Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Quantitative transportation assessment in curved canals prepared with an off-centered rectangular design system

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of an off-centered rectangular design system [ProTaper Next (PTN)] to maintain the original profile of the root canal anatomy. To this end, ProTaper Universal (PTU), Reciproc (R) and WaveOne (WO) systems were used as reference techniques for comparison. Forty clear resin blocks with simulated curved root canals were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 10) according to the instrumentation system used: PTN, PTU, R and WO. Color stereomicroscopic images of each block were taken before and after instrumentation. All image processing and data analysis were performed with an open source program (Fiji v.1.47n). Evaluation of canal transportation was obtained for two independent regions: straight and curved portions. Univariate analysis of variance and Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference test were performed, and a cut-off for significance was set at α = 5%. Instrumentation systems significantly influenced canal transportation (p = 0.000). Overall, R induced significantly lower canal transportation compared with WO, PTN and PTU (p = 0.000). The curved portion displayed superior canal transportation compared to the straight one (p = 0.000). The significance of the difference among instrumentation systems varied according to the canal level evaluated (p = 0.000). In its straight portion, R and WO exhibited significantly lower transportation than PTN; whereas in the curved portion, R produced the lowest deviation. PTU exhibited the highest canal transportation at both levels. It can be concluded that PTN produced less canal transportation than PTU and WO; however, R exhibited better centering ability than PTN.

Endodontics; Root Canal Preparation; Dental Instruments

Introduction

The development of novel nickel-titanium (NiTi) based root canal preparation systems, such as Reciproc (R) (VDW, Munich, Germany), WaveOne (WO; Dentsply Maillefer, Baillagues, Switzerland) and the recently launched ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Maillefer), have focused primarily on modifications in instrument design, alloy composition and shaping movements.

The most relevant reciprocation systems available on the market – R and WO – propose using a single file to prepare the root canal, so that it ultimately has a minimum taper-size shape.11. De-Deus G, Arruda TE, Souza EM, Neves A, Magalhães K, Thuanne E, et al. The ability of the Reciproc R25 instrument to reach the full root canal working length without a glide path. Int Endod J. 2013;46(10):993-8. doi:10.1111/iej.12091,22. Berutti E, Paolino DS, Chiandussi G, Alovisi M, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Root canal anatomy preservation of WaveOne reciprocating files with or without glide path. J Endod. 2012;38(1):101-4. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.030,33. Berutti E, Chiandussi G, Paolino DS, Scotti N, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Canal shaping with WaveOne Primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system: a comparative study. J Endod. 2012;38(4):505-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.040 To achieve this, reciprocating techniques normally use large, rigid single files of increased taper, which can result in a higher incidence of canal transportation, compared to the progressive filing increase in size and taper, as proposed in multifile rotary systems.33. Berutti E, Chiandussi G, Paolino DS, Scotti N, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Canal shaping with WaveOne Primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system: a comparative study. J Endod. 2012;38(4):505-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.040,44. Lim YJ, Park SJ, Kim HC, Min KS. Comparison of the centering ability of Wave·One and Reciproc nickel-titanium instruments in simulated curved canals. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):21-5. doi:10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.21,55. Marzouk AM, Ghoneim AG. Computed tomographic evaluation of canal shape instrumented by different kinematics rotary nickel-titanium systems. J Endod. 2013;39(7):906-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.023 Furthermore, the lack of a preliminary coronal enlargement, the greater engagement of the flutes, and the higher torque and/or increased applied pressure in reciprocating techniques could contribute to greater canal transportation.11. De-Deus G, Arruda TE, Souza EM, Neves A, Magalhães K, Thuanne E, et al. The ability of the Reciproc R25 instrument to reach the full root canal working length without a glide path. Int Endod J. 2013;46(10):993-8. doi:10.1111/iej.12091,22. Berutti E, Paolino DS, Chiandussi G, Alovisi M, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Root canal anatomy preservation of WaveOne reciprocating files with or without glide path. J Endod. 2012;38(1):101-4. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.030,33. Berutti E, Chiandussi G, Paolino DS, Scotti N, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Canal shaping with WaveOne Primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system: a comparative study. J Endod. 2012;38(4):505-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.040,44. Lim YJ, Park SJ, Kim HC, Min KS. Comparison of the centering ability of Wave·One and Reciproc nickel-titanium instruments in simulated curved canals. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):21-5. doi:10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.21,55. Marzouk AM, Ghoneim AG. Computed tomographic evaluation of canal shape instrumented by different kinematics rotary nickel-titanium systems. J Endod. 2013;39(7):906-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.023

