et al. Nonnormative eating behavior and psychopathology in prebariatric patients with binge-eating disorder and night eating syndrome. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11:621-6.,142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8.,146146. Gradaschi R, Noli G, Cornicelli M, Camerini G, Scopinaro N, Adami GF. Do clinical and behavioral correlates of obese patients seeking bariatric surgery differ from those of individuals involved in conservative weight loss programme? J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013;26(1):34-8.. A presença do “beliscar” variou de 10% a 86%1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,2929. Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, Speranskaya A, Sanchís P, Julian X, et al. Postoperative grazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-50.,116116. Busetto L, Segato G, De Luca M, De Marchi F, Foletto M, Vianello M, et al. Weight loss and postoperative complications in morbidly obese patients with binge eating disorder treated by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2005;15:195-201.,117117. Kinzl JF, Schrattenecker M, Traweger C, Mattesich M, Fiala M, Biebl W. Psychosocial predictors of weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1609-14.,124124. Poole NA, Al Atar A, Kuhanendran D, Bidlake L, Fiennes A, McCluskey S, et al. Compliance with surgical after-care following bariatric surgery for morbid obesity: a retrospective study. Obes Surg. 2005;15:261-5.,134134. Conceição E, Mitchell JE, Vaz AR, Bastos AP, Ramalho S, Silva C, et al. The presence of maladaptative eating behaviors after bariatric surgery in a cross sectional study: importance of picking or nibbling on weight regain. Eat Behav. 2014;15:558-62.,142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8.,144144. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, et al. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg. 2005;15:684-91.. Os comportamentos purgativos/vômito autoinduzido tiveram taxas de 4% a 44%2929. Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, Speranskaya A, Sanchís P, Julian X, et al. Postoperative grazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-50.,102102. Rowston WM, McCluskey SE, Gazet J-C, Lacey JH, Franks G, Lynch D. Eating behavior, physical symptoms and psychological factors associated with weight reduction following the Scopinaro operation as modified by Gazet. Obes Surg. 1992;2:355-60.,129129. de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE, Howell LM, Monson N, Swan-Kremeier L, Crosby RD, et al. Characteristics of morbidly obese patients before gastric bypass surgery. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(5):428-34.,135135. Morseth MS, Hanvold SE, Ro O, Risstad H, Mala T, Benth JS, et al. Self-reported eating disorder symptoms before and after gastric bypass and duodenal switch for super obesity-a 5-year follow-up study. Obes Surg. 2015;1-7.,136136. Abilés V, Rodríguez-Ruiz S, Abilés J, Mellado C, García A, Pérez de la Cruz A, et al. Psychological characteristics of morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2010;20:161-7.,139139. Bonfa F, Marchetta L, Avanzi M, Baldini E, Raselli R, Uber E, et al. Exploratory evaluation of an obese population seeking bariatric surgery in an Italian public service. Eat Weight Disord. 2010;15:e119-26.. O descontrole alimentar foi mencionado de 13% a 54%1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,9494. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Loss of control is central to psychological disturbance associated with binge eating disorder. Obesity. 2008;16:608-14.,101101. Royal S, Wnuk S, WarwickK, Hawa R, Sockalingam S. Night eating and loss of control over eating in bariatric surgery candidates. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2015;22:14-9.,127127. Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, Machado PPP, Lancaster K, Wonderlich SA. What is “grazing”? Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing a standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:973-83.,146146. Gradaschi R, Noli G, Cornicelli M, Camerini G, Scopinaro N, Adami GF. Do clinical and behavioral correlates of obese patients seeking bariatric surgery differ from those of individuals involved in conservative weight loss programme? J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013;26(1):34-8.; a superalimentação (overeating) variou de 20% a 91%9292. Latner JD, Wetzler S, Goodman ER, Glinski J. Gastric bypass in a low-income, inner-city population: eating disturbances and weight loss. Obes Res. 2004;12(6):956-61.,9696. Coker EL, von Lojewski A, Luscombe GM, Abraham SF. The difficulty in defining binge eating in obese woman: how it affects prevalence levels in presurgical bariatric patients. Eat Behav. 2015;17:130-5.,117117. Kinzl JF, Schrattenecker M, Traweger C, Mattesich M, Fiala M, Biebl W. Psychosocial predictors of weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1609-14.,118118. Scholtz S, Bidlake L, Morgan J, Fiennes A, El-Etar A, Lacey JH, et al. Long-term outcomes following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: postoperative psychological sequelae predict outcome at 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1220-5.; e a “alimentação emocional”, de 15% a 51%139139. Bonfa F, Marchetta L, Avanzi M, Baldini E, Raselli R, Uber E, et al. Exploratory evaluation of an obese population seeking bariatric surgery in an Italian public service. Eat Weight Disord. 2010;15:e119-26.,142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8.,145145. Noli G, Cornicelli M, Marinari GM, Carlini F, Scopinaro N, Adami GF. Alexithymia and eating behavior in severely obese patients. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010;23:616-9.,146146. Gradaschi R, Noli G, Cornicelli M, Camerini G, Scopinaro N, Adami GF. Do clinical and behavioral correlates of obese patients seeking bariatric surgery differ from those of individuals involved in conservative weight loss programme? J Hum Nutr Diet. 2013;26(1):34-8.. O TA não especificado variou de 0,6% a 21%2929. Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, Speranskaya A, Sanchís P, Julian X, et al. Postoperative grazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-50.,149149. Dahl JK, Eriksen L, Vedul-Kjelsas E, Strommen M, Kulseng B, Marvik R, et al. Prevalence of all relevant eating disorders in patients waiting for bariatric surgery: a comparison between patients with and without eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord. 2010;15:e247-55.

150. Dahl JK, Eriksen L, Vedul-Kjelsas E, Strommen M, Kulseng B, Marvik, et al. Depression, anxiety, and neuroticism in obese patients waiting for bariatric surgery: differences between patients with and without eating disorders and subthreshold binge eating disorders. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2012;6:e139-47.
-151151. Sandberg RM, Dahl JK, Vedul-Kjelsas E, Engum B, Kulseng B, Marvik R, et al. Health-related quality of life in obese presurgery patients with and without binge eating disorder, and subdiagnostic binge eating disorders. J Obes. 2013;1-7.. O TA (sem diferenciação) foi descrito de 19% a 92%9696. Coker EL, von Lojewski A, Luscombe GM, Abraham SF. The difficulty in defining binge eating in obese woman: how it affects prevalence levels in presurgical bariatric patients. Eat Behav. 2015;17:130-5.,133133. Castellini G, Godini L, Amedei SG, Galli V, Alpigiano G, Mugnaini E, et al. Psychopathological similarities and differences between obese patients seeking surgical and non-surgical overweight treatments. Eat Weight Disord. 2014;19:95-102.,152152. de Man-Lapidoth J, Ghaderi A, Norring C. A comparison of eating disorders among patients receiving surgical vs non-surgical weight-loss treatments. Obes Surg. 2008;18: 715-20.. Em um estudo houve 37% de qualquer TA126126. Mühlhans B, Horbach T, de Zwann M. Psychiatric disorders in bariatric surgery candidates: a review of the literature and results of a German prebariatric surgery sample. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:414-21. e outro com presença de 8% de restrição alimentar1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22..

