Influence of packaging and potassium sorbate on the physical, physicochemical and microbiological alterations of guava preserves

Influência da embalagem e do sorbato de potássio sobre as alterações físico-químicas e microbiógicas de doce em massa de goiaba

ORIGINAL PAPERS

Influence of packaging and potassium sorbate on the physical, physicochemical and microbiological alterations of guava preserves

Influência da embalagem e do sorbato de potássio sobre as alterações físico-químicas e microbiógicas de doce em massa de goiaba

Camila Carvalho MenezesI, ^*; Soraia Vilela Borges^I; Fabiana Queiroz Ferrua^I; Carolina Pimentel Vilela^II; João de Deus Souza Carneiro^I

^IDepartamento de Ciências dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil, e-mail: [e-mail]; [e-mail]; [e-mail]; [e-mail]

^IIEngenheira de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil, e-mail: [e-mail]

ABSTRACT

The elaboration of preserves through fruit processing is a promising alternative for their conservation. Such processing provides pleasant flavor due to the increase of sweetness and allows good conservation of the product for a prolonged time. Seeking quality and higher durability of fruit preserves, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the interference of potassium sorbate addition, and polypropylene, metallic and cellophane film packaging on the quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) preserves during storage, through the physical, physiochemical and microbiological characteristics. The physical, physiochemical and microbiological analyses showed that the different types of packaging did not interfere in the stability of the guava preserves until the 5^th month of storage - time being the factor that most influences the quality of the preserves when stored under temperature and humidity of 19.6 °C and 76.2%, respectively. The potassium sorbate caused an increase of the soluble solid levels and a decrease of the water activity. Regardless of the treatment, the preserves remained microbiologically stable during storage.

Keywords: guava preserves; storage; stability.

RESUMO

A elaboração de doces através do processamento de frutas é uma alternativa promissora para a sua conservação pelo fato de proporcionar um sabor agradável, com o aumento da doçura, e permitir uma boa conservação do produto por tempo prolongado. Diante da busca por qualidade e maior durabilidade de doces de frutas, o objeto do trabalho foi avaliar a interferência da adição de sorbato de potássio e das embalagens de polipropileno, metálicas e de filmes de celofane sobre a qualidade, por meio das características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas do doce em massa de goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) durante o armazenamento. As análises físicas, químicas e microbiológicas mostraram que os diferentes tipos de embalagens não interferiram na estabilidade do doce de goiaba em massa até o 5° mês de armazenamento, sendo o tempo, o fator que mais influenciou na qualidade do doce quando armazenado em temperatura e umidade de 19,6 °C e 76,2%, respectivamente. O sorbato de potássio ocasionou um aumento do teor de sólidos solúveis e diminuição da atividade de água. Independente do tratamento, os doces permaneceram microbiologicamente estáveis durante o armazenamento.

Palavras-chave: doce em massa de goiaba; armazenamento; estabilidade.

1 Introduction

Guava is the one of the most important cultivations in tropical and subtropical countries. According to Sato, Sanjinéz-Argandonã and Cunha (2004), Brazil is one of the largest world producers of the fruit, together with other countries such as Mexico, Pakistan and India. The State of São Paulo is the largest guava producer in the country, with six thousand planted hectares, representing 70% of the national production. The high perishability, together with the lack of available storage during the peak industrial processing /harvest months, contribute to postharvest losses of around 30%. Therefore, the industrialization of products such as jellies and preserves is a good alternative for the production surplus.

Preserves are the result of the appropriate processing of the edible parts of vegetables, with added sugars, water, pectin (0.5 to 1.5%), pH adjuster (3 to 3.4), besides other ingredients and permitted additives until reaching adequate consistency, assuring product stability. After the processing, the preserves should be packaged properly and stored under environmental conditions (JACKIX, 1988; ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DAS INDÚSTRIAS DE ALIMENTAÇÃO, 1996). Guava jam or preserves should have color characteristic of the product, varying from yellowish red to brownish red, odor and characteristic flavor reminiscent of guava and a gelatinous and solid appearance, allowing cutting (MORI; YOTSUYANAGI; FERREIRA, 1998).