In contrast, the multifile PTN system seeks to improve the strength and flexibility along the active part of the file, by incorporating a progressive and regressive taper design, and using an innovative off-centered rectangular design.66. Elnaghy AM, Elsaka SE. Evaluation of root canal transportation, centering ratio, and remaining dentin thickness associated with ProTaper Next instruments with and without glide path. J Endod. 2014;40(12):2053-6. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.09.001 This specific design enables an asymmetric rotary motion intended to decrease the screw-in effect, minimizing the contact area between the file and the dentinal walls.77. Ruddle CJ, Machtou P, West JD. The shaping movement: fifth-generation technology. Dent Today. 2013;32(4):94, 96-9. This could be especially important when navigating challenging curves in the apical region, thus minimizing canal transportation.

Investigations of the shaping effect promoted by these new NiTi systems are becoming more important, because they help understand how the file design and different kinematics affect NiTi system performance.88. Weine FS, Kelly RF, Lio PJ. The effect of preparation procedures on original canal shape and on apical foramen shape. J Endod. 1975;1(8):255-62. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(75)80037-9 Simulated curved canals in resin blocks have been traditionally used to evaluate some aspects of the shaping ability, including canal transportation and centering ability of different NiTi systems.99. Ajuz NCC, Armada L, Gonçalves LS, Debelian G, Siqueira Jr JF. Glide path preparation in S-shaped canals with rotary pathfinding nickel-titanium instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(4):534-7. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.025,1010. Giuliani V, Di Nasso L, Pace R, Pagavino G. Shaping ability of WaveOne primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system used in continuous and reciprocating motion. J Endod. 2014;40(9):1468-71. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.024 However, a major limitation of most proposed evaluation methods is the need of operator intervention to preselect the evaluation points required to ultimately obtain the transportation measurements. An interesting root transportation analysis in simulated canals has been recently proposed. It uses an automatic approach that measures the entire simulated canal without operator intervention.1111. Silva EJN, Tameirão MD, Belladonna FG, Neves AA, Souza EM, De-Deus G. Quantitative transportation assessment in simulated curved canals prepared with an Adaptive Movement System. J Endod. 2015;41(7):1125-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.028 This innovative method offers some improvements, including much less operator input and reduced bias, thus providing results for the evaluation of the whole canal length instead of just preselected slices.

The present study was designed to assess the ability of PTN system to maintain the original profile of root canal anatomy using simulated curved canals in resin blocks. ProTaper Universal (PTU; Dentsply Maillefer), R and WO systems were used as the reference techniques for comparison. A recently published methodological approach was used to automatically register the images before and after instrumentation and to use a skeletonization algorithm to calculate the canal centering ability. The null hypothesis tested was that there are no significant differences in canal transportation between the PTN and the other tested NiTi systems.

Methodology

Digital image acquisition

Forty simulated curved root canals in clear resin blocks (Endo Training Blocks ISO 15; Dentsply Maillefer), with 2% taper, 10 mm radius of curvature, 70° angle of curvature and 17 mm in length, were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 10) according to the instrumentation system used: PTN, PTU, R and WO. Before performing any instrumentation procedures, a round silicon base with a rectangular slot was fit onto the microscope base of a color stereomicroscope (1005t Opticam stereomicroscope; Opticam, São Paulo, Brazil) coupled to a digital camera (CMOS 10 megapixels; Opticam, São Paulo, Brazil). The rectangular slot matched the exact dimensions of the simulated canal blocks. Each specimen was then inserted into the slot, and color images were taken and stored in TIFF format. Following the instrumentation procedures, all blocks were imaged again, using the same protocol.

Ten resin blocks were used as a control group in which no instrumentation was performed, in order to check the reliability and consistency of the repositioning method. In this group, one color stereoscopic image of each block was taken. Afterwards, the block was removed, and replaced after another image taken.