Dentre os estudos pré- e pós-CB, oito descreveram redução da compulsão após CB103103. Lang T, Hauser R, Buddeberg C, Klaghofer R. Impact of gastric banding on eating behavior and weight. Obes Surg. 2002;12:100-7.,104104. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, Golay A. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527-34.,115115. Adami GF, Meneghelli A, Scopinaro N. Night eating and binge eating disorder in obese patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;335-8.,118118. Scholtz S, Bidlake L, Morgan J, Fiennes A, El-Etar A, Lacey JH, et al. Long-term outcomes following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: postoperative psychological sequelae predict outcome at 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1220-5.,127127. Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, Machado PPP, Lancaster K, Wonderlich SA. What is “grazing”? Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing a standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:973-83.,134134. Conceição E, Mitchell JE, Vaz AR, Bastos AP, Ramalho S, Silva C, et al. The presence of maladaptative eating behaviors after bariatric surgery in a cross sectional study: importance of picking or nibbling on weight regain. Eat Behav. 2014;15:558-62.,144144. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, et al. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg. 2005;15:684-91.,148148. Larsen JK, van Ramshorst B, Geenen R, Brand N, Stroebe W, van Doornen LJP. Binge eating and its relationship to outcome after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1111-7.. Uma revisão encontrou evidências de diminuição nos escores médios e diminuição no número de dias de compulsão após CB105105. Amianto F, Ottone L, Daga GA, Fassino S. Binge-eating disorder diagnosis and treatment: a recap in front of DSM-5. Psychiatry. 2015;15:1-22.. Sete trabalhos descreveram a redução ou eliminação do TCA1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,9292. Latner JD, Wetzler S, Goodman ER, Glinski J. Gastric bypass in a low-income, inner-city population: eating disturbances and weight loss. Obes Res. 2004;12(6):956-61.,9595. Hayden MJ, Murphy KD, Brown WA, O’Brien PE. Axis I disorders in adjustable gastric band patients: the relationship between psychopathology and weight loss. Obes Surg. 2014;24:1469-75.,118118. Scholtz S, Bidlake L, Morgan J, Fiennes A, El-Etar A, Lacey JH, et al. Long-term outcomes following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: postoperative psychological sequelae predict outcome at 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1220-5.,142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8.,144144. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, et al. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg. 2005;15:684-91.,145145. Noli G, Cornicelli M, Marinari GM, Carlini F, Scopinaro N, Adami GF. Alexithymia and eating behavior in severely obese patients. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010;23:616-9.. A redução da SAN foi observada em três estudos1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,9292. Latner JD, Wetzler S, Goodman ER, Glinski J. Gastric bypass in a low-income, inner-city population: eating disturbances and weight loss. Obes Res. 2004;12(6):956-61.,115115. Adami GF, Meneghelli A, Scopinaro N. Night eating and binge eating disorder in obese patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;335-8.. A BN ou episódios bulímicos mostraram redução em quatro estudos9292. Latner JD, Wetzler S, Goodman ER, Glinski J. Gastric bypass in a low-income, inner-city population: eating disturbances and weight loss. Obes Res. 2004;12(6):956-61.,118118. Scholtz S, Bidlake L, Morgan J, Fiennes A, El-Etar A, Lacey JH, et al. Long-term outcomes following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: postoperative psychological sequelae predict outcome at 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1220-5.,135135. Morseth MS, Hanvold SE, Ro O, Risstad H, Mala T, Benth JS, et al. Self-reported eating disorder symptoms before and after gastric bypass and duodenal switch for super obesity-a 5-year follow-up study. Obes Surg. 2015;1-7.,144144. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, et al. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg. 2005;15:684-91., e houve redução do comportamento beliscador em um estudo144144. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, et al. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg. 2005;15:684-91. e de superalimentação em outro9292. Latner JD, Wetzler S, Goodman ER, Glinski J. Gastric bypass in a low-income, inner-city population: eating disturbances and weight loss. Obes Res. 2004;12(6):956-61.. Por outro lado, houve aumento do “beliscar” após CB em três estudos1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,134134. Conceição E, Mitchell JE, Vaz AR, Bastos AP, Ramalho S, Silva C, et al. The presence of maladaptative eating behaviors after bariatric surgery in a cross sectional study: importance of picking or nibbling on weight regain. Eat Behav. 2014;15:558-62.,142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8., e aumento da compulsão no seguimento de longo prazo em dois estudos127127. Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, Machado PPP, Lancaster K, Wonderlich SA. What is “grazing”? Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing a standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:973-83.,148148. Larsen JK, van Ramshorst B, Geenen R, Brand N, Stroebe W, van Doornen LJP. Binge eating and its relationship to outcome after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1111-7.. Em quatro trabalhos, observou-se emergência ou surgimento de comportamentos inexistentes na avaliação pré-CB: compulsão103103. Lang T, Hauser R, Buddeberg C, Klaghofer R. Impact of gastric banding on eating behavior and weight. Obes Surg. 2002;12:100-7.,115115. Adami GF, Meneghelli A, Scopinaro N. Night eating and binge eating disorder in obese patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;335-8., TCA, BN e TA não especificado104104. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, Golay A. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527-34., e descontrole alimentar, vômitos autoinduzidos e episódios bulímicos1111. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, Simonich H, Lancaster K, Howell LM, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79-87..

DISCUSSÃO

Um número expressivo de estudos foi localizado com foco em dados de presença/frequência/prevalência de TA no pré- ou pós-cirúrgico; a maioria com número significativo de pacientes (máximo 2.266), especialmente mulheres (26%-100%). Tal dado é relevante uma vez que os TA acometem mais mulheres: em estudos da prevalência do TCA (o TA mais avaliado) na população geral e de pacientes de cuidados primários da saúde, encontrou-se que de 2,5% a 83% eram mulheres153153. Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL. Epidemiology of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;34:519-29..

As avaliações utilizaram majoritariamente instrumentos validados. Há, no entanto, muita variabilidade (instrumentos diversos versus entrevista). Os três mais utilizados foram: QEWP e sua forma revisada QEWP-R (40%), BES (31%), e EDE-Q (29%). O EDE, TFEQ são usados para rastrear sintomas gerais e TA; já o BES e o QEWP são específicos para sintomas de compulsão e TCA (e BITE para BN). Esses instrumentos, no entanto, podem não ser adequados para pacientes bariátricos – considerando-se suas particularidades. Dois específicos foram utilizados, o Merit Care Long Term Post-Operative Questionnaire – desenvolvido para avaliar o histórico e a saúde de pacientes bariátricos2020. Mitchell JE, Lancaster KL, Burgard MA, Howell LM, Krahn DD, Crosby RD, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients’ status after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2001;11:464-8., e o Rhode Island Bariatric Surgery Interview154154. Zimmerman M, Francione-Witt C, Chelminski I, Young D, Boerescu D, Attiullah N, et al. Presurgical psychiatric evaluations of candidates for bariatric surgery, part 1: reliability and reasons for and frequency of exclusion. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1557-62. (disponível com os autores). O EDE-BSV foi utilizado em dois estudos1111. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, Simonich H, Lancaster K, Howell LM, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79-87.,8686. Mitchell JE, Selzer F, Kalarchian MA, Devlin MJ, Strain G, Elder KA, et al. Psychopathology prior to surgery in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery-3 (LABS-3) psychosocial study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(5):533-41. – trata-se de adaptação com adição de algumas questões específicas associadas à CB, que não está disponível em publicação e pode ser solicitada aos autores1111. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, Simonich H, Lancaster K, Howell LM, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79-87.. Revisão sistemática recente155155. Parker K, Brennan L. Measurement of disordered eating in bariatric surgery candidates: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9:12-25. para avaliar critérios diagnósticos e medidas usadas na avaliação de problemas alimentares em candidatos à CB localizou 147 artigos, com 34 questionários diferentes (QEWP o mais usado) e 45 tipos de entrevista (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM a mais comum). Os autores chamam a atenção para a escassez de instrumentos específicos para população bariátrica, atestando que pouquíssimos estudos avaliaram as propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos nesta população.