The shelf life of a product represents the period in which the product maintains good sensorial and microbiological conditions for consumption, without offending taste or compromising the health. Those conditions depend on the physical, chemical and microbiological transformations that­ occur during storage, which depend on the nature of the product, the components of the mixture, the packaging and the storage conditions (temperature, relative humidity, duration) (KANNAN; THIRUMARAN, 2004; WICKLUND et al., 2005). In dealing with foods such as juices, compotes and jellies, their conservation is usually achieved by the combined application of barriers such as pH reduction, water activity reduction by the addition of solutes, thermal treatment and use of preservatives (STILES BATTEY; DUFFY; SCHAFFNER, 2002).

The type of packaging in which the product is conditioned can also influence its shelf life. Packaging should avoid the product sensorial characteristics alterations, besides meeting marketing, cost, and availability needs, among others. In cases in which hot packaging of the product is done - in order to decrease the oxygen concentration in the free space and the microbial load of the packaging - it is also required that the packaging material have thermal and dimensional stability at the filling temperatures. Besides those requirements, good hermeticity of the closing system assures the maintenance of the packaging material characteristics and avoids the microbiological recontamination of the product (JAIME et al., 1998).

Facing the search for quality and higher durability of fruit preserves, the objective of this work was to evaluate the interference of the addition of potassium sorbate and polypropylene, metallic and cellophane film packaging on the quality of guava (Psidium guajava L) preserves during storage.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Experimental design

A triple factorial layout was followed, with 2 repetitions, whose appraised factors were: X1: formulations (absence and presence of potassium sorbate); X2: packaging (metallic, polypropylene and cellophane); X3: storage times (0, 30, 90 and 150 days).

2.2 Elaboration of the preserves

Ripe guavas from the 'Pedro Sato' cultivar were used, at an advanced stage of maturation, acquired from producers of the Associação dos Fruticultores de Lavras (FRUTILAVRAS), 2007 harvest, stored for 24 hours under refrigeration until processing. The ingredients used were the following: crystal type sugar (commercial), monohydrated citric acid P.A. (commercial brand NUCLEAR), high metoxilated citric pectin (commercial brand VETEC) and potassium sorbate (commercial brand VETEC). The flowchart in Figure 1 contains the elaboration stages of the preserves.

The fruits were washed under running water, sanitized in 200 mg.L^-1 sodium hypochlorite solution for 15 minutes, selected and pulped in an electric pulper (0.06 mm diameter sieve) Macanuda® manufacture, model DM-Ji.

The formulation of the preserve was established as described by Menezes et al. (2009). The preserves were processed in an open stainless steel pot, to which the pulp and sugar were added. The pectin (0.5% in relation to the pulp in all treatments) and the citric acid (0.5% in relation to the pulp in all treatments) were incorporated to the preserves in the end of the cooking process to avoid pectin degradation due to acidity and high temperature. Potassium sorbate was added to the preserves dissolved in a pulp portion (on average, four pulp to one sorbate portions) when the preserves presented a concentration of around 50 °Brix. The addition of potassium sorbate respected the limit from the Brazilian legislation, that is, maximum of 0.1% of the final product (BRASIL, 2001). The preserves were cooked until they reached a soluble solid level of 73 °Brix.

After the cooking process, the preserves were wrapped in polypropylene packaging (0.190 mm thick, 9.0 cm diameter and 5.5 cm long), metallic packaging with tinplate body (0.189 mm thick, 9.8 diameter mm and 7.0 cm long), cover and bottom in metallic chrome leaf (0.202 mm thick), and in colorless cellophane film (0.020 mm thick). The filling and closing were made while the product was still hot. The preserves were molded in the cellophane film with the aid of the polypropylene packaging that served as a base until the total cooling of the preserves. Soon after that, the packaging was properly identified and stored in cold chamber at 19.6 °C and relative humidity of approximately 76.2%. Since one of the purposes of this work was to assist the small scale producers from the area in order to improve the quality of their products, the temperature and humidity values were established according to the averages of the Climatological Norms (1961-1990) over thirty years in the region of Lavras, State of Minas Gerais. Such data were supplied by the Principal Climatological Station of Lavras, in liaison with UFLA/INMET. In spite of the attempt to standardize the relative humidity during the study, using a cold chamber with controlled temperature and humidity, the hygrometer revealed a variation of the relative humidity between 76 and 83%.

The analyzed formulations are shown in Table 1, and each one (presence and absence of potassium sorbate) was analyzed for the three packaging types and for the 4 storage times (0, 30, 90 and 150 days).