Instrumentation

In all groups, a stainless steel 10- and 15 K-files (Dentsply Maillefer) scouted the canal up to the working length (WL), creating an initial and standardized glide path.

PTN. The canals were prepared with PTN instruments used at 300 rpm with 2 Ncm torque (VDW Silver). The X1 (17/0.04) and X2 (25/0.06) files were used sequentially at the full WL.

PTU. The canals were prepared with PTU instruments used at 300 rpm with 2 Ncm torque (VDW Silver). The following sequence was used: SX file (19/0.04) (1/2 of the WL); S1 file (18/0.02) (2/3 of the WL); S2 file (20/0.04) (2/3 of the WL); F1 (20/0.07) and F2 (25/0.08) files (full WL).

R. The canals were prepared with R25 (25/0.08) instruments used according to the pre-setting program (RECIPROC ALL), powered by a torque-controlled motor (VDW Silver). The instrument was gradually advanced in the root canal until it reached 2/3 of the WL, and then moved in a slow and gentle in-and-out pecking motion with a 3 mm amplitude limit. After each three complete pecking movements, the instrument was removed from the canal and its flutes were cleaned by insertion into a clean stand with a sponge.

WO. WO Primary (25/0.08) files were used similarly to the R group, according to the WAVEONE ALL pre-setting program.

All instrumentation procedures were performed by a single operator with experience in rotary and reciprocating motions, and only new instruments were used. Apical patency was confirmed between each preparation step, using a size 10 K-file just beyond the WL, and the canals were irrigated with 1.0 mL sterile water using a 30-G side-vented needle (Max-i-Probe; Dentsply Rinn, Elgin, USA) placed to a depth just short of binding. After final irrigation with 1.0 mL sterile water, post instrumentation images were performed as described earlier.

Image processing and analysis

All image processing, registration, segmentation and extraction of attributes were performed with the FIJI open source software interface (Fiji v.1.47n; Madison, USA) or one of its associated plugins.1212. Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):671-5. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2089 Image processing and analysis were based on previously described methodology.1111. Silva EJN, Tameirão MD, Belladonna FG, Neves AA, Souza EM, De-Deus G. Quantitative transportation assessment in simulated curved canals prepared with an Adaptive Movement System. J Endod. 2015;41(7):1125-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.028 Briefly, the images were first converted to an 8-bit grayscale, after which each pair of images (baseline and after instrumentation) was registered using the “Rigid Registration” plugin. The baseline image was used as the template for the rigid transformation. A composite image of the baseline and the instrumented canal after registration can be seen in Figure 1A.

Figure 1
(A) Composite image of superposition of sound and instrumented canals after image registration; (B) Segmented instrumented canal; (C) Skeleton of instrumented canal.

Each canal (baseline and instrumented) was then segmented from the background using an iterative polygon tracing tool. Each line segment was defined by the user, following the geometry of the canal, and aided by an automatic segmentation algorithm to appropriately define the edges. After defining the polygon, a simple binarization scheme (0 for background, 255 for the defined polygon) was applied (Figure 1B). A skeletonization algorithm,1111. Silva EJN, Tameirão MD, Belladonna FG, Neves AA, Souza EM, De-Deus G. Quantitative transportation assessment in simulated curved canals prepared with an Adaptive Movement System. J Endod. 2015;41(7):1125-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.028 which uses a symmetrical erosion procedure to find the centerline of the segmented images, was applied. An example of the final centerline of each baseline and instrumented canals is depicted in Figure 1C. The XY coordinates of each skeleton were exported to a spreadsheet, and the difference between each XY coordinate for the baseline and the instrumented skeleton images was calculated using the following formula:

where: xb and yb are the coordinates for the baseline canal, and xi and yi are the coordinates for the instrumented canal.

Transportation measurements were obtained by converting the values obtained to millimeters (mm) with the aid of the microscope magnification scale. Transportation values were then averaged for the whole canal or for two independent regions (straight and curved portions), as seen in Figure 2A, which shows the artificial canal image and the regions analyzed.

Figure 2
(A) Schematic representation of the straight and curved canal regions evaluated in the present study. (B) Mean transportation values in simulated canals for each instrumentation group and canal portion.