Chama atenção também as definições muito diversas para compulsão e “beliscar”. A frequência e a duração das compulsões variam muito entre as avaliações, e a própria definição do que seriam comportamentos transtornados155155. Parker K, Brennan L. Measurement of disordered eating in bariatric surgery candidates: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9:12-25.. O comportamento beliscador é frequente em pacientes com TA e também na população bariátrica; a associação com a psicopatologia não é clara, mas pode ter um impacto negativo no peso após a CB2727. Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, Machado PPP, Lancaster K, Wonderlich SA. What is “grazing”? Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing a standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:973-83. e, se presente antes da cirurgia, persistir 12 a 18 meses depois1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,2929. Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, Speranskaya A, Sanchís P, Julian X, et al. Postoperative grazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-50.,5959. Saunders R. Binge eating in gastric bypass patients before surgery. Obes Surg. 1999;9:72-6.,134134. Conceição E, Mitchell JE, Vaz AR, Bastos AP, Ramalho S, Silva C, et al. The presence of maladaptative eating behaviors after bariatric surgery in a cross sectional study: importance of picking or nibbling on weight regain. Eat Behav. 2014;15:558-62.,144144. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, et al. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg. 2005;15:684-91.,149149. Dahl JK, Eriksen L, Vedul-Kjelsas E, Strommen M, Kulseng B, Marvik R, et al. Prevalence of all relevant eating disorders in patients waiting for bariatric surgery: a comparison between patients with and without eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord. 2010;15:e247-55.. Ainda, a relação entre compulsão e “beliscar” foi observada em pacientes pré- e pós-CB5959. Saunders R. Binge eating in gastric bypass patients before surgery. Obes Surg. 1999;9:72-6., sendo que aqueles que apresentavam compulsão antes mudaram para comportamento beliscador após a cirurgia2525. Saunders R. “Grazing”: a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg. 2004;14:98-102.,5959. Saunders R. Binge eating in gastric bypass patients before surgery. Obes Surg. 1999;9:72-6.. Na presente revisão, a presença de “beliscar” variou de 10%117117. Kinzl JF, Schrattenecker M, Traweger C, Mattesich M, Fiala M, Biebl W. Psychosocial predictors of weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1609-14. a 94%3535. Machado CE, Zilberstein B, Cecconello I, Monteiro M. Compulsão alimentar antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2008;21(4):185-91.. Aponta-se que o comportamento beliscador está associado ao reganho de peso após a CB2525. Saunders R. “Grazing”: a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg. 2004;14:98-102.,2626. Kofman MD, Lent MR, Swencionis C. Maladaptative eating patterns, quality of life, and weight outcomes following gastric bypass: results of an internet survey. Obesity. 2010;18):1938-43.,2929. Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, Speranskaya A, Sanchís P, Julian X, et al. Postoperative grazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-50.,116116. Busetto L, Segato G, De Luca M, De Marchi F, Foletto M, Vianello M, et al. Weight loss and postoperative complications in morbidly obese patients with binge eating disorder treated by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2005;15:195-201.,134134. Conceição E, Mitchell JE, Vaz AR, Bastos AP, Ramalho S, Silva C, et al. The presence of maladaptative eating behaviors after bariatric surgery in a cross sectional study: importance of picking or nibbling on weight regain. Eat Behav. 2014;15:558-62.,144144. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, et al. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg. 2005;15:684-91., e menor perda do excesso de peso1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,2626. Kofman MD, Lent MR, Swencionis C. Maladaptative eating patterns, quality of life, and weight outcomes following gastric bypass: results of an internet survey. Obesity. 2010;18):1938-43.,2929. Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, Speranskaya A, Sanchís P, Julian X, et al. Postoperative grazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-50.,142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8. – embora alguns estudos não tenham encontrado diferença no peso entre aqueles com e sem “beliscar”116116. Busetto L, Segato G, De Luca M, De Marchi F, Foletto M, Vianello M, et al. Weight loss and postoperative complications in morbidly obese patients with binge eating disorder treated by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2005;15:195-201.,144144. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, et al. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg. 2005;15:684-91. .

No caso da compulsão, alguns autores utilizam a nomenclatura objetiva e subjetiva127127. Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, Machado PPP, Lancaster K, Wonderlich SA. What is “grazing”? Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing a standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:973-83.,130130. de Man-Lapidoth J, Ghaderi A, Norring C. Binge eating in surgical weight-loss treatments. Long-term associations with weight loss, health related quality of life (HRQL), and psychopathology. Eat Weight Disord. 2011;16:e263-9.,134134. Conceição E, Mitchell JE, Vaz AR, Bastos AP, Ramalho S, Silva C, et al. The presence of maladaptative eating behaviors after bariatric surgery in a cross sectional study: importance of picking or nibbling on weight regain. Eat Behav. 2014;15:558-62.,136136. Abilés V, Rodríguez-Ruiz S, Abilés J, Mellado C, García A, Pérez de la Cruz A, et al. Psychological characteristics of morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2010;20:161-7.

