Acessibilidade / Reportar erro
• urbe, Rev. Bras. Gest. Urbana 6 (2) • Aug 2014 • https://doi.org/10.7213/urbe.06.002.SE05   copy

Socio-spatial violence prevention: Inhibiting violence in Caracas, Venezuela through spatial planning

Prevenção socioespacial da violência: Inibindo a violência em Caracas através do planejamento espacial

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstracts

Contemporary urban growth in many cities in Latin American and Africa has been accompanied by unprecedented levels of urban violence. Latin America epitomizes this trend as three of the world's most dangerous cities, Ciudad Juárez, San Pedro Sula, and Caracas, are located within this region (JÁCOME; GRATIUS, 2011, p. 2). Of these three, Caracas is notable because its exorbitant homicide rate cannot be explicitly attributed to the illicit drug trade-cartel wars that consume Mexico, nor is it represented by the civil conflict-gang violence that afflicts Central America. Moreover, the Venezuelan context is further distinguished as inequality, which is consistently cited as the primary catalyst for the emergence of everyday reactionary violence, is not overtly characteristic of the contemporary situation. Rather, caraqueño insecurity has largely been attributed to the exacerbation of social factors that perpetuate violence as "[...] an end in itself or a [mechanism] to injure/eliminate another person in order to resolve an interpersonal conflict [...]" (SANJUÁN, 2002, p. 95). Based on this reality, this work proposes the inclusion of socio-spatial interventions into contemporary prevention initiatives. Spatial interventions have shown a "[...] significant capacity to prevent the occurrence of violence in areas that are either totally or partially excluded from economic development and larger society [...]" (DÍAZ; MELLER, 2012, p. 23). Implications of this work have the capacity to augment predominantly technical violence prevention precedent and enhance knowledge on alternative mechanisms to prevent insecurity. This study employs a comprehensive literature review in conjunction with data analyses in the development of a spatial proposal for Caracas.

Urban violence prevention; Socio-spatial intervention; Latin American urban development

O crescimento urbano contemporâneo em muitas cidades da América Latina e da África tem sido acompanhado por níveis sem precedentes de violência urbana. No entanto, a América Latina resume mais essa tendência: três das cidades mais perigosas do mundo são localizadas na região: Ciudad Juárez, San Pedro Sula e Caracas (JÁCOME; GRATIUS, 2011, p. 2). Dessas três, Caracas é particular. Sua taxa exorbitante de homicídios não pode ser atribuída às guerras dos cartéis de drogas ilícitas que consomem o México, nem é representativa da violência de gangues que aflige a América Central. Além disso, o contexto venezuelano é distinto, porque a desigualdade, constantemente citada como o principal catalisador para o surgimento de violência reacionária não é característica em aprofundamento da situação contemporânea. A insegurança caraquenha, pelo contrário, tem sido amplamente atribuída à exacerbação de determinados fatores sociais, perpetuando a violência como "[...] um fim em si mesmo ou um [mecanismo] para ferir/eliminar outra pessoa, a fim de resolver um conflito interpessoal [...]" (SANJUÁN, 2002, p. 95). Por conta dessa realidade, este trabalho propõe a inclusão de intervenções socioespaciais em iniciativas de prevenção contemporâneos. Intervenções espaciais têm mostrado uma "[...] significativa capacidade de prevenir a ocorrência de violência nas áreas que são total ou parcialmente excluídas do desenvolvimento econômico e da sociedade em geral [...]" (DÍAZ; MELLER, 2012, p. 23). Implicações deste trabalho podem levar ao desenvolvimento de precedente de prevenção da violência predominantemente técnico e assim melhorar o conhecimento sobre os mecanismos alternativos para evitar a insegurança. Este estudo emprega uma ampla revisão da literatura em conjunto com análises de dados para o desenvolvimento de uma proposta espacial para Caracas.

Prevenção da violência urbana; Intervenção socioespacial; Desenvolvimento urbano da América Latina