Statistical analysis

Both canal portions generated several deviation values (straight = 26,360 and curved = 33,600), corresponding to each pixel evaluated. Each pixel was considered as a unit for statistical analysis purposes. Considering the data size, a bell-shaped distribution was assumed, and a univariate analysis of variance (two-way) procedure, with a cut-off significance level of α = 5%, was selected, considering the instrumentation systems and the root canal portion as independent variables, and canal transportation (in mm) as the dependent. Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference test was used for pair-wise comparisons.

Results

No canal transportation was observed in the control group, confirming the reliability and consistency of the method. Instrumentation systems significantly influenced canal transportation (p = 0.000). Considering the overall canal length, R (0.061 ± 0.049) induced significantly lower canal transportation compared with WO (0.063 ± 0.060), PTN (0.072 ± 0.062) and PTU (0.082 ± 0.066) (p = 0.000). Canal transportation was more severe in curved canal portions (0.091 0.066) when compared to straight portions (0.042 ± 0.037) (p = 0.00), as seen in Figure 2B. A significant interaction between the instrumentation systems and the root canal portion (p = 0.000) indicated patterns of different effect for the instruments, according to the canal level, as follows: in the straight portion, similar canal transportation was observed for WO and R; this result was found to be significantly lower for PTN; in the curved portion, R produced the lowest canal transportation. WO and PTN produced similar results. PTU exhibited the greatest transportation values in both canal portions (Table).

Table
Mean, standard deviation (SD) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for the interaction between instrumentation systems and canal portion.

Discussion

The present study used a recently described methodology to study transportation in simulated root canals, by comparing images registered before and after instrumentation with different systems.1111. Silva EJN, Tameirão MD, Belladonna FG, Neves AA, Souza EM, De-Deus G. Quantitative transportation assessment in simulated curved canals prepared with an Adaptive Movement System. J Endod. 2015;41(7):1125-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.028 This method considerably reduces the bias related to a subjective, visually driven or operator-based image superimposition scheme and canal transportation evaluation,22. Berutti E, Paolino DS, Chiandussi G, Alovisi M, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Root canal anatomy preservation of WaveOne reciprocating files with or without glide path. J Endod. 2012;38(1):101-4. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.030,33. Berutti E, Chiandussi G, Paolino DS, Scotti N, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Canal shaping with WaveOne Primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system: a comparative study. J Endod. 2012;38(4):505-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.040,99. Ajuz NCC, Armada L, Gonçalves LS, Debelian G, Siqueira Jr JF. Glide path preparation in S-shaped canals with rotary pathfinding nickel-titanium instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(4):534-7. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.025,1010. Giuliani V, Di Nasso L, Pace R, Pagavino G. Shaping ability of WaveOne primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system used in continuous and reciprocating motion. J Endod. 2014;40(9):1468-71. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.024 since it is virtually not dependent on user input, and also gives information on the whole canal length, instead of only preselected slices. Although the two-dimensional approach represents a clear limitation of the method, it is important to point out that current three-dimensional-based techniques used to evaluate root canal transportation have not yet provided fully quantitative volumetric data,55. Marzouk AM, Ghoneim AG. Computed tomographic evaluation of canal shape instrumented by different kinematics rotary nickel-titanium systems. J Endod. 2013;39(7):906-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.023,1313. Lee TC, Kashyap RL, Chu CN. Building skeleton models via 3-D medial surface/axis thinning algorithms. Comput Vis Graph Image Process. 1994;56(6):462-78. doi:10.1006/cgip.1994.1042,1414. Zhao D, Shen Y, Peng B, Haapasalo M. Micro-computed tomography evaluation of the preparation of mesiobuccal root canals in maxillary first molars with Hyflex CM, Twisted Files, and K3 instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(3):385-8. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.030,1515. Junaid A, Freire LG, Bueno CES, Mello I, Cunha RS. Influence of single-file endodontics on apical transportation in curved root canals: an ex vivo micro-computed tomographic study. J Endod. 2014;40(5):717-20. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.09.021,1616. Freire LG, Gavini G, Cunha RS, Santos M. Assessing apical transportation in curved canals: comparison between cross-sections and micro-computed tomography. Braz Oral Res. 2012;26(3):222-7. doi:10.1590/S1806-83242012000300007,1717. Gergi R, Osta N, Bourbouze G, Zgheib C, Arbab-Chirani R, Naaman A. Effects of three nickel titanium instrument systems on root canal geometry assessed by micro-computed tomography. Int Endod J. 2015;48(2):162-70. doi:10.1111/iej.12296 resulting in the evaluation of limited selected slices and manual selection of gravity center points.