137. Abilés V, Rodríguez-Ruiz S, Abilés J, Obispo A, Gandara N, Luna V, et al. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in morbidity obese candidates for bariatric surgery with and without binge eating disorder. Nutr Hosp. 2013;28:1523-9.
-138138. Adami GF, Gandolfo P, Bauer B, Scopinaro N. Binge eating in massively obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17(1):45-50.. A compulsão objetiva é definida como ingestão de quantidades objetivamente grandes de alimento, maior do que a maioria das pessoas no mesmo período de tempo, acompanhada da sensação de perda do controle. Já a subjetiva seria caracterizada pela ingestão de quantidades não objetivamente grandes, mas avaliadas como excessivas pelo indivíduo, e acompanhada de perda do controle106106. Conceição EM, Utzinger LM, Pisetsky EM. Eating disorders and problematic eating behaviors before and after bariatric surgery: characterization, assessment and association with treatment outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:417-25.. A perda de controle, portanto, pode ser o principal critério dos pacientes para definir a compulsão9696. Coker EL, von Lojewski A, Luscombe GM, Abraham SF. The difficulty in defining binge eating in obese woman: how it affects prevalence levels in presurgical bariatric patients. Eat Behav. 2015;17:130-5.. Uma exploração do conceito de descontrole em candidatos à CB aponta que ele não é necessariamente diferente entre aqueles com e sem compulsão123123. Calderone A, Mauri M, Calabro PF, Piaggi P, Ceccarini G, Lippi C, et al. Exploring the concept of eating dyscontrol in severely obese patients candidate to bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2015;5:22-30. e parece ainda não estar relacionado à frequência. Assim, embora a frequência seja critério diagnóstico do TCA e BN, o descontrole pode representar uma dimensão independente relacionada à psicopatologia9696. Coker EL, von Lojewski A, Luscombe GM, Abraham SF. The difficulty in defining binge eating in obese woman: how it affects prevalence levels in presurgical bariatric patients. Eat Behav. 2015;17:130-5.. Na atual revisão, a compulsão teve taxas de 2% a 94%, o que corrobora a alta frequência indicada na literatura geral1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54.,5050. Meany G, Conceição E, Mitchell JE. Binge eating, binge eating disorder and loss of control eating: effects on weight outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2014;22(2):87-91.. Mas, considerando-se diferentes critérios e medidas de avaliação, além da possibilidade de compulsão subjetiva, deve-se considerar o número com ressalvas106106. Conceição EM, Utzinger LM, Pisetsky EM. Eating disorders and problematic eating behaviors before and after bariatric surgery: characterization, assessment and association with treatment outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:417-25.. A relação da compulsão e menor perda ponderal foi indicada em vários estudos1717. Pekkarinen T, Koskela K, Huikuri K, Mustajoki P. Long-term results of gastroplasty for morbid obesity: binge-eating as a predictor of poor outcome. Obes Surg. 1994;4:248-55.,3434. Sallet PC, Sallet JA, Dixon JB, Collis E, Pisani CE, Levy A, et al. Eating behavior as a prognostic factor for weight loss after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2007;17:445-51.,6060. Green AEC, Dymek-Valentine M, Pytluk S, le Grange D, Alverdy J. Psychosocial outcome of gastric bypass surgery for patients with and without binge eating. Obes Surg. 2004;14:975-85.,102102. Rowston WM, McCluskey SE, Gazet J-C, Lacey JH, Franks G, Lynch D. Eating behavior, physical symptoms and psychological factors associated with weight reduction following the Scopinaro operation as modified by Gazet. Obes Surg. 1992;2:355-60.,140140. Beck NN, Mehlsen M, Stoving RK. Psychological characteristics and association with weight outcomes two years after gastric bypass surgery: postoperative eating disorder symptoms are associated with weight loss outcomes. Eat Behav. 2012;13:394-7.,143143. Macias JAG, Leal FJV. Psychopathological differences between morbidly obese binge eaters and non-binge eaters after bariatric surgery. Eat Weight Disord. 2003;8(4):315-8.,148148. Larsen JK, van Ramshorst B, Geenen R, Brand N, Stroebe W, van Doornen LJP. Binge eating and its relationship to outcome after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1111-7. – além do reganho de peso1717. Pekkarinen T, Koskela K, Huikuri K, Mustajoki P. Long-term results of gastroplasty for morbid obesity: binge-eating as a predictor of poor outcome. Obes Surg. 1994;4:248-55.,1818. Hsu LKG, Betancourt S, Sullivan SP. Eating disturbances before and after vertical banded gastroplasty: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1996;19:23-34.,4040. Venzon CN, Alchieri JC. Indicadores de compulsão alimentar periódica em pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica. Psico. 2014;45(2):239-49.,4444. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Wilson GT, Labouvie EW, Brolin RE, LaMarca LB. Binge eating among gastric bypass patients at long-term follow-up. Obes Surg. 2002;12:270-5.,104104. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, Golay A. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527-34.. Por outro lado, alguns não apontam diferenças para pacientes “com e sem” compulsão para perda de peso4545. Alger-Mayer S, Rosati C, Polimeni JM, Malone M. Preoperative binge eating status and gastric bypass surgery: a long-term outcome study. Obes Surg. 2009;19:139-45.,6666. Bocchieri-Ricciardi LE, Chen EY, Munoz D, Fischer S, Dymek-Valentine M, Alverdy JC, et al. Pre-surgery binge eating status: effect on eating behavior and weight outcome after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1198-204.,6868. Fischer S, Chen E, Katterman S, Roerhig M, Bocchieri-Ricciardi L, Munoz D, et al. Emotional eating in a morbidly obese bariatric surgery-seeking population. Obes Surg. 2007;17:778-84.,8989. White M, Masheb RM, Rothschild BS, Burke-Martindale CH, Grilo CM. The prognostic significance of regular binge eating in extremely obese gastric bypass patients: 12-month postoperative outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:1928-35.,130130. de Man-Lapidoth J, Ghaderi A, Norring C. Binge eating in surgical weight-loss treatments. Long-term associations with weight loss, health related quality of life (HRQL), and psychopathology. Eat Weight Disord. 2011;16:e263-9.,156156. Wolfe BL, Terry ML. Expectations and outcomes with gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1622-9..

Quando se considera a prevalência do TCA entre pacientes bariátricos (e não de compulsão isoladamente), encontra-se também grande variabilidade – dependendo dos métodos de avaliação (geralmente de autorrelato e entrevista), tamanho das amostras, tipo de procedimentos cirúrgicos, definição de compulsão e mudanças nos critérios do TCA – que foram revistos recentemente22. American Psychiatric Association. Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais – DSM-5. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2014.. Outros fatores que podem dificultar o diagnóstico são a determinação da duração e a frequência dos episódios de compulsão, da quantidade consumida e do relato de estresse e perda de controle – que dificultam a identificação correta de compulsões e afetam a prevalência do problema9696. Coker EL, von Lojewski A, Luscombe GM, Abraham SF. The difficulty in defining binge eating in obese woman: how it affects prevalence levels in presurgical bariatric patients. Eat Behav. 2015;17:130-5.. Recomenda-se determinar com precisão os níveis de compulsão e TCA na população bariátrica, na pesquisa e prática clínica9696. Coker EL, von Lojewski A, Luscombe GM, Abraham SF. The difficulty in defining binge eating in obese woman: how it affects prevalence levels in presurgical bariatric patients. Eat Behav. 2015;17:130-5..

As taxas de TCA, nos estudos que a focaram nesta revisão, variaram de 3% a 61%1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54.,9898. Opolski M, Chur-Hansen A, Witter G. The eating-related behaviours, disorders and expectations of candidates for bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2015;5:165-97.,106106. Conceição EM, Utzinger LM, Pisetsky EM. Eating disorders and problematic eating behaviors before and after bariatric surgery: characterization, assessment and association with treatment outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:417-25.. De qualquer forma, ele é considerado o TA mais prevalente também na população geral – e não apenas na população bariátrica153153. Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL. Epidemiology of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;34:519-29.. Estudos apontam também que há predomínio de mulheres nas amostras avaliadas (39%-100%)153153. Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL. Epidemiology of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;34:519-29.. Nos estudos que diferenciaram as taxas por sexo, o TCA variou de 3% a 84% entre mulheres, e de 0,8% a 25% entre homens153153. Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL. Epidemiology of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;34:519-29.,157157. Shingleton R, Thompson-Brenner H, Thampson DR, Pratt EM, Franko DL. Gender differences in clinical trials of binge eating disorder: an analysis of aggregated data. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2015;83(2):382-6.,158158. Lydecker JA, Grilo CM. Different yet similar: examining race and ethnicity in treatment-seeking adults with binge eating disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2016;84(1):88-94.. A importância da alta frequência de TCA no público bariátrico se centra em suas consequências e implicações: associação com menor perda de peso1111. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, Simonich H, Lancaster K, Howell LM, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79-87.,120120. Wölnerhanssen BK, Peters T, Kern B, Schötzau A, Ackermann C, von Flüe M, et al. Predictors of outcome in treatment of morbid obesity by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: results of a prospective study of 380 patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4:500-6.,159159. Wadden TA, Faulconbridge LF, Jones-Corneille LR, Sarwer DB, Fabricatore AN, Thomas JG, et al. Erratum: Binge eating disorder and the outcome of bariatric surgery et one year: a prospective, observational study. Obesity. 2016;24(1):267., especialmente quando associado à “alimentação emocional”142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8., e reganho de peso2020. Mitchell JE, Lancaster KL, Burgard MA, Howell LM, Krahn DD, Crosby RD, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients’ status after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2001;11:464-8..