2.3 Physicochemical analyses

The pH was determined by a digital potentiometer (Tecnal® model TEC-3P-MP), according to the Instituto Adolfo Lutz (1985). The titratable acidity determination was accomplished according to the technique described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1992) and expressed as the equivalent of citric acid per 100 g of sample. The determination of the soluble solids was made by refractometry (Tecnal® model AR-200), according to the analytical norms of IAL (INSTITUTO ADOLFO LUTZ, 1985) and the results were expressed in °Brix. The water activity was determined using Aqualab equipment (Decagon model 3 TE), where samples of approximately 5 g, were carefully placed in plastic containers and the readings were conducted under a controlled temperature of 19.0 ± 0.3 °C. The determinations of those analyses were made in triplicate.

2.4 Texture Profile Analysis (TPA)

TPA was accomplished using a TA.TX2i Stable Micro Systems texture analyzer, (Goldaming, England), with flat-bottomed cylindrical aluminum probe (Ø = 45 mm) and time, distance, pre-test, test and post-test speeds of 5 seconds, 6 mm, 2 mm/s, 1 mm/s and 2 mm/s, respectively. In order to carry out the readings, the samples were cut into 1 cm³ pieces. The results of the force × time curve were calculated by the software program Texture Expert - version 1.22. The parameters analyzed were the following: firmness, cohesivity, elasticity, adhesiveness and fracturability. The results expressed are averages of eight determinations.

2.5 Color analysis

The color of the preserves was determined according to the methodology proposed by Giese (1996). The values of L * and a * were determined with a Minolta, model CR 400 colorimeter, working with D65 (daylight) and using the CIELab standards: in which L * varies from 0 (black) to 100 (white) and a * varies from green (-) to red (+). The values of b * were also obtained, however, they were not appraised because, according to Padula and Rodriguez-Amaya (1987), in the case of guava, which has as predominant red color due to the high amount of lycopene present, the value a * is much more representative of the color than b *. Sato, Sanjinéz-Argandonã and Cunha (2006) also determined in preliminary studies that the yellow color (b *) does not present a significant difference during the guava processing in sucrose syrup. Therefore, in this work, b* was not determined.

2.6 Microbiological analyses

The determinations of Salmonella sp. and total coliforms at 35 °C were carried out according to Silva, Junqueira and Silveira (1997) and the surface serial dilution technique (SANSÓN, 2000) was used for the fungi and yeasts determinations.

2.7 Statistical analysis

The results were analyzed through Analysis of Variance, where the significance of the main effects and interactions was observed. Regression analysis was specifically used to determine the alterations of the treatments during shelf life and the F test was used to evaluate the effect of potassium sorbate, because, as there are only two levels, this is already conclusive (PIMENTEL-GOMES, 1990). The statistical analyses were carried out with the aid of SISVAR program (FERREIRA, 2000).

3 Results and discussion

In Tables 2 and 3 the summaries of the variance analyses are presented (ANOVA) with their respective significance levels, variation coefficients and average values for each variable response, obtained starting from the experimental results of the physiochemical and physical analyses, respectively.

The pH values of the preserves did not vary during the 5 months of shelf life, and there were no significant interferences (p<0.05) of the packaging type and presence of potassium sorbate. The average pH of the preserves was equal to 3.41 (Table 2). Policarpo et al. (2007a) also verified that the pH values of umbu preserves remained constant during storage, as well as Assis et al. (2007), in studies on the stability of cashew jam during 120 days of storage. It is known that the stability of sorbic acid in food systems is highly influenced by the pH of the medium (THAKUR; SINGH; ARYA, 1994); however, in spite of the pH of the guava preserves of the present study being similar to values (between 3.5 and 4.5) where there are reports of high degradation of acids, such as sorbic acid, in sugar solutions (GERSCHENSON; ALZAMORA; CHIRIFE, 1986), Vidyasagar and Arya (1983) verified that, except for citric acid and malic acid, all the other acids exhibit a catalytic effect on its degradation, and the effect of the specific acid seems to be more important than the effect of the pH on the degradation of this preservative. Therefore, the choice of the citric acid as the acidulant of this product can be an important factor for the preservation of its physical, sensorial and microbiological characteristics.

In spite of the stability of the pH, there was a significant increase in the titratable acidity of the preserves (Figure 2) during storage, agreeing with Nascimento, Oliveira and Borges (2002) on the study of the physiochemical alterations during the conservation of passion fruit cut peel preserves.