Simulated artificial canals have already been validated as satisfactory models to study the shaping ability of endodontic instruments.22. Berutti E, Paolino DS, Chiandussi G, Alovisi M, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Root canal anatomy preservation of WaveOne reciprocating files with or without glide path. J Endod. 2012;38(1):101-4. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.030,33. Berutti E, Chiandussi G, Paolino DS, Scotti N, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Canal shaping with WaveOne Primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system: a comparative study. J Endod. 2012;38(4):505-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.040,44. Lim YJ, Park SJ, Kim HC, Min KS. Comparison of the centering ability of Wave·One and Reciproc nickel-titanium instruments in simulated curved canals. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):21-5. doi:10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.21,99. Ajuz NCC, Armada L, Gonçalves LS, Debelian G, Siqueira Jr JF. Glide path preparation in S-shaped canals with rotary pathfinding nickel-titanium instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(4):534-7. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.025,1010. Giuliani V, Di Nasso L, Pace R, Pagavino G. Shaping ability of WaveOne primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system used in continuous and reciprocating motion. J Endod. 2014;40(9):1468-71. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.024 These models are especially attractive, because they fully standardize the canal anatomy. However, there are some limitations. These include the difference in microhardness between manufactured resin and root dentin,99. Ajuz NCC, Armada L, Gonçalves LS, Debelian G, Siqueira Jr JF. Glide path preparation in S-shaped canals with rotary pathfinding nickel-titanium instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(4):534-7. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.025 and the potential side effects created by heat generation during instrumentation, which may soften the resin material and bind the cutting blades of the instruments.22. Berutti E, Paolino DS, Chiandussi G, Alovisi M, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Root canal anatomy preservation of WaveOne reciprocating files with or without glide path. J Endod. 2012;38(1):101-4. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.030,33. Berutti E, Chiandussi G, Paolino DS, Scotti N, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Canal shaping with WaveOne Primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system: a comparative study. J Endod. 2012;38(4):505-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.040,44. Lim YJ, Park SJ, Kim HC, Min KS. Comparison of the centering ability of Wave·One and Reciproc nickel-titanium instruments in simulated curved canals. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):21-5. doi:10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.21,99. Ajuz NCC, Armada L, Gonçalves LS, Debelian G, Siqueira Jr JF. Glide path preparation in S-shaped canals with rotary pathfinding nickel-titanium instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(4):534-7. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.025,1010. Giuliani V, Di Nasso L, Pace R, Pagavino G. Shaping ability of WaveOne primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system used in continuous and reciprocating motion. J Endod. 2014;40(9):1468-71. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.024,1111. Silva EJN, Tameirão MD, Belladonna FG, Neves AA, Souza EM, De-Deus G. Quantitative transportation assessment in simulated curved canals prepared with an Adaptive Movement System. J Endod. 2015;41(7):1125-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.028 For this reason, care should be taken before extrapolating these results directly to a clinical situation.

During the investigation of the shaping ability of NiTi systems, it is important to standardize not only the tip size but also the taper of the last file used during root canal preparation. For this reason, this study used R R25 and WO Primary files for the reciprocation systems; while PTN X2 and PTU F2 instruments were used in the multifile systems. Therefore canal preparation was standardized to a final shape of ISO 25 tip size with a taper of 0.08 over the first 3 mm for all tested systems, except for PTN, which has a taper of 0.06 over the first 3 mm. Taper and cross-sectional design could explain the better results observed herein in the PTN group, as compared with the PTU and WO systems.