A compulsão e o TCA foram “os TA” mais frequentes, mas deve-se considerar que os trabalhos podem ter mostrado apenas aquilo que se propuseram a avaliar e não necessariamente os problemas alimentares mais prevalentes. Dessa forma, também não se pode afirmar que são os problemas mais frequentes no público bariátrico.

A SAN foi avaliada em 16 estudos, mas deve-se considerar que falta clareza nos critérios, produzindo problemas na interpretação da sua presença. Encontra-se inclusive que 15% a 20% apresentam SAN e TCA conjuntamente, embora eles não sejam variantes do mesmo transtorno157157. Shingleton R, Thompson-Brenner H, Thampson DR, Pratt EM, Franko DL. Gender differences in clinical trials of binge eating disorder: an analysis of aggregated data. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2015;83(2):382-6.; mas discute-se a dificuldade de diferenciá-los unicamente com base na ingestão alimentar e sensação subjetiva de descontrole107107. de Zwaan M, Marschollek M, Allison KC. The night eating syndrome (NES) in bariatric surgery patients. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:426-34.. Não foi encontrada associação entre SAN e perda de peso, ou evidências de que a SAN pré-CB afeta negativamente a perda ponderal pós-CB107107. de Zwaan M, Marschollek M, Allison KC. The night eating syndrome (NES) in bariatric surgery patients. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:426-34.. E, mesmo quando associada com TCA, discute-se que não há clareza sobre ser fator de risco que comprometa a perda de peso106106. Conceição EM, Utzinger LM, Pisetsky EM. Eating disorders and problematic eating behaviors before and after bariatric surgery: characterization, assessment and association with treatment outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:417-25..

As taxas de BN variaram de 0,2% a 78%3939. Tae B, Pelaggi ER, Moreira JG, Waisberg J, Matos LL, D’Elia G. O impacto da cirurgia bariátrica nos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, comportamento bulímico e na qualidade de vida. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014;41(3):155-60.,154154. Zimmerman M, Francione-Witt C, Chelminski I, Young D, Boerescu D, Attiullah N, et al. Presurgical psychiatric evaluations of candidates for bariatric surgery, part 1: reliability and reasons for and frequency of exclusion. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1557-62.. Alguns estudos indicaram redução e/ou eliminação após a CB3939. Tae B, Pelaggi ER, Moreira JG, Waisberg J, Matos LL, D’Elia G. O impacto da cirurgia bariátrica nos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, comportamento bulímico e na qualidade de vida. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014;41(3):155-60.,9292. Latner JD, Wetzler S, Goodman ER, Glinski J. Gastric bypass in a low-income, inner-city population: eating disturbances and weight loss. Obes Res. 2004;12(6):956-61.,9595. Hayden MJ, Murphy KD, Brown WA, O’Brien PE. Axis I disorders in adjustable gastric band patients: the relationship between psychopathology and weight loss. Obes Surg. 2014;24:1469-75.,144144. Burgmer R, Grigutsch K, Zipfel S, Wolf AM, de Zwaan M, Husemann B, et al. The influence of eating behavior and eating pathology on weight loss after gastric restriction operations. Obes Surg. 2005;15:684-91., outros a persistência das taxas pré-operatórias1818. Hsu LKG, Betancourt S, Sullivan SP. Eating disturbances before and after vertical banded gastroplasty: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1996;19:23-34.,8383. Hsu LKG, Sullivan SP, Benotti PN. Eating disturbances and outcome of gastric bypass surgery: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 1997;21:385-90.,160160. Lier HO, Biringer E, Stubhaug B, Tangen T. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders before and 1 year after bariatric surgery: the role of shame in maintenance of psychiatric disorders in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Nord J Psychiatry. 2013;67:89-96. e aumento após CB135135. Morseth MS, Hanvold SE, Ro O, Risstad H, Mala T, Benth JS, et al. Self-reported eating disorder symptoms before and after gastric bypass and duodenal switch for super obesity-a 5-year follow-up study. Obes Surg. 2015;1-7., e relato do desenvolvimento da BN após CB1111. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, Simonich H, Lancaster K, Howell LM, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79-87.,1616. Thompson JK, Weinsier RL, Jacobs B. Self-induced vomiting and subclinical bulimia following gastroplasty surgery for morbid obesity: a case description and report of a multi-component cognitive-behavioral treatment strategy. Int J Eat Disord. 1985;4(4):609-15.,104104. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, Golay A. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527-34.,112112. Conceição E, Vaz A, Bastos AP, Ramos A, Machado P. The development of eating disorders after bariatric surgery. Eat Disord. 2013;21:275-82.. A prevalência de BN antes da CB pode ser subestimada, pela negação ou minimização dos sintomas que poderiam contraindicar a cirurgia4747. Mitchell JE, King WC, Courcoulas A, Dakin G, Elder K, Engel S, et al. Eating behaviors and eating disorders in adults before bariatric surgery. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48:215-22.,106106. Conceição EM, Utzinger LM, Pisetsky EM. Eating disorders and problematic eating behaviors before and after bariatric surgery: characterization, assessment and association with treatment outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:417-25..

O vômito autoinduzido/voluntário variou de 4% a 61%2929. Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, Speranskaya A, Sanchís P, Julian X, et al. Postoperative grazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-50.,136136. Abilés V, Rodríguez-Ruiz S, Abilés J, Mellado C, García A, Pérez de la Cruz A, et al. Psychological characteristics of morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2010;20:161-7.. Alguns indicaram melhoras com a redução e/ou eliminação após a CB102102. Rowston WM, McCluskey SE, Gazet J-C, Lacey JH, Franks G, Lynch D. Eating behavior, physical symptoms and psychological factors associated with weight reduction following the Scopinaro operation as modified by Gazet. Obes Surg. 1992;2:355-60.,125125. de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE, Swan-Kremeier L, McGregor T, Howell ML, Roerig JL, et al. A comparison of different methods of assessing the features of eating disorders in pos-gastric bypass patients: a pilot study. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2004;12:380-6.,135135. Morseth MS, Hanvold SE, Ro O, Risstad H, Mala T, Benth JS, et al. Self-reported eating disorder symptoms before and after gastric bypass and duodenal switch for super obesity-a 5-year follow-up study. Obes Surg. 2015;1-7., mas outros apontaram desenvolvimento do vômito que inexistia na avaliação pré-CB1111. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, Simonich H, Lancaster K, Howell LM, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79-87.,1717. Pekkarinen T, Koskela K, Huikuri K, Mustajoki P. Long-term results of gastroplasty for morbid obesity: binge-eating as a predictor of poor outcome. Obes Surg. 1994;4:248-55.,4343. Powers PS, Perez A, Boyd F, Rosemurgy A. Eating pathology before and after bariatric surgery: a prospective study. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;25:293-300.,5959. Saunders R. Binge eating in gastric bypass patients before surgery. Obes Surg. 1999;9:72-6.,8787. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Courcoulas AP, Cheng Y, Levine MD. Self-report of gastrointestinal side effects after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:1202-7.. Pacientes bariátricos podem apresentar vômito espontâneo ou autoinduzido em resposta ao comer rápido, mastigar pouco ou alívio de desconforto físico e podem considerá-lo como facilitador do controle e perda de peso106106. Conceição EM, Utzinger LM, Pisetsky EM. Eating disorders and problematic eating behaviors before and after bariatric surgery: characterization, assessment and association with treatment outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:417-25.. No entanto, mesmo que involuntário ou intencional, trata-se de comportamento disfuncional, associado às sequelas negativas, podendo representar um TA grave ou agravar a “síndrome de dumping”, e deve ser considerado como objetivo de intervenção161161. Sheets CS, Peat CM, Berg KC, White EK, Bocchieri-Ricciardi L, Chen EY, et al. Post operative psychosocial predictors of outcome in bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2015;25:330-45..

Quanto à AN, apenas um estudo de avaliação pré-CB constatou o quadro7070. Jones-Corneille LR, Wadden TA, Sarwer DB, Faulconbridge LF, Fabricatore AN, Stack RM, et al. Axis I psychopathology in bariatric surgery candidates with and without binge eating disorder: results of structured clinical interviews. Obes Surg. 2012;22:389-97.. A AN na história de vida de pacientes bariátricos foi verificada em dois estudos, mas não na avaliação pré-operatória9595. Hayden MJ, Murphy KD, Brown WA, O’Brien PE. Axis I disorders in adjustable gastric band patients: the relationship between psychopathology and weight loss. Obes Surg. 2014;24:1469-75.,118118. Scholtz S, Bidlake L, Morgan J, Fiennes A, El-Etar A, Lacey JH, et al. Long-term outcomes following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: postoperative psychological sequelae predict outcome at 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1220-5.: um deles apontou desenvolvimento após CB1414. Shamblin JR, Sessions JW, Soileau MK. Vertical staple gastroplasty: experience with 100 patients. South Med J. 1984;77(1):33-7., e outro, recorrência após CB118118. Scholtz S, Bidlake L, Morgan J, Fiennes A, El-Etar A, Lacey JH, et al. Long-term outcomes following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: postoperative psychological sequelae predict outcome at 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1220-5.. Discute-se que faltam informações sobre o histórico prévio de AN nesses pacientes106106. Conceição EM, Utzinger LM, Pisetsky EM. Eating disorders and problematic eating behaviors before and after bariatric surgery: characterization, assessment and association with treatment outcomes. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23:417-25..

De qualquer maneira, mesmo considerando-se os problemas discutidos quanto aos métodos de avaliação e à variabilidade dos resultados, pode-se afirmar que há um problema relevante quanto à presença de TA (e problemas correlatos) na população bariátrica – pré- e pós-CB. Os TA neste público podem ter particularidades, e o fato de eles muitas vezes não preencherem os critérios diagnósticos fez com que se propusesse o “Transtorno Alimentar de Evitação Pós-Cirúrgica”2222. Segal A, Kussunoki DK, Larino MA. Post-surgical refusal to eat: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or a new eating disorder? A case series. Obes Surg. 2004;14:353-60.. Os critérios incluiriam história de obesidade com CB realizada há menos de dois anos; perda de peso mais rápida; uso de estratégias purgativas/redução da ingestão alimentar (com ou sem compulsão); reação de ansiedade e/ou atitude negativa diante da introdução da correção nutricional por medo do reganho de peso, entre outros. Para os autores, grande parte dos TA seria mais bem definida como não especificada e eles sugerem que os comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais podem ser específicos nos pacientes após a CB2222. Segal A, Kussunoki DK, Larino MA. Post-surgical refusal to eat: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or a new eating disorder? A case series. Obes Surg. 2004;14:353-60..

Para entendimento desses “comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais”, deve-se considerar que, além dos fatores fisiológicos e hormonais gerados pela restrição gástrica da CB, os fatores psicológicos podem também contribuir para emergência de comportamentos específicos após CB e implicar a variabilidade dos resultados em longo prazo142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8.. A perda de peso e sua manutenção estão relacionadas aos padrões alimentares após a CB e devem ser abordadas diferencialmente nas orientações nutricionais – com uma discussão ampla sobre o que é perda de peso “saudável” e o que pode impactar a manutenção do peso em longo prazo – visando a melhoras nos resultados162162. Faria SL, Kelly EO, Faria OP, Ito MK. Snack-eating patients experience lesser weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg. 2009;19:1293-6.. A perda ponderal máxima geralmente ocorre um ano após a cirurgia, mas o reganho de peso não parece seguir um padrão predizível, evidenciando ampla variação individual. Os preditores do sucesso são inúmeros e sua interação dificulta a avaliação precisa dos seus efeitos104104. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, Golay A. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527-34.. Verificou-se, de qualquer forma, que os sintomas dos TA surgem em média entre 12 e 24 meses após CB, sugerindo que as melhoras encontradas podem não se manter ao longo do tempo. Os pacientes com TCA podem mostrar uma perda de peso inicial mais alta do que o usual nos primeiros meses, mas a compulsão tende a ser reassumida parcialmente após 12 meses de cirurgia105105. Amianto F, Ottone L, Daga GA, Fassino S. Binge-eating disorder diagnosis and treatment: a recap in front of DSM-5. Psychiatry. 2015;15:1-22. – quando os pacientes aprendem a lidar com a nova condição e as limitações. Há relato também de desenvolvimento de comportamentos de evitação ou esquiva alimentar em mulheres submetidas à CB, caracterizando possível transtorno “causado” pela CB2222. Segal A, Kussunoki DK, Larino MA. Post-surgical refusal to eat: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or a new eating disorder? A case series. Obes Surg. 2004;14:353-60..

