Brazil is so far free from Candida auris. Are we missing something?

The emergence of the pathogenic yeast Candida auris has caused major concern, particularly in the United States of America.¹ Initially isolated 10 years ago from ear canal infection in Japan, C. auris has now clonally spread to five continents to become a real serious global health threat.² Similarly to other Candida species, the clinical spectrum associated with C. auris ranges from colonization to invasive diseases such as bloodstream infections.³ The most alarming factor associated with C. auris infections relates to the elevated frequency of multi-drug resistance seen with this species. Up to 90% of isolates are fluconazole-resistant, and varied susceptibilities have been reported for the other azoles (e.g., voriconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole), amphotericin B, or the echinocandins. This sort of multi-resistant pattern has not been seen for any other species in the Candida genus.³

Outbreaks of C. auris infections have also been reported in the UK,⁴ Spain⁵ and Latin America.⁶ Due to the limited data on C. auris infections, isolation precautions and cleaning of equipment/environment has been extrapolated from infections due to other multi-resistant organisms.⁷ In 2016, the Pan-American Health Organization published a note alerting to the risk of C. auris infections in Latin America, since an outbreak had already been reported in Venezuela.⁶ Outbreaks of C. auris blood stream infections are very similar to Gram-negative and Clostridium difficile infections, in which the environment may play an important role as a reservoir of such organisms.⁵ In order to quickly implement infection prevention and control measures, accurate species identification and rapid detection of cases are critical.^4,7 Once introduced in Brazilian hospitals, C. auris can disseminate quickly, which makes proper identification and implementation of infection control measures of ultimate importance.

Studies have demonstrated that C. auris is commonly misidentified as other yeasts when biochemical panels such as VITEK, API Candida, and Microscan are used for species identification.³ Misidentifications occur mostly (but not exclusively) with C. haemulonii, C. famata, C. guilliermondii, and C. sake. Proper identification of C. auris can be obtained with either MALDI-Tof or ITS and D1/D2 DNA sequencing. Moreover, it is important to reinforce that laboratories using MALDI-Tof should confirm with the manufacturer that C. auris is included and validated in the database.

To the best of our knowledge C. auris has so far not been detected in Brazil, which is intriguing. Is Brazil really exempt of this emerging fungus, or are we missing something? In a recent investigation of the diagnostic capabilities of mycology laboratories in Latin America,⁸ MALDI-Tof was available for only 16.6% of centers in Brazil, whilst 15.5% of centers were able to perform fungal DNA sequencing (9.5% could do both). No active screening for C. auris is in place in Brazil. The isolation of yeasts with high nucleotide identity with C. auris (e.g., C. haemulonii, C. famata, and others) should lead centers to screen their isolates with either MALDI-Tof or DNA sequencing, in an attempt to identify C. auris.

To summarize, more efforts are required in Brazil to document the burden of invasive fungal diseases, especially those due to multi-drug resistant isolates. This includes not only candidaemia, but also other mycoses such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis and aspergillosis, just to mention some common fungal infections. Modern diagnostic tests (i.e., beta-glucan, antigen detection, fluorescence microscopy, galactomannan, MALDI-Tof, PCR, and antifungal susceptibility testing) should be made available to the different regions of the country, as well as access to modern antifungal therapy. With these in place, it will not be a surprise if C. auris is found to be already circulating amongst us.

References

• ¹
  CDC, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Candida auris Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/index.html [accessed 29.04.19].
  » https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/index.html
• ²
  Meis JF, Chowdhary A. Candida auris: a global fungal public health threat. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:1298-9.
• ³
  Chowdhary A, Sharma C, Meis JF. Candida auris: a rapidly emerging cause of hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant fungal infections globally. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006290.
• ⁴
  Schelenz S, Hagen F, Rhodes JL, et al. First hospital outbreak of the globally emerging Candida auris in a European hospital. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2016;5:35.
• ⁵
  Ruiz-Gaitán A, Moret AM, Tasias-Pitarch M, et al. An outbreak due to Candida auris with prolonged colonisation and candidaemia in a tertiary care European hospital. Mycoses. 2018;61:498-505.
• ⁶
  PAHO, Pan American Health Organization; WHO, World Health Organization. Epidemiological alert. Candida auris outbreaks in health care services. Published on 3 October 2016. Available at: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&Itemid=270&gid=36354&lang=en [accessed 29.04.19].
  » http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&Itemid=270&gid=36354&lang=en
• ⁷
  Chowdhary A, Voss A, Meis JF. Multidrug-resistant Candida auris: ‘new kid on the block' in hospital-associated infections?. J Hosp Infect. 2016;94:209-12.
• ⁸
  Falci DR, Pasqualotto AC. Clinical mycology in Latin America and the Caribbean: a snapshot of diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. Mycoses. 2019;62:368-73.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Sept 2019
• Date of issue
  May-Jun 2019