The clinical applicability of the current canal preparation results using only one instrument is indeed very attractive. Reciprocating motion is known to improve the canal centering ability and to reduce the risk of root canal aberrations.1818. Roane JB, Sabala CL, Duncanson MG Jr. The “balanced force” concept for instrumentation of curved canals. J Endod. 1985;11(5):203-11. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(85)80061-3,1919. Southard DW, Oswald RJ, Natkin E. Instrumentation of curved molar root canals with the Roane technique. J Endod. 1987;13(10):479-89. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(87)80015-8 In this study, R system showed significantly less canal transportation in relation to the overall canal length. Therefore, the null hypothesis tested was rejected. It is important to point out that the difference between the reciprocating systems (R and WO) was numerically very low (0.002 mm), as compared with the numerical difference between the mean transportation values in reciprocating and multifile rotary systems (0.01-0.02 mm), in relation to the entire canal length. Despite the fact that R and WO instruments have some similarities, such as the reciprocating motion per se and the same special heat-treated M-wire alloy and tip size,2020. Çapar ID, Ertas H, Ok E, Arslan H, Ertas ET. Comparative study of different novel nickel-titanium rotary systems for root canal preparation in severely curved root canals. J Endod. 2014;40(6):852-6. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.010,2121. Saber SE, Nagy MM, Schäfer E. Comparative evaluation of the shaping ability of WaveOne, Reciproc and OneShape single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. Int Endod J. 2015;48(1):109-14. doi:10.1111/iej.12289,2222. Bürklein S, Hinschitza K, Dammaschke T, Schäfer E. Shaping ability and cleaning effectiveness of two single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth: Reciproc and WaveOne versus Mtwo and ProTaper. Int Endod J. 2012;45(5):449-61. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01996.x the former showed significantly less transportation in the curved portion of the canal. These results may be explained by their different cross-sectional designs; whereas R has a double-cutting edge S-shaped geometry, WO has a modified, convex, triangular cross-section with radial lands at the tip, and a convex triangular cross-section in the middle and coronal portion of the file, with a larger cross-sectional area when compared to R.2020. Çapar ID, Ertas H, Ok E, Arslan H, Ertas ET. Comparative study of different novel nickel-titanium rotary systems for root canal preparation in severely curved root canals. J Endod. 2014;40(6):852-6. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.010 This larger cross-sectional area influences the bending resistance of the instrument,2323. De-Deus G, Vieira VTL, Silva EJN, Lopes H, Elias CN, Moreira EJ. Bending resistance and dynamic and static cyclic fatigue life of Reciproc and WaveOne large instruments. J Endod. 2014;40(4):575-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.013 making it less flexible and thus increasing the straightening trend in curved canals. The larger cross-sectional area of PTN and PTU may also substantiate the differences between these and R. In addition, other variables such as the screw-in effect, which usually occurs with active instruments that rotate under continuous rotation motion,2424. You SY, Kim HC, Bae KS, Baek SH, Kum KY, Lee W. Shaping ability of reciprocating motion in curved root canals: a comparative study with micro-computed tomography. J Endod. 2011;37(9):1296-1300. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.05.021,2525. Diemer F, Calas P. Effect of pitch length on the behavior of rotary triple helix root canal instruments. J Endod. 2004;30(10):716-8. doi:10.1097/01.DON.0000125877.26495.69 and the total number of used instruments, may explain the results obtained by PTN and PTU herein. Overall, PTU system showed the highest canal transportation mean (0.082 mm), which may be explained by its traditional NiTi alloy, which noticeably affects stress-strain distribution patterns and bending ability, making PTU much less flexible.