Sobre a evolução dos sintomas de TA, alguns estudos da presente revisão indicaram melhoras com redução e/ou eliminação, além de melhora nos escores de depressão e ansiedade3939. Tae B, Pelaggi ER, Moreira JG, Waisberg J, Matos LL, D’Elia G. O impacto da cirurgia bariátrica nos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, comportamento bulímico e na qualidade de vida. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014;41(3):155-60.,6868. Fischer S, Chen E, Katterman S, Roerhig M, Bocchieri-Ricciardi L, Munoz D, et al. Emotional eating in a morbidly obese bariatric surgery-seeking population. Obes Surg. 2007;17:778-84.,122122. Castellini G, Godini L, Amedei SG, Faravelli C, Lucchese M, Ricca V. Psychological effects and outcome predictors of three bariatric surgery interventions: a 1-year follow-up study. Eat Weight Disord. 2014;19:217-24.,156156. Wolfe BL, Terry ML. Expectations and outcomes with gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1622-9.,160160. Lier HO, Biringer E, Stubhaug B, Tangen T. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders before and 1 year after bariatric surgery: the role of shame in maintenance of psychiatric disorders in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Nord J Psychiatry. 2013;67:89-96., mas psicopatologias podem também persistir163163. McAlpine DE, Frish MJ, Rome ES, Clark MM, Signore C, Lindroos AK, et al. Bariatric surgery: a primer for eating disorder professionals. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2010;18:304-17.. A presença de sintomas de TA pode comprometer os resultados da CB, com consequências adversas, além dos resultados do peso – como piora ou reaparecimento do TA após a fase de estabilização – seja comportamento beliscador1212. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: too high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16:615-22.,134134. Conceição E, Mitchell JE, Vaz AR, Bastos AP, Ramalho S, Silva C, et al. The presence of maladaptative eating behaviors after bariatric surgery in a cross sectional study: importance of picking or nibbling on weight regain. Eat Behav. 2014;15:558-62.,142142. Sioka E, Tzovaras G, Oikonomou K, Katsogridaki G, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, et al. Influence of eating profile on the outcome of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2013;23:501-8., ou compulsão127127. Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, Machado PPP, Lancaster K, Wonderlich SA. What is “grazing”? Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing a standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:973-83.,148148. Larsen JK, van Ramshorst B, Geenen R, Brand N, Stroebe W, van Doornen LJP. Binge eating and its relationship to outcome after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1111-7. – e desenvolvimento de TA inexistentes nas avaliações pré-bariátricas (como compulsão103103. Lang T, Hauser R, Buddeberg C, Klaghofer R. Impact of gastric banding on eating behavior and weight. Obes Surg. 2002;12:100-7.,115115. Adami GF, Meneghelli A, Scopinaro N. Night eating and binge eating disorder in obese patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;335-8., TCA104104. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, Golay A. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527-34., BN1111. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, Simonich H, Lancaster K, Howell LM, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79-87.,1616. Thompson JK, Weinsier RL, Jacobs B. Self-induced vomiting and subclinical bulimia following gastroplasty surgery for morbid obesity: a case description and report of a multi-component cognitive-behavioral treatment strategy. Int J Eat Disord. 1985;4(4):609-15.,104104. Kruseman M, Leimgruber A, Zumbach F, Golay A. Dietary, weight, and psychological changes among patients with obesity, 8 years after gastric bypass. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:527-34. e vômito autoinduzido1111. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, Simonich H, Lancaster K, Howell LM, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:79-87.,1717. Pekkarinen T, Koskela K, Huikuri K, Mustajoki P. Long-term results of gastroplasty for morbid obesity: binge-eating as a predictor of poor outcome. Obes Surg. 1994;4:248-55.,4343. Powers PS, Perez A, Boyd F, Rosemurgy A. Eating pathology before and after bariatric surgery: a prospective study. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;25:293-300.,5959. Saunders R. Binge eating in gastric bypass patients before surgery. Obes Surg. 1999;9:72-6.,8787. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Courcoulas AP, Cheng Y, Levine MD. Self-report of gastrointestinal side effects after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014;10:1202-7.). Dadas as discrepâncias nos métodos, forma de avaliação etc., é impossível concluir sobre estabilização, melhora ou piora de TA após CB. Para entender esse fato, é necessário que se façam padronização dos parâmetros e estudos bem delineados que permitam uma metanálise de dados no futuro.

Recente revisão sistemática (publicada após o encerramento das buscas desta revisão) pré- e pós-CB aponta exatamente a mesma questão e tenta verificar as mudanças em diferentes comportamentos de TA por tipo de cirurgia, o que também não se mostra consistente em função dos problemas metodológicos e evidências limitadas164164. Opozda M, Chur-Hansen A, Wittert G. Changes in problematic and disordered eating after gastric bypass, adjustable gastric banding and vertical sleeve gastrectomy: a systematic review of pre-post studies. Obes Rev. 2016;17:770-92.. De qualquer forma, considerando as diferentes formas de avaliação e amplitude do problema, os achados desta revisão sugerem que os TA podem persistir ou mesmo se desenvolver após a CB. Dentre os mais prevalentes, o TCA, a compulsão e o “beliscar” aparecem como fatores de risco potenciais de mau prognóstico. Evidências indicam que a presença dos TA pós-CB é preditora de piores resultados na perda ponderal e está associada com altas taxas de estresse psicológico161161. Sheets CS, Peat CM, Berg KC, White EK, Bocchieri-Ricciardi L, Chen EY, et al. Post operative psychosocial predictors of outcome in bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2015;25:330-45. – alguns desenvolvem abuso de álcool/substâncias, e complicações associadas ao comportamento impulsivo1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54.. Muitos dos estudos incluídos nesta avaliação focalizaram o impacto na qualidade de vida2929. Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, Speranskaya A, Sanchís P, Julian X, et al. Postoperative grazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-50.,3939. Tae B, Pelaggi ER, Moreira JG, Waisberg J, Matos LL, D’Elia G. O impacto da cirurgia bariátrica nos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, comportamento bulímico e na qualidade de vida. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014;41(3):155-60.,6060. Green AEC, Dymek-Valentine M, Pytluk S, le Grange D, Alverdy J. Psychosocial outcome of gastric bypass surgery for patients with and without binge eating. Obes Surg. 2004;14:975-85.,7676. Boan J, Kolotkin RL, Westman EC, McMahon RL, Grant JP. Binge Eating Quality of life and physical activity improves after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2004;14:341-8.,130130. de Man-Lapidoth J, Ghaderi A, Norring C. Binge eating in surgical weight-loss treatments. Long-term associations with weight loss, health related quality of life (HRQL), and psychopathology. Eat Weight Disord. 2011;16:e263-9.,148148. Larsen JK, van Ramshorst B, Geenen R, Brand N, Stroebe W, van Doornen LJP. Binge eating and its relationship to outcome after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1111-7., e associações com psicopatologias – especialmente depressão e ansiedade2929. Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, Speranskaya A, Sanchís P, Julian X, et al. Postoperative grazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes after bariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-50.,5959. Saunders R. Binge eating in gastric bypass patients before surgery. Obes Surg. 1999;9:72-6.,6363. Grilo CM, Reas DL, Brody ML, Burke-Martindale CH, Rothschild BS, Masheb RM. Body checking and avoidance and the core features of eating disorders among obese men and women seeking bariatric surgery. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:629-37.,6868. Fischer S, Chen E, Katterman S, Roerhig M, Bocchieri-Ricciardi L, Munoz D, et al. Emotional eating in a morbidly obese bariatric surgery-seeking population. Obes Surg. 2007;17:778-84.,7272. Faulconbridge LF, Wadden TA, Thomas JG, Jones-Corneille LR, Sarwer DB, Fabricatore AN. Changes in depression and quality of life in obese individuals with binge eating disorder: bariatric surgery versus lifestyle modification. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9:790-6.,7575. Malone M, Alger-Mayer S. Binge status and quality of life after gastric bypass surgery: a one year study. Obes Res. 2004;12(3):473-81.,7979. Hood MM, Corsica JA, Azarbad L. Do patients seeking laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery differ from those seeking gastric bypass surgery? A comparison of psychological profiles across ethnic groups. Obes Surg. 2011;21:440-7.,9090. Lin HY, Huang CK, Tai CM, Lin HY, Kao YH, Tsai CC, et al. Psychiatric disorders of patients seeking obesity treatment.Psychiatry. 2013;13:1-8.,9595. Hayden MJ, Murphy KD, Brown WA, O’Brien PE. Axis I disorders in adjustable gastric band patients: the relationship between psychopathology and weight loss. Obes Surg. 2014;24:1469-75.,118118. Scholtz S, Bidlake L, Morgan J, Fiennes A, El-Etar A, Lacey JH, et al. Long-term outcomes following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: postoperative psychological sequelae predict outcome at 5-year follow-up. Obes Surg. 2007;17:1220-5.,121121. Legenbauer T, Petrak F, de Zwaan M, Herpertz S. Influence of depressive and eating disorders on short-and long-term course of weight after surgical and nonsurgical weight loss treatment. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52:301-11.,122122. Castellini G, Godini L, Amedei SG, Faravelli C, Lucchese M, Ricca V. Psychological effects and outcome predictors of three bariatric surgery interventions: a 1-year follow-up study. Eat Weight Disord. 2014;19:217-24.,124124. Poole NA, Al Atar A, Kuhanendran D, Bidlake L, Fiennes A, McCluskey S, et al. Compliance with surgical after-care following bariatric surgery for morbid obesity: a retrospective study. Obes Surg. 2005;15:261-5.,140140. Beck NN, Mehlsen M, Stoving RK. Psychological characteristics and association with weight outcomes two years after gastric bypass surgery: postoperative eating disorder symptoms are associated with weight loss outcomes. Eat Behav. 2012;13:394-7.,143143. Macias JAG, Leal FJV. Psychopathological differences between morbidly obese binge eaters and non-binge eaters after bariatric surgery. Eat Weight Disord. 2003;8(4):315-8.,156156. Wolfe BL, Terry ML. Expectations and outcomes with gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1622-9.,160160. Lier HO, Biringer E, Stubhaug B, Tangen T. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders before and 1 year after bariatric surgery: the role of shame in maintenance of psychiatric disorders in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Nord J Psychiatry. 2013;67:89-96., além da perda de peso – chamando atenção para o fato de que uma série de consequências adversas pode advir da presença de um problema alimentar em pacientes bariátricos. Outros comportamentos podem colaborar com a piora nos resultados da CB, como a não adesão à dieta e à atividade física, fatores importantes para a manutenção da perda ponderal165165. Pekkarinen T, Mustonen H, Sane T, Jaser N, Juuti A, Leivonen M. Long-term effect of gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy on severe obesity: do preoperative weight loss and binge eating behavior predict outcome of bariatric surgery? Obes Surg. 2016;1-7..