  • ADAMS, T. M. Chronic Violence and its Reproduction: Perverse Trends in Social Relations, Citizenship, and Democracy in Latin America. Washington: Woodrow Wilson Update on the Americas, 2012. Available at: <http://www.wilsoncenter.org/ChronicViolence>. Accessed in: Oct. 2013.
  • AGBOLA, T. The Architecture of Fear - Urban Design and Construction Response to Urban Violence in Lagos, Nigeria. Ibadan: IFRA; ABB, 1997.
  • AGOSTINI, G. et al. Understanding the Processes of Urban Violence: An Analytical Framework. Crisis States Research Centre, 2010. Available at: <http://www.eisf.eu/resources/item/?d=4176>. Accessed in: Apr. 2013.
  • ALEMÁN, A. A. Urban Upgrading Intervention and Barrio Integration in Caracas, Venezuela. 2008. 243 f. Thesis (Doctorate in Spatial Planning)-Dortmund University of Technology, Faculty of Spatial Planning, Dortmund, 2008.
  • AZZELLINI, D.; LANZ, S.; WILDNER, K. Caracas: Urbane Kämpfe und Debatten in der in/formellen Stadt. In: AZZELLINI, D.; LANZ, S.; WILDNER, K. Caracas, Sozialisierende Stadt - Die "bolivarianische" Metropole zwischen Selbstorganisation und Steuerung. Berlin: b_books, 2013. vol. 12. MetroZones, p. 7-22.
  • BRICEÑO-LEÓN, R.; ZUBILLAGA, V. Violence and Globalization in Latin America. Current Sociology, v. 50, n. 1, p. 19-37, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392102050001003
  • BRICEÑO-LEÓN, R. Urban Violence and Public Health in Latin America: A Sociological Explanatory Framework. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 21, n. 6, p. 1629-1648, 2005. PMid:16410839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000600002
  • BRICEÑO-LEÓN, R. Caracas. In: KOONINGS, K.; KRUIJT, D. (Eds.): Fractured Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence and Contested Spaces in Latin America. London: Zed Books; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. p. 86-100.
  • BRICEÑO-LEÓN, R.; CAMARDIEL, A.; AVILA, O. Attitudes Toward the Right to Kill in Latin American Culture. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, v. 22, n. 4, p. 303-323, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986206297092
  • BRILLEMBOURG, A.; FEIREISS, K.; KLUMPNER, H. (Eds.). Informal City: Caracas Case. Munich; London: Prestel, 2005.
  • BRILLEMBOURG, A.; KLUMPNER, H.; SCHWARTZ, D. Build Simply: South of the Border. Mas Context Conflict, n. 10, p. 14-28, summer 2011.
  • BUENADICCION. Labrotorio de Artes Urbano de Caracas Gana Premio Internacional BuenaDiccion. Caracas, 2013. Available at: <http://buenadiccion.com/mostrar.php?bdparam=laboratorio_de_arte_urbano_de_caracas _gana_premio_internacional>. Accessed in: Mar. 2013.
  • CALDEIRA, T. P. City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkely: University of California Press, 2000.
  • CENTENARIO DE VILLANUEVA. Sitio Web Centenario de Carlos Raúl Villanueva Universidad Central de Venezuela. 2011. Available at: <http://www.centenariovillanueva.web.ve/>. Accessed in: 20 Dec. 2013.
  • CORREO DEL ORINOCO. El Padre Alejandro Moreno asegura que no se ha hecho lo suficiente para el desarme Caracas, 2013. Available at: <http://comisionpresidencialdesarme.gob.ve/index.php/entrevistas/item/480-el-padre-alejandro-moreno-asegura-que-no-se-ha-hecho-lo-suficiente-para-el-desarme>. Accessed in: July 2013.
  • DAVIS, D. E. A Toolkit for Urban Resilience in Situations of Chronic Violence Massachusetts, 2012. Available at: <http://web.mit.edu/cis/urban_resilience.html>. Accessed in: May 2013.
  • DÍAZ, F. J.; MELLER, P. (Ed.). Violencia y Cohesión Social en América Latina Santiago: Uqbar Editores, 2012.
  • ELEVENTH STACK. What's a Digital Bookmobile 2009. Available at: <http://eleventhstack.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/whats-a-digital-bookmobile/>. Accessed in: Feb. 2014.
  • ELJURI, E. et al. Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepción de Seguridad Ciudadana 2009 (ENVPSC-2009): Documento Técnico. Caracas: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela, 2010.
  • FAJNZYLBER, P.; LEDERMAN, D.; LOAYZA, N. What Causes Violent Crime? European Economic Review, v. 46, p. 1323-1357, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00096-4
  • FISCHER, D. Peace as a Self-Regulating Process. In: WEBEL, C.; GALTUNG, J. (Ed.). Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies London; New York: Routledge, 2007. p. 187-205. PMid:17325749. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203089163.ch13
  • FRIEDMANN, J. Venezuela: From Doctrine to Dialogue. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1965. PMCid: PMC472992.
  • GALTUNG, J. Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, v. 6, n. 3, p. 167-191, 1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301
  • GOBIERNO BOLIVARIANO DE VENEZUELA. Gran Misión A Toda Vida Venezuela: Por una Convivencia Segura. 2012. Available at: <http://conciencia.mcti.gob.ve/assets/publico/enlaces/pdf/relevantes/mision.pdf>. Accessed in: Jan. 2012.
  • GRATIUS, S.; VALENÇA, M. Urban Violence in Caracas and Rio de Janeiro: Local and European Responses. 2011. Available at: <http://www.ifp-ew.eu>. Accessed in: Feb. 2013.
  • HOLSTON, J. Insurgent Citizenship in an Era of Global Urban Peripheries Urban Peripheries. Centre of Contemporary Culture of Barcelona, Barcelona. 13 Dec. 2007. Public Space. Web. 16 Feb. 20114. <http://www.publicspace.org/es/texto-biblioteca/eng/b001-insurgent-citizen ship-in-an-era-of-global-urban-peripheries>