The outperformance showed by the R system contrasts with some recent studies, which have shown no differences regarding shaping outcomes, compared to other NiTi systems.2020. Çapar ID, Ertas H, Ok E, Arslan H, Ertas ET. Comparative study of different novel nickel-titanium rotary systems for root canal preparation in severely curved root canals. J Endod. 2014;40(6):852-6. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.010,2121. Saber SE, Nagy MM, Schäfer E. Comparative evaluation of the shaping ability of WaveOne, Reciproc and OneShape single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. Int Endod J. 2015;48(1):109-14. doi:10.1111/iej.12289,2222. Bürklein S, Hinschitza K, Dammaschke T, Schäfer E. Shaping ability and cleaning effectiveness of two single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth: Reciproc and WaveOne versus Mtwo and ProTaper. Int Endod J. 2012;45(5):449-61. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01996.x Çapar et al.2020. Çapar ID, Ertas H, Ok E, Arslan H, Ertas ET. Comparative study of different novel nickel-titanium rotary systems for root canal preparation in severely curved root canals. J Endod. 2014;40(6):852-6. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.010 showed similar canal curvature modifications among OneShape (Micro-Mega, Besançon, France), PTU, PTN, R, WO and Twisted File Adaptive (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) systems in the mesial root canals of mandibular molars, and Saber et al.2121. Saber SE, Nagy MM, Schäfer E. Comparative evaluation of the shaping ability of WaveOne, Reciproc and OneShape single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. Int Endod J. 2015;48(1):109-14. doi:10.1111/iej.12289 showed no differences in the overall shaping ability of R and WO in curved root canals using digital radiographs. Bürklein et al.2222. Bürklein S, Hinschitza K, Dammaschke T, Schäfer E. Shaping ability and cleaning effectiveness of two single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth: Reciproc and WaveOne versus Mtwo and ProTaper. Int Endod J. 2012;45(5):449-61. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01996.x have also shown no differences among R, WO, PTU and Mtwo (VDW) systems in extracted teeth using digital radiography to evaluate their shaping ability. These contradictory results could be attributed mainly to the differences in the magnitude of the resolution employed by these studies, which are about 10-1 mm, compared to the present study, where resolution was increased to about 10-3 mm, which can considerably increase the effect of small differences among the instrumentation systems. Whether the difference achieved herein is of clinical significance is a matter of further debate. Other factors, including instrument design, alloy composition, instrumentation technique and root canal anatomy, are also known to cause an impact on canal transportation2626. Bürklein S, Poschmann T, Schäfer E. Shaping ability of different nickel-titanium systems in simulated S-shaped canals with and without glide path. J Endod. 2014;40(8):1231-4. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.043 and may account for the present results.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that PTN produced less canal transportation than PTU and WO systems; however, R exhibited better centering ability than PTN.

Acknowledgements

This study was partially funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - FAPERJ grants E-26/111.690/2013, E-26/201.491/2014 and E-26/010.001243/2015.

References

  • 1
    De-Deus G, Arruda TE, Souza EM, Neves A, Magalhães K, Thuanne E, et al. The ability of the Reciproc R25 instrument to reach the full root canal working length without a glide path. Int Endod J. 2013;46(10):993-8. doi:10.1111/iej.12091
  • 2
    Berutti E, Paolino DS, Chiandussi G, Alovisi M, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Root canal anatomy preservation of WaveOne reciprocating files with or without glide path. J Endod. 2012;38(1):101-4. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.030
  • 3
    Berutti E, Chiandussi G, Paolino DS, Scotti N, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, et al. Canal shaping with WaveOne Primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system: a comparative study. J Endod. 2012;38(4):505-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.040
  • 4
    Lim YJ, Park SJ, Kim HC, Min KS. Comparison of the centering ability of Wave·One and Reciproc nickel-titanium instruments in simulated curved canals. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):21-5. doi:10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.21
  • 5
    Marzouk AM, Ghoneim AG. Computed tomographic evaluation of canal shape instrumented by different kinematics rotary nickel-titanium systems. J Endod. 2013;39(7):906-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.023
  • 6
    Elnaghy AM, Elsaka SE. Evaluation of root canal transportation, centering ratio, and remaining dentin thickness associated with ProTaper Next instruments with and without glide path. J Endod. 2014;40(12):2053-6. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.09.001
  • 7
    Ruddle CJ, Machtou P, West JD. The shaping movement: fifth-generation technology. Dent Today. 2013;32(4):94, 96-9.
  • 8
    Weine FS, Kelly RF, Lio PJ. The effect of preparation procedures on original canal shape and on apical foramen shape. J Endod. 1975;1(8):255-62. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(75)80037-9
  • 9
    Ajuz NCC, Armada L, Gonçalves LS, Debelian G, Siqueira Jr JF. Glide path preparation in S-shaped canals with rotary pathfinding nickel-titanium instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(4):534-7. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.025
  • 10
    Giuliani V, Di Nasso L, Pace R, Pagavino G. Shaping ability of WaveOne primary reciprocating files and ProTaper system used in continuous and reciprocating motion. J Endod. 2014;40(9):1468-71. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.024
  • 11
    Silva EJN, Tameirão MD, Belladonna FG, Neves AA, Souza EM, De-Deus G. Quantitative transportation assessment in simulated curved canals prepared with an Adaptive Movement System. J Endod. 2015;41(7):1125-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.028
  • 12
    Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):671-5. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2089
  • 13
    Lee TC, Kashyap RL, Chu CN. Building skeleton models via 3-D medial surface/axis thinning algorithms. Comput Vis Graph Image Process. 1994;56(6):462-78. doi:10.1006/cgip.1994.1042
  • 14
    Zhao D, Shen Y, Peng B, Haapasalo M. Micro-computed tomography evaluation of the preparation of mesiobuccal root canals in maxillary first molars with Hyflex CM, Twisted Files, and K3 instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(3):385-8. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.030
  • 15
    Junaid A, Freire LG, Bueno CES, Mello I, Cunha RS. Influence of single-file endodontics on apical transportation in curved root canals: an ex vivo micro-computed tomographic study. J Endod. 2014;40(5):717-20. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.09.021
  • 16
    Freire LG, Gavini G, Cunha RS, Santos M. Assessing apical transportation in curved canals: comparison between cross-sections and micro-computed tomography. Braz Oral Res. 2012;26(3):222-7. doi:10.1590/S1806-83242012000300007
  • 17
    Gergi R, Osta N, Bourbouze G, Zgheib C, Arbab-Chirani R, Naaman A. Effects of three nickel titanium instrument systems on root canal geometry assessed by micro-computed tomography. Int Endod J. 2015;48(2):162-70. doi:10.1111/iej.12296
  • 18
    Roane JB, Sabala CL, Duncanson MG Jr. The “balanced force” concept for instrumentation of curved canals. J Endod. 1985;11(5):203-11. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(85)80061-3
  • 19
    Southard DW, Oswald RJ, Natkin E. Instrumentation of curved molar root canals with the Roane technique. J Endod. 1987;13(10):479-89. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(87)80015-8
  • 20
    Çapar ID, Ertas H, Ok E, Arslan H, Ertas ET. Comparative study of different novel nickel-titanium rotary systems for root canal preparation in severely curved root canals. J Endod. 2014;40(6):852-6. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.010
  • 21
    Saber SE, Nagy MM, Schäfer E. Comparative evaluation of the shaping ability of WaveOne, Reciproc and OneShape single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. Int Endod J. 2015;48(1):109-14. doi:10.1111/iej.12289
  • 22
    Bürklein S, Hinschitza K, Dammaschke T, Schäfer E. Shaping ability and cleaning effectiveness of two single-file systems in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth: Reciproc and WaveOne versus Mtwo and ProTaper. Int Endod J. 2012;45(5):449-61. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01996.x
  • 23
    De-Deus G, Vieira VTL, Silva EJN, Lopes H, Elias CN, Moreira EJ. Bending resistance and dynamic and static cyclic fatigue life of Reciproc and WaveOne large instruments. J Endod. 2014;40(4):575-9. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.013
  • 24
    You SY, Kim HC, Bae KS, Baek SH, Kum KY, Lee W. Shaping ability of reciprocating motion in curved root canals: a comparative study with micro-computed tomography. J Endod. 2011;37(9):1296-1300. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.05.021
  • 25
    Diemer F, Calas P. Effect of pitch length on the behavior of rotary triple helix root canal instruments. J Endod. 2004;30(10):716-8. doi:10.1097/01.DON.0000125877.26495.69
  • 26
    Bürklein S, Poschmann T, Schäfer E. Shaping ability of different nickel-titanium systems in simulated S-shaped canals with and without glide path. J Endod. 2014;40(8):1231-4. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.043

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    2016

History

  • Received
    20 July 2015
  • Reviewed
    13 Nov 2015
  • Accepted
    28 Jan 2016
Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica - SBPqO Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, 05508-000 São Paulo SP - Brazil, Tel. (55 11) 3044-2393/(55 11) 9-7557-1244 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: office.bor@ingroup.srv.br