A obesidade pode ter graves consequências psicossociais e possíveis transtornos do humor e de ansiedade. Mas, apesar dos indícios de transtornos psiquiátricos em candidatos à CB, discute-se que os traços de personalidade e história de tratamento psicológico ou psiquiátrico não são preditores confiáveis para a perda ponderal em longo prazo9595. Hayden MJ, Murphy KD, Brown WA, O’Brien PE. Axis I disorders in adjustable gastric band patients: the relationship between psychopathology and weight loss. Obes Surg. 2014;24:1469-75.,121121. Legenbauer T, Petrak F, de Zwaan M, Herpertz S. Influence of depressive and eating disorders on short-and long-term course of weight after surgical and nonsurgical weight loss treatment. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52:301-11.,140140. Beck NN, Mehlsen M, Stoving RK. Psychological characteristics and association with weight outcomes two years after gastric bypass surgery: postoperative eating disorder symptoms are associated with weight loss outcomes. Eat Behav. 2012;13:394-7.,162162. Faria SL, Kelly EO, Faria OP, Ito MK. Snack-eating patients experience lesser weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg. 2009;19:1293-6.. De qualquer forma, o paciente bariátrico apresenta vulnerabilidade a problemas psicológicos e sociais, tornando de suma importância o diagnóstico e o tratamento dos fatores etiológicos que contribuem para sua manutenção ou agravamento1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54.. A avaliação pré-operatória deve identificar os fatores de risco que possam contraindicar o procedimento ou comprometer o resultado do tratamento – dentre os quais os TA1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54..

A avaliação de pacientes bariátricos deve ser contínua, em todas as fases do tratamento, por meio de seguimento com equipe interdisciplinar especializada, de modo a prevenir e detectar dificuldades pós-operatórias – médicas, psicológicas e sociais. O tratamento não termina com a cirurgia, e mudanças comportamentais, no estilo de vida e ambientais são exigidas, e mesmo, tratamento individualizado no caso dos transtornos psiquiátricos163163. McAlpine DE, Frish MJ, Rome ES, Clark MM, Signore C, Lindroos AK, et al. Bariatric surgery: a primer for eating disorder professionals. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2010;18:304-17.. A entrevista tem um papel crítico na identificação precisa da compulsão e outras informações diagnósticas. Já os questionários só podem ser indicadores secundários, fornecendo dados da sintomatologia e informações adicionais1313. Gordon PC, Kaio GH, Sallet PC. Aspectos do acompanhamento psiquiátrico de pacientes obesos sob tratamento bariátrico: revisão. Rev Psic Clin. 2011;38(4):148-54.,155155. Parker K, Brennan L. Measurement of disordered eating in bariatric surgery candidates: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9:12-25..

Dadas as questões discutidas nesta revisão – variação nos critérios diagnósticos, inconsistências nas definições dos TA, avaliações por diferentes instrumentos, falta de avaliação psicométrica dos instrumentos para CB –, a variação encontrada nas taxas de frequência pode ser atribuída à inconsistência e à falta de uma abordagem padronizada de avaliação, o que dificulta as comparações entre os estudos e limita as conclusões. Assim, há necessidade de consenso sobre critérios diagnósticos e medidas de avaliação psicométrica para determinar se estes fornecem uma avaliação válida de TA na população bariátrica, facilitando a identificação precisa e o tratamento adequado155155. Parker K, Brennan L. Measurement of disordered eating in bariatric surgery candidates: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9:12-25..

Aponta-se como limitação dos achados a dificuldade de comparação entre os estudos, diante da grande variabilidade discutida, bem como delineamento dos estudos, e metodologia de avaliação utilizada. Assim, a comparação entre dados nacionais (de publicações ainda limitadas, de amostras reduzidas) com dados internacionais não é possível – e o conhecimento sobre a comorbidade com TA em pacientes pré- e pós-CB é um desafio em nosso cenário, com limitados centros de tratamento e pesquisa especializados em TA. Pelas mesmas razões, qualquer inferência sobre semelhanças ou diferenças entre “prevalências” entre diferentes países não é possível.

Esta revisão, no entanto, acrescenta amplo conhecimento sobre a presença de TA no cenário da CB, permitindo elucidar pontos desconhecidos ou falhos e caminhos para pesquisa futura. Aponta a necessidade de definição operacional dos conceitos, e de consenso quanto aos critérios e diretrizes que orientem condutas de avaliação, prevenção e tratamento dos TA e dos problemas a eles relacionados em todas as fases do tratamento de pacientes bariátricos.

CONCLUSÃO

A presença de TA, incluindo AN, BN, SAN, mas principalmente o TCA, é alta, tanto no pré- como no pós-cirúrgico, e não necessariamente melhora com o tempo de cirurgia. Além desses, a compulsão alimentar é o comportamento mais avaliado e que parece ser mais frequente. Tal comportamento pode ser mantido após a cirurgia, tendo impacto na perda de peso e qualidade de vida, ou “evoluir” para um comportamento beliscador, também com consequências adversas.

Diferentes metodologias, instrumentos e definições são utilizados, não permitindo uma conclusão sobre a verdadeira frequência do fenômeno em geral. Mas os dados apresentados chamam a atenção para a necessidade de avaliações pré-cirúrgicas mais completas, eventual tratamento prévio de problemas alimentares, avaliações periódicas no pós-cirúrgico englobando os problemas alimentares, bem como tratamento interprofissional para aqueles que apresentam TA e quadros correlatos.

AGRADECIMENTOS

Agradecemos à Nídia Werner pela ajuda com as inúmeras referências consultadas para esta revisão.

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Jul-Sep 2016

Histórico

  • Recebido
    2 Jun 2016
  • Aceito
    26 Set 2016
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