The presence of potassium sorbate reduced the water activity of the preserves (Table 4). Gliemmo, Campo and Gerschenson (2006) also determined in their studies that the addition of potassium sorbate in aqueous model systems provokes a reduction of the water activity, mainly in the presence of glucose. The aw was not influenced by the packaging material and storage time, possibly due to the relative humidity value used in the experiment (between 76 to 83%) being in equilibrium with the water activity of the preserves (0.77 on average).

Table 2 shows that the interaction between time and the presence or absence of potassium sorbate was significant (p < 0.05) for the level of soluble solids. As potassium sorbate is soluble in water (THAKUR; SINGH; ARYA, 1994), the increase of that parameter (Figure 3) for the preserves with sorbate presence can be explained by the presence of that salt in the medium. However, in spite of the fact that the syneresis was not quantified during the storage, the elevation of the soluble solid levels throughout time can be attributed to that phenomenon, which is a problem frequently verified in fruit pulp gels, resulting from the liberation of the water maintained in the gel matrix (FIZMAN; DURAN, 1992; MOUQUET; DUMA; GUILBERT, 1992; MOUQUET et al., 1997).

During the five months of storage, there were no significant interferences of the packaging and potassium sorbate on the color parameters (Table 3). The storage of the preserves in cold chamber, without the effect of illumination, might have prevented that the different % of light transmission of the packaging (ALVES et al., 2007) interfere in the conservation process. However, there was significant interference (p < 0.05) of the storage time, but it was not possible to adjust a good model to the data regarding the variation of luminosity during storage, since the number of points studied (4 times) did not allow adjusting a higher order model. According to the averages presented (Table 5) a tendency of decline was verified for the luminosity values; in other words, there was a darkening of the preserves during storage. Similar results were found in works done with strawberry jam (GARCIA-VIGUERA et al., 1999; WICKLUND et al., 2005) and with umbu pulp preserves (POLICARPO et al., 2007b).

The indexes of the red coloration of the preserves (a *) increased with time (Figure 4), as in the work by Garcia-Viguera et al. (1999) in determining that the degradation rate of the value CIE a * is not always correlated to the degradation rate of the anthocyanin (pigment) in strawberry jam. It was demonstrated that the concentration of polymeric pigments increases with the temperature and time of storage, and that it has an important effect on the color of juices and red wines (SOMERS, 1971; ADANS; ONGLEY, 1973; BAKKER; TIMBERLAKE, 1986; WITHY et al., 1993).

In relation to the texture, only the adhesiveness presented a significant decrease (in absolute values) during the storage of the preserves (Table 3). The stability of the other parameters, which was pointed out by the variance analysis p < 0.05, is possibly attributed to the high values of the coefficients of variation (CV) (Table 3). This fact can be a result of the difficulty in maintaining the several processing stages strictly standardized, what can be an object of study in subsequent works. Figure 5 illustrates the behavior of the adhesiveness of the preserves during the five months of storage. The adjusted model was linear, due to the fact that the determination coefficient and significance index values of the model presented be satisfactory. A decrease of the adherence was verified during storage, in other words, a higher facility of detachment of the piston from the sample occured.

The treatments remained microbiologically stable during the 150 days of storage. The results indicated the absence of Salmonella sp. and a non-significant occurrence of total coliforms (< 3 NMP.g^-1), fungi and yeasts (< 10 UFC.g^-1). This stability is possibly due to the intrinsic characteristics of guava preserves, such as low pH (pH = 3.41), low water activity (between 0.76 and 0.78) and high soluble solids level (73 °Brix), besides the satisfactory sanitary condition during the processing.

4 Conclusions

The different types of packaging did not interfere in the stability of the guava preserves until the 5^th month of storage - time being the factor that most influences the quality of preserves when stored under temperature and humidity of 19.6 °C and 76.2%, respectively. The presence of potassium sorbate caused an increase in the level of soluble solids and a decrease of the water activity in the preserves. Regardless of the treatment, the preserves remained microbiologically stable during storage. Therefore, with this work, it can be concluded that it is not viable to add potassium sorbate to preserve guava preserves for 150 days, and that the criterion for the choice of packaging should be for the most economically viable, since the packaging factor also did not interfere. However, works with a longer evaluation time are suggested for better determination of the effects of the variables studied.

Received 21/9/2009

Accepted 24/3/2010 (004419)

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Corresponding author

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  21 Oct 2011
• Date of issue
  Sept 2011

History

• Received
  21 Sept 2009
• Accepted
  24 Mar 2010