  • JÁCOME, F.; GRATIUS, S. Violencia, Inseguridad, y Polarización Política en Venezuela 2011. Available at: <http://www.ifp-ew.eu/pdf/201111IfPEWFRIDEViolenciaInseguridadEnVenezuela.pdf>. Accessed in: Feb. 2013.
  • KRAUSE, M. Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading in the Township of Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. TRIALOG Journal for Planning and Building in the Third World, v. 108, p. 26-35, 2011.
  • KRUG, E.; DAHLBERG, L.; MERCY, J. A. World report on Violence & Health. Summary WHO, 2002. Available at: <http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/>. Accessed in: Apr. 2013.
  • KÜHN, J. Landreform und urbane Kämpfe in Caracas. In: AZZELLINI, D.; LANZ, S.; WILDNER, K. Caracas, Sozialisierende Stadt - Die "bolivarianische" Metropole zwischen Selbstorganisation und Steuerung. Berlin: b_books, 2013. (MetroZones, v. 12). p. 190-209.
  • LABROTORIO DE ARTES URBANO - LAU. Micro Info LAU - Subtitulado 2013. [Movie]. Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cA_DIbMP7Vs>. Accessed in: Apr. 2013.
  • MARC, A.; WILLMAN, A. M. Violence in the City: Understanding and Supporting Community Responses to Urban Violence. Washington: World Bank, 2010.
  • MAYTÍN, M. Drei historische Momente in der städtischen Entwicklung von Caracas. In: AZZELLINI, D.; LANZ, S.; WILDNER, K. Caracas, Sozialisierende Stadt - Die "bolivarianische" Metropole zwischen Selbstorganisation und Steuerung. Berlin: b_books, 2013. vol. 12. MetroZones, p. 58-73.
  • MCILWAINE, C.; MOSER, C. O. N. Living in Fear: How the Urban Poor Perceive Violence, Fear, and Insecurity. In: KOONING, K.; FRUIJT, D. (Ed.). Fractured Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence and Contested Spaces in Latin America. London: Zed Books; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. p. 117-137.
  • MOSER, C. O. N. Urban Violence and Insecurity. An Introductory Roadmap. Environment and Urbanization, v. 16, n. 2, p. 3-16, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780401600220
  • MOSER, C. O. N.; MCILWAINE, C. Encounters with Daily Violence in Latin America: Urban poor perceptions from Columbia and Guatemala. New York: Routledge, 2004.
  • MUGGAH, R. Researching the Urban Dilemma: Urbanization, Poverty and Violence. 2012. Available at: <http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Programs/Social_and_Economic_Policy/Governance_Security_ and_Justice /Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=1096>. Accessed in: Mar. 2013.
  • RAY, T. F. The Politics of the Barrios of Venezuela Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
  • SALIEZ, F. et al. The State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities 2012: Towards a new urban transition. Naples: UNHABITAT, 2012.
  • SÁNCHEZ, S. Die Umsiedlung der informellen Wirtschaft in der Stadt Caracas. In: AZZELLINI, D.; LANZ, S.; WILDNER, K. Caracas, Sozialisierende Stadt - Die "bolivarianische" Metropole zwischen Selbstorganisation und Steuerung. Berlin: b_books, 2013. (MetroZones, v. 12). p. 111-19.
  • SANJUÁN, A. M. Dimensionamiento y Caracterización de las Violencias en Caracas. El Slavador: Inter-American Development Bank, 1998.
  • SANJUÁN, A. M. Democracy, Citizenship, and Violence in Venezuela. In: ROTKER, S.; GOLDMAN, K. (Ed.). Citizens of Fear: Urban Violence in Latin America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002. p. 87-101.
  • SANTA-BARBARA, J. Peace Business: An Introduction. In: WEBEL, C.; GALTUNG, J. (Ed.). Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies London; New York: Routledge, 2007. p. 232-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203089163.ch15
  • STANN, E. Caracas Venezuela, 1891-1936 1975. Thesis (Doctorate of Philosophy)-Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt, 1975.
  • THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT LIMITED. Worldwide Cost of Living 2013: Which City is the Most Expensive to Live In? London, 2013. Available at: <https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=WCol2013>. Accessed in: May 2013.
  • UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME - UN-HABITAT. Urban Planning for City Leaders Nairobi: UN-HABITAT, 2012.
  • UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME - UN-HABITAT. Building Urban Safety through Slum Upgrading Nairobi: UN-HABITAT, 2011.
  • UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL DE LA SEGURIDAD - UNES. Violencia Juventil y Construccion de Identidades. Caracas: UNES, 2011. Available at: <http://www.unes.edu.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3980>. Accessed in: June 2013.
  • VANDERSCHUEREN, F. From Violence to Justice and Security in Cities. Environment and Urbanization, v. 8, n. 1, p. 93-112, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624789600800119
  • ZUBILLAGA, V. Menos Desigualdad, más Violencia: la Paradoja de Caracas. Nueva Sociedad, n. 243, p. 104-118, Ene./Feb. 2013.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    04 June 2014
  • Date of issue
    Aug 2014

History

  • Received
    03 Jan 2014
  • Accepted
    27 Mar 2014
Creative Common - by 4.0
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155. Prédio da Administração - 6°andar, 80215-901 - Curitiba - PR, 55 41 3271-1701 - Curitiba - PR - Brazil
E-mail: urbe@pucpr.br
Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS