Book, documents and intentionalities: a thematic visualization in Brazilian literature in Information Science journals

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

This research revisits Eduardo Murguia's thesis that books and, in a broader sense, documents are symbolic objects beyond recorded information and is guided by Rodrigo Rabello's argument that such objects carry with them intentionalities attributed to contexts and dimensions of institutionality and materiality.

Objective:

To explore studies on the attribution of intentionality to objects as a subsidy to demonstrate aspects of the multidimensionality of the materiality of the book and the document.

Methodology:

The theoretical framework has contributions from authors who deal with the intentionality attributed to objects within the scope of historiographical, documentalist and phenomenological knowledge, serving as a basis to bring light to the mapping of Base de Dados de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação (BRAPCI).

Results:

It was possible to observe that the mapped texts treat the book and the document as symbolic objects, with cultural, social, memory values, among others.

Conclusion:

The different notions of intentionality identified contribute to visualizing the attribution of values by subjects in a social and institutional context, something that helps to observe the dimensions of materiality of objects.

KEYWORDS:
Book; Document; Intentionality; Materiality; Voyant Tools

RESUMO

Introdução:

A presente pesquisa revisita a tese de Eduardo Murguia de que os livros e, em sentido mais amplo, os documentos são objetos simbólicos para além da informação registrada e se norteia a partir do argumento de Rodrigo Rabello de que tais objetos carregam consigo intencionalidades atribuídas em contextos e dimensões de institucionalidade e de materialidade.

Objetivo:

Explorar estudos sobre a atribuição de intencionalidade aos objetos como subsídio para demonstrar aspectos da multidimensionalidade da materialidade do livro e do documento.

Metodologia:

O referencial teórico conta com contribuições de autores que versam sobre a intencionalidade atribuída aos objetos no âmbito de saberes historiográficos, documentalistas e fenomenológicos, servindo de base para trazer luz ao mapeamento de estudos brasileiros contidos na Base de Dados de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação (BRAPCI). Os dados coletados foram explicitados mediante a ferramenta de visualização Voyant Tools, desenvolvida no âmbito das humanidades digitais.

Resultados:

Foi possível observar que os textos mapeados tratam o livro e o documento como objetos simbólicos, com valores culturais, sociais, de memória, entre outros.

Conclusão:

As diferentes noções de intencionalidade identificadas auxiliam a visualizar as atribuições de valores por sujeitos em contexto social e institucional, algo que auxilia a observar as dimensões de materialidade dos objetos.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Livro; Documento; Intencionalidade; Materialidade; Voyant Tools

1 INTRODUCTION

The symbolic dimension of people's relationships with books and documents shows that they can be attributed intentions that go beyond their informative content (Murguia, 2009). Thinking about the document and, specifically, the book, considering the values attributed to these artifacts in the context of material culture - conceived here as intentionalities - is a way of recovering the influence and contributions of classic authors, such as documentalists Paul Otlet and Suzanne Briet (Buckland, 1991; Rayward, 1996). With this, there is an interest in getting closer to collection studies (Murguia, 2009), with a particular focus on recovering knowledge of documentation, establishing a relationship with that derived from historiography and phenomenology.

It is in this sense that the following question arises: what intentions can be attributed to the book and the document? Although the breadth of this question already poses a problem, given the countless possibilities involved, it is understood that exploring studies interested in the relationship between subjects and institutions is a promising path.

There is a particular interest in knowing which national studies in librarianship and information science have worked directly or indirectly with the validation of the object as a document, in professional practices or in everyday life scenarios. Given the breadth of the subject, the expected contribution is more related to drawing up an overview of how the subject has been approached in Brazil, rather than exhaustively exhausting the possibilities of approaches.

The idea of recorded information, incorporated into an institutional context in an information system, has represented a simple and apparently efficient phenomenological way of conceiving the "thing" of interest in the institutional context of information management and mediation. There is an emphasis on physicality, i.e., the direct relationship between the support and the content it contains.

However, this conception misses other layers, expressed in symbolic aspects. Beyond the emphasis on physicality, there is what has been worked on in terms of the materiality of information. The emerging approach to the materiality of information covers many possibilities for interpretation and intervention in research and professional practice.

Given this limitation, this research revisits Eduardo Murguia's thesis that books and, in a broader sense, documents are symbolic objects beyond the information recorded (Murguia, 2009) and is guided by Rodrigo Rabello's argument that such objects carry with them values - intentionalities - attributed in contexts and dimensions of institutionality and materiality (Rabello, 2019).

It is known that studies on or related to collecting are of interest to librarianship and information science, and it is therefore of real interest to highlight aspects related to practices and institutions. In this context, objects such as books and documents are valued. The possession of these, in a private collection, permeates personal and cultural aspects (Pomian, 1998), embodied in terms of support and information (Murguia, 2009). In other words, studies that focus on collecting tend to recognize, in a broad conception of reading, a way in which the subject relates to the object.

Based on this relational key, it is hypothesized that these investigations allow a view of the object that goes beyond information. This is because, in terms of professional practices in information, collecting broadens the horizons of action for both librarianship and other areas that work with the mediation of information, culture and memory, such as museology and archivology¹.

Collecting studies continue to contribute to some research into material culture (Espírito Santo, 2011). For them, it's not just about the content of books and documents. Beyond that, there is an interest in knowing what the objects and collections represented or represent - symbolically - to someone (well-known or anonymous) or to some collective, in a given context, for example, in aesthetic, political, economic, memory terms, etc. In other words, there is a need to know whether the objects collected and the collections themselves are of social interest and whether, if so, they can be incorporated into institutions for the mediation of information.

The aim is to explore studies on the attribution of intentionality to objects as a way of demonstrating aspects of the multiple dimensions of the materiality of books and documents. Specifically, the aim is to: 1. establish a dialog between the concepts of intentionality in information science and the knowledge of documentation, historiography, and phenomenology; 2. describe how the literature has approached the theme of intentionality attributed to books and documents; 3. encourage reflection on the relationship between subject and object, considering the dimensions of the materiality of information.

2 METHODOLOGY

The literature review was developed to retrieve contributions from authors with the aim of establishing a dialog between the concepts of intentionality in information science and the knowledge of documentation, historiography, and phenomenology. To base the concept of intentionality, theoretical references were sought, particularly in contributions by documentalist Jean Meyriat, historian Marc Bloch and phenomenologist Edmund Husserl. Therefore, the literature review considered authors who make up the theoretical framework (Otlet, 1934; Briet, 1951; Meyriat, 2016; Bloch, 2001; Husserl, 1990) and also texts obtained from the time mapping carried out (Murguia, 2009; Fernandes; Saldanha, 2012; Siqueira, 2012; Dourado; Marteleto, 2018; Rabello, 2019; Ortega; Tolentino, 2020). The data collected was visualized using Voyant Tools software.

2.1 Time mapping

To map national journals, articles and authors in information science that deal with the theme of intentionality attributed to the book and the document, searches were carried out in the Reference Database of Journal Articles in Information Science (BRAPCI), which is a reference in the area in Brazil. It is a database developed and updated by the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) and indexes articles from scientific journals in the area.

Chart 1
Mapping stages

	Stages	Description
1.	Searches	Searches with significant terms (relevant to the topic) and the use of Boolean operators and filters available in the database.
2.	Preliminary analysis	Analysis of the title, keywords, and abstract.
3.	Technical reading	Analysis of the abstract, introduction, methodology, tables/graphs, conclusion and references.
4.	Extraction of excerpts	Analysis and extraction of excerpts from texts with terms and concepts related to the topic.

• Source: prepared by the authors.

The above steps were carried out to select or discard the texts searched, as well as to identify aspects of the area's behavior in relation to the subject under investigation. The searches considered "title", "keywords" and "abstract". The time frame considered was 2000 to 2020. The search terms used were "intentionality of the book", "function of the book", "purpose of the book" and "social value of the book". To consider the document in general, the search terms used were "intentionality of the document", "function of the document", "purpose of the document" and "social value of the document".

2.2 Software Voyant Tools

The mapped articles were visualized using the Voyant Tools software. It was developed in open source in the digital humanities field. In this context, the software was selected because it initially provided a holistic view of the sample by displaying various graphs and thematic diagrams. The tool helped analyze, read and systematize the texts using graphic resources. With this data visualization, it was possible to describe how literature has approached intentions attributed to the book and the document, as well as to encourage reflections on the relationship between subject and object, considering the materiality of information.

Voyant Tools is software for analyzing and visualizing texts, with the aim of making it easier to read, interpret and relate content. Among its features, the software offers screens (see Figure 8 in Supplementary material) and functionalities (see Figure 9 in Supplementary material). Each of the screens has specific tools that can be adapted according to the researcher's needs. In order not to compromise the search results, elements that were not significant to the study were excluded, such as articles (e.g. "the", "the", "a", "as"), connectives (e.g. "but", "so", "finally") and propositions (e.g. "of", "that", "with", "for"), among others.

To analyze and interpret the texts, the following software features were used: 1) Cirrus: presents a word cloud with the most frequent terms in the texts that make up the corpus; 2) Terms: shows the number of times each term is repeated in the sample; 3) Links: systematizes the links that a term makes with other terms; 4) Trends: shows, through graphs, the frequency of certain terms per text; and 5) Flow chart: represents the density (repetition) of the terms in the sample texts.

3 LITERATURE REVIEW

The thesis that the book, like other types of document, is an object beyond information (Murguia, 2009) was further substantiated by the contributions of Paul Otlet and Suzanne Briet and by authors who continued to develop their ideas in the field of documentation (Buckland, 1991; Rayward, 1996). These contributions introduced the importance of attributing intentions to objects, whether original (inherent in their creation) or derived (attributed a posteriori).

Next, we used the results of the literature mapping on the subject of the intentionality of the book and other types of document, establishing a dialog between the mapped texts and texts by authors who work from the perspective of documentation, starting with Meyriat (Fernandes; Saldanha, 2012; Dourado; Marteleto, 2018; Ortega; Tolentino, 2020), historiography, based on Bloch (Matos, 2010; Barros, 2012; 2019; Luiz; Lomba, 2021) and phenomenology, based on Husserl (Pizarro, 2017; Silva, 2017; Fioravante, 2018), articulating, in particular, with aspects related to the materiality and institutionality of the document (Rabello, 2019).

3.1 Materiality and institutionality of information and documents

Librarianship and information science have focused many of their studies on issues relating to the management of books and other types of documents, with a greater emphasis on recorded information. Considering this, Murguia (2009) argues that the interest of these areas should transcend that of organizing, managing and allowing access to and retrieval of recorded information, turning, in addition, to the materiality of the document and the information (Murguia, 2009). Despite being an indispensable factor for documents, according to this reasoning, recorded information is not the only aspect to be considered.

Considering this, there are authors who have rescued the contributions of documentation (Rayward, 1996; Frohmann, 2008; Wersig, 1993; Ortega, 2009, among others), demonstrating other investigative possibilities. The documentalists Otlet and Briet broadened the notion of document, extending it to heterogeneous media such as photographs, newspapers, microfilms, periodicals, films, etc. (Juvêncio, 2021; Fayet-Scribe, 2018). In addition, they have allowed natural objects to be valued as documents, as far as they also represent aspects of reality.

The "rediscovery" of documentation became known as the neo-documentalist movement. Part of this movement are authors who, from the 1990s onwards, recovered the classic works "Traité de documentation: le livre sur le livre, théorie et pratique" and "Qu'estce que la documentation?", by Otlet (1934) and Briet (1951), respectively. Some authors of this movement are Michael Buckland, Boyd Rayward, Niels Windfeld Lund, Ronald Day and Bernd Frohmann (Fernandes; Saldanha, 2012). In the work of Day and, above all, Frohmann, part of the politicality of the document, present in Otlet's humanist writings, was taken up again, paving the way for interests in documentary practices and informational phenomena of a social, cultural, ethical, scientific and public nature, among others (Frohmann, 2007; Amorim; Rabello, 2023).

According to Frohmann (2008), the materiality of information should not be confused with physicality, even though the former perspective incorporates aspects of the latter. For the purposes of differentiation, physicality is related to the physical properties of the informationsupporting object, i.e. it represents something that can be identified - through the record - by direct or indirect analogy (Rabello, 2019). Materiality, different from physicality, is related to the origin and social path of the information, considering cultural and political aspects (Rabello, 2019). Materiality refers to the construction of symbolic meaning given to books or other objects, and can be undertaken through institutional processes (Teixeira, 2010).

Institutionality refers to the networks through which the object is created or valued as a document. In other words, institutionality refers to the context in which it is recognized or valued that it - the object - contains information that can access knowledge and cultural and/or political aspects, even if it has been assigned specific functions or purposes, such as legal, administrative, historical, memory, among others (Rabello, 2019).

Modes of institutionality can be more or less formal, depending on the context. Institutionality in a formal context refers to the processes of creating, selecting, storing, processing or making information available in public or private organizations, following formalized norms and rules. In a less formal or informal context, it refers, for example, to practices with a certain spontaneity or following subjective and social aspects, such as the organization and exhibition of objects in the context of collecting, for the formation of libraries and community museums, among other initiatives (Rabello, 2022).

The perspectives of the materiality and institutionality of information allow information and documents to be analyzed in a two-way street. In the sense of information for the object, it is possible to observe its institutionalization (conversion from object to document) when it is recognized that the information is material. In the sense of the document to the information, we look for aspects in it - materialized information - to understand the path of the object in the networks through which it has passed (Rabello, 2022). The document, as pronounced materiality, allows information to be traced (Frohmann, 2008).

These characteristics of materiality and institutionality can dialogue with or contribute to research that is concerned with the intentionality present in the process of valuing objects. This is the case, for example, with historiographical studies interested in constructing narratives from historical sources.

3.2 The notion of intentionality for historiography

A letter, a marriage certificate, a soccer ball, a bicycle, or even a hairbrush can be a historical source. In an attempt to define it, a historical source is any artifact, regardless of type or material, that a historian identifies in relation to customs, habits and/or practices from the past. In other words, it is the historian who turns the object into a historical source by observing traces or fragments of the past in it (Barros, 2019). Historical sources can bear a mark, a gesture - voluntary or involuntary - in other words, signs of intentionality.

According to Barros (2019), historiography works with the intentionality factor through taxonomies. In this sense, some examples of historiographical intentionality can be observed in terms of "testimonial sources", "non-testimonial sources", "action reports", "action residues", "voluntary sources" and "non-voluntary sources".

The "testimonial sources" are those conceived by historian Julio Aróstegui as "historical testimony". He also considered "non-testimonial sources", which do not have a testimonial character, as a horizon. Peter Hüttenberger conceived of "action reports" as sources that are produced to report something (such as chronicles, letters, literary works, logbooks, etc.). This archivist, in turn, understood "action residues" as sources produced for legal, administrative, commercial or other purposes within the logic of material culture (such as trades, inventories, contracts, merchandise, etc.). According to the taxonomy proposed by Marc Bloch,² "voluntary sources" and "non-voluntary sources" were considered to differentiate the conjunctions of the production of a given source, with parameters similar to those of Hüttenberger (Bloch, 2001; Barros, 2012; 2019).

Although it is possible to discuss intentionality from other taxonomies or draw parallels between those mentioned above, Barros (2019) highlights the sense of intentionality proposed by Bloch. The question of interest in the text is not the taxonomy prioritized, but the panoramas present in the "place of production" - a term coined by Michel de Certeau. From this perspective, the institutionality and/or interceptions of the production of the author of the historical source are of interest, when authorship is applied (Certeau, 2012). In other words, the main interest is related to intentionality and (in)voluntariness in historiography, which make it possible to understand the conditions of production of historical sources (Barros, 2019), based on the "traces" that reveal intentionality (Bloch, 2001).

In this scenario, it should also be noted that even "voluntary sources" can carry involuntary characteristics; the opposite is also possible, i.e. "non-voluntary sources" can also carry voluntary characteristics. For example, a letter (voluntary source) can convey particularities beyond communicating something to the recipient. It can indirectly present cultural and social aspects of a certain time, individual practices of a certain historical personality (involuntary characteristics). A piece of clothing (non-voluntary source), on the other hand, can convey voluntary particularities in its label, such as size, type of fabric and how it is washed.

Moreover, intentionality is not neutral. Authorial sources of information, whether voluntary or involuntary, are not exempt from ideologies, biases, partializes or prejudices. Could a fanatical fan, for example, write a soccer book about the best team on the pitch without favoring his club? It would be a difficult task (Barros, 2019). Even the historian's activity, when analyzing a historical source, expresses intentionality and some kind of subjectivity and, in this way, it is possible to think of the intentionality employed by the discipline of history itself (Luiz; Lomba, 2021)

The intricate social ties and interconnections that shape both individuals and the collective find expression in historical sources and in the representations we make of our image, of the world and of others (Barros, 2019). The complexity of these social interactions can be examined from the perspective of phenomenology, providing an approach that seeks to understand and unveil reality both as a subjective phenomenon, from the perspective of historians, and as an objective phenomenon, when we consider historical sources.

3.3 The notion of intentionality for phenomenology

The idea of intentionality is central to phenomenology because its focus is to study the essence of reality. Edmund Husserl, the "father" of phenomenological studies, understands intentionality as what drives action (Husserl, 1990). For him, intentionality is expressed in consciousness in relation to something, which can be an object, an event, or a happening, and includes the subject's perception, imagination, will, and taste. Phenomenology is not interested directly in the subject, the object, or the world, but in the world experienced by the subject, or rather in phenomena (Fioravante, 2018).

The idea of intentionality is of interest to Husserl in the sense of not reducing the consciousness of experiences and subjective experiences to purely psychic phenomena (Silva, 2017). For phenomenology, consciousness "[...] is always directed towards an object, so there is no object without a subject" (Fioravante, 2018, p. 47). The very word phenomenology gives rise to a link between consciousness and object (Silva, 2017). In this way, intentionality is the mediation between the mind and the world, the internal and the external, the psychic and the social (Fioravante, 2018). In this respect, Husserl uses the terms immanence and transcendence, respectively, associated with consciousness and the object (Husserl, 1990).

The perception of the world and of objects passes through the idea of intentionality. Intentional analysis leads to a distinction between subject and object, mind and world, interior and exterior, in the interior itself (Silva, 2017). Husserl influenced Alfred Schutz's construction of social phenomenology, which states that the phenomenological researcher must observe and differentiate between "motives-for" (intentions) and "motives-why" (reasons) when analyzing an action. Intentions and reasons are implicated in each other, as far as one allows the other to be understood (Fioravante, 2018).

Another concept that is added to phenomenological intentionality is appearance. For Husserl, appearance is about the way things appear, and the way they exist. Appearance reveals the essence of things (Pizarro, 2017). Intrinsic to the concepts of intentionality and appearance, the idea of experience enters the equation to refer to the attention given to objects, which are perceived or appear intentional (Pizarro, 2017).

The concept of intentionality for phenomenology differs from the historiographical concept, although it is complementary to it. While phenomenology relates intentionality to cognitive phenomena for the construction of meaning, historiography is more concerned with questions of the voluntary or involuntary production and use of objects to understand events. Documentation proposes a third understanding of the concept of intentionality. It comes somewhat closer to historiography in establishing that there is a double origin for documents, and that objects are created with specific (and sometimes non-voluntary) functions and only later converted into documents, with the cognitive recognition of the subject in a given context.

3.4 The notion of intent for documentation

There is a dual origin for documents. According to Meyriat (2016), documents can be intentional or recognized as one. Thus, the author proposes the following categories: a) "documents by intention", and b) "documents by attribution". The first category includes objects created with the function of containing some kind of information, as is the case with books. The second category, on the other hand, includes objects that were created with functions apart from information, even if nothing prevents them from conveying information (Fernandes; Saldanha, 2012; Ortega; Tolentino, 2020), as is the case with a garment on display in a museum.

An example of a "document by attribution": the dress that Sarah Kubitschek wore at the inauguration of Brasília on April 21, 1960, when she was the first lady, was produced for a specific purpose, i.e. dress for the event. Even so, the garment has recognized historical and political value and is on display and preserved in the Museu do Catetinho - the first official residence of Juscelino Kubitschek, Sarah's husband and president of Brazil at the time. Not only the dress, but also other objects belonging to Sarah and Juscelino have been institutionalized, and the residence itself has been listed by Iphan (National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute) and transformed into a museum that houses these objects, or rather, "documents by attribution".

This is how objects, regardless of their type, can become "documents by attribution" when they are institutionalized. Institutionality, in this case, refers to the recognition and qualification of Sarah and Juscelino's personal objects as sources of memory. Together with institutionality, the materiality of the object acquires meaning beyond its physical and utilitarian properties. Therefore, institutionality and materiality are attributes that "documents by attribution" incorporate. Such objects can, for example, represent or legitimize narratives beyond the utilitarianism of objects in everyday life, as is the case with those belonging to the president and the first lady, conceived as sources of memory related to the construction of Brasilia.

The category "document by intention" is an inherent characteristic of the object (Ortega; Tolentino, 2020), while the category "document by attribution" presents other characteristics that can be added to the informativeness or historicity recognized later (Dourado; Marteleto, 2018). In other words, in this latter situation, the informative or historical value is not linked to the object beforehand (Ortega; Tolentino, 2020; Siqueira, 2012). Meyriat (2016) gives an example:

A daily newspaper is designed to carry and transmit information; but if the buyer uses it to wrap vegetables, for example, the newspaper becomes a rudimentary package and is no longer an information carrier. It can be transformed again if the recipient of the package looks at the contents and learns about some news. The desire to obtain information is therefore a necessary element for an object to be considered a document, even if its creator wanted something else (Meyriat, 2016, p. 242).

Returning to the dual origin of documents, the same object can be a thing or a document, depending on the situation. If the object is not created with an informative function, it can become a document when it is recognized as a source of information by a particular subject. This in no way means that all objects have the function of supporting information. On the contrary, what is being said is that the subject who uses the object is the one who "makes the document" (Meyriat, 2016) and, in this way, nothing prevents an object from becoming a document or the opposite, a document becoming an object. This is what happens, for example, when an item in a collection goes through the selection or thinning³ process, or when a book - an object with some intention, either in its support and/or content - is no longer used for reading but as a support for a computer screen.

The book, as explained above, falls into the "document by intention" category. In other words, it is an object that carries a certain intentionality. This does not mean that its intentionality is solely associated with the transmission of information. This is the thesis of Murguia (2009), who interprets the book beyond information by clarifying that other intentionalities can be attributed to it, and that they can permeate other symbolic dimensions. The relationship that the subject establishes with the book or other type of document, whether by intention or attribution, can expand the intentions attributed to the object.

3.5 The book and the document beyond information

For Murguia (2009), the book is made up of material and institutional characteristics that are not limited to recorded and utilitarian information. The author uses the Polish historian Krzysztof Pomian's classifications of "thing" and "semiophore" to support his thesis that the book transcends its function as the sole and exclusive means of transmitting information. The condition of "thing" implies the power that the object receives when it fulfills a specific and utilitarian function. The "semiophore" quality is related to the appreciation of the symbolic value of the object. In the first case, the more utility an object has, the less meaning it carries. In the second case, the more meaning is attributed to an object, the less practical use it will have. Following the logic of "documents by intention" and "documents by attribution", an object's status as a "thing" or "semiophore" can be circumstantial.

According to Pomian's definition (1998, p. 77), "the book is a semiophore: a visible object invested with meaning". This idea of a semiophore is related to the concept of a document. The latter, because it is the result of the attribution of a value, will always be a "semiophore". In other words, just like the document, "[...] the semiophore can have historical value, memory value and/or aesthetic value, for access to knowledge or other intentions attributed to the object" (Rabello, 2019, p. 6). It's worth saying that the qualities "thing" and "semiophore" are not mutually exclusive, as the object can have utility and meaning at the same time.

An example of when an object can have both "thing" and "semiophore" qualities: an object - in an art exhibition in a museum, as in the case of Marcel Duchamp's urinal - intending to reflect on and/or producing a critique of art or society, or a book that is part of a private collection and is read by the collector. The first example refers to a formal institutional context and the second to an informal setting. In both cases, the qualities "semiophore" and "thing" come together. And in this sense, by having attributes that complement or go beyond their usefulness, both the book and the document go beyond information.

The intentionality of books and documents can be original or primary, or derived or secondary. The original or primary intentionality is attributed to the creation of the object. Derived or secondary intent is attributed later, independently of its genuine function (Levy, 2003). In addition to being a source of information, books and documents are (or can become) objects of communication, socialization and social transformation, whether as a cultural symbol or a symbol of power, expressed in heritage, affectivity, as a means of memory, and in other aspects also related, for example, to collecting practices (Paulo, 2021).

4.1 Mapping

The searches in the BRAPCI database generally returned 123 documents, 19 of which were selected to make up the mapping corpus. To make it easier to organize and visualize the data in Voyant Tools, each of the 19 texts - journal articles and texts published in event proceedings - that make up the corpus was given an identification code (see Chart 6 in Supplementary material)⁴. The table below shows the number of documents searched and selected by search term.

Chart 2
Number of texts selected by search term

Search field	Search terms	No. of texts revoked	No. of texts selected	Observations
Title, keywords, and abstract	Intentionality of the book	0	0
	Document intentionality	2	0
	Function of the book	23	4
	Social value of the document	16	9
	Social value of the book	7	0
	Purpose of the book	11	2	1 duplicate
	Purpose of the document	25	3	2 duplicates
	Document function	39	8	4 duplicates
	Total	123	26	-7
	Total (corpus)		19

• Source: prepared by the authors.

Of the 19 texts selected, four were from the National Research Meeting on Information Science (ENANCIB), the main event in the field in Brazil. Chart 3 below lists all the journals in the mapping with their respective Qualis/Capes level (2017-2020 Quadrennium, in the area of Communication and Information).

Chart 3
Journals and Qualis classification

Journal	Qualis (2017-2020)	No. of articles
Encontros Bibli	A2	3
DataGramaZero	B1	2
Brazilian Journal of Information Science	A4	1
Ciência da Informação em Revista	B1	1
Em Questão	A2	1
Inclusão Social	A3	1
Informação e Informação	A2	1
Liinc em Revista	A3	1
Pesquisa Brasileira em Ciência da Informação e Biblioteconomia	B1	1
Ponto de Acesso	B1	1
Revista Digital de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação	A3	1
Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciência da Informação	B3	1

• Source: prepared by the authors.

Without considering the annals of ENANCIB, the journal with the most publications on the subject is Encontros Bibli (three articles), classified as Qualis A2, followed by DataGramaZero (two articles), classified as Qualis B1. The other journals only had one article. Graph 1 below shows the distribution of articles by year of publication, where the horizontal axis represents the time frame (from 2000 to 2020), and the vertical axis the number of articles (from 0 to 4).

Graph 1
Number of articles per year

In terms of the year the articles were published, the peak was in 2012 (four articles). This is followed by 2017 (three articles) and 2018 (three articles). It is interesting to note that there has been an increase in publications over the last decade.

Regarding the authors who have published the most on the subject, Rodrigo Rabello (three articles), Stella Dourado (two articles) and Regina Marteleto (two articles) stand out - authors who touch, to some extent, on aspects of the materiality and institutionality of documents.

4.2 Visualization and analysis of results using Voyant Tools

The data in Figure 1 (created with the Cirrus tool) represents the terms that stood out in the articles, in word cloud format. The data in Figure 2 (produced with the Terms tool) shows the 20 terms that were most repeated in the texts, in table format, with the quantity and trend of the term throughout the corpus. The figures can be seen below:

Figure 1
Word cloud

The word cloud above (Figure 1) shows the 50 most repeated terms throughout the 19 texts selected to make up the sample. We can see that the term "information" is most prominent, as it is generally preceded by the term "science" - which is also highlighted - and together they name the area of concentration of the corpus, i.e. information science.

Figure 2:
Most frequent terms

All the 10 most cited terms (Figure 2) are of interest and can encourage reflection. As you can see, the most prominent term is "information". In addition to this term, among the 10 most cited are the terms "document(s)" (which appears in second place, 725 times in the singular, and in sixth place, 343 times in the plural) and book (which appears in tenth place, 241 times), which are the central artifacts of this research. The Terms tool doesn't distinguish between singular and plural, it just lists the number of times each term was mentioned, and the number of times each was mentioned is significant.

The terms "intentionality" and "intention" do not appear in the list, mainly because the articles in the mapping touch on the discussion from other approaches. However, one or the other appears at least once in each of the 19 articles (which justifies, among other reasons, the selection of texts). Unlike the Terms tool, the Links tool systematizes the links that one term makes with another, and from this, it was possible to understand how the texts make associations with the terms "intentionality" and "intention" (Figure 3) and what treatment is given to the terms "document" (Figure 4) and "book" (Figure 5).

Figure 3:
Links with the terms intentionality and/or intention

The figure shows the network formed with the terms "intentionality" and "intention". In this network, these terms are linked, for example, to the terms "documentation", "materiality", "agent(s)" and "document(s)", among others. The notion of intentionality present in the mapping texts will be detailed below, with the author-date indication (in brackets) of the mapping authors and the nomenclatures present in the network (highlighted in italics).

Meyriat's intentionality - under the influence of Briet's concept of document - and the categories "by intention" and "by attribution" present the dichotomy of where the documents come from (Siqueira, 2012). In addition, the mapping literature points out that the object becomes a document when it has an informative and/or communicative function (Torres; Almeida, 2014; Ortega; Tolentino, 2020), and not when it is produced (Fernandes; Saldanha, 2012) with different functions (Dourado; Marteleto, 2017; 2018).

The processing of documentary records, in the context of archive systems, for example, converts the support of the document into the materiality of a certain memory, which is marked by historiography (Lousada, 2012; Medeiros; Pinho, 2018). However, even before it is institutionally valued as a document, different agents (re)signify the object according to their interests and subjective intentions (Maia, 2019), such as affectivity (Murguia, 2009), identity and instrumentality (Rabello, 2019).

The intentions attributed to documents and books are symbolic values that point to the past, the present, or the future (Tálamo; Maimone, 2012). In the past, for example, books were considered sacred objects and symbols of power (Baptista; Brandt, 2006; Sousa; Targino, 2016). Nowadays, books, and documents too, fulfill the function of evidence or proof (Rabello; Rodrigues, 2018), of valuing written discourse (Prado, 2010), research, testimony and cultural heritage (Merlo; Konrad, 2015).

In documentation, intentionality, in its symbolic or philosophical dimension, can be considered as the attribution of meaning to the object (Rabello, 2018) and, when its informative function is highlighted, its transformation into a document is conditioned by its materiality and institutionality (Rabello; Rodrigues, 2018). In short, beyond the practical functions of books and documents, intentionality allows these objects to have other historical potential (Crippa; Damian, 2017).

Figures 4 and 5, drawn up using the Links tool, show which terms are related to the document and the book to understand how the texts appropriate these objects. Below are the figures and tables explaining the associations:

Figure 4
Links with the term document

This figure indicates that the document, as a physical or digital object, is associated with the terms and concepts of materialized and institutionalized information, memory, and monument.Chart 4 below describes and explains how some texts associate the document with these highlighted terms.

Chart 4
Description of links with the term document per text in the sample

Code	Title	Author(s)	Description
T1	Contributions from Marteleto and González de Gómez to the Understanding of the Informational: dialogs with three contributions from information	Fernandes e Saldanha (2012)	He mentions that, for Day (2001), the construction of the concept of information - an entity independent of the document object - emerges in the historical trajectory of Otlet's conception, and passes through Briet's innovations.
T2	The epistemological evolution of the concept of document appraisal in archives and its importance for the construction of memory	Lousada (2012)	As the title suggests, it discusses the concept of document evaluation and how it influences the construction of memory within an archive.
T6	The notion of a digital document: a terminological approach	Siqueira (2012)	It presents the change in perspective regarding the notion of the traditional document, and with technological transformations, the notion of the digital document.
T10	Documents and institutions: epistemological and political dimensions	Rabello (2018)	He conceives the idea of "document-monument" and presents the thesis that the document is made up of materiality and different social practices of institutionality or materialized and institutionalized information constitute the document.
T16	The Carneiro Rezende family's collection of almanacs: documents of information and popular written communication	Dourado e Marteleto (2018)	The almanac is understood as a type of document that carries information, history and other social and cultural values.

• Source: prepared by the authors.

Figure 5 below shows that the book, as a printed object, is treated as a document that carries history; it is a semiophore, which is related to the reader, and to the institutional context of the library and the professional librarian. One of the functions assigned to it is that of reading, among others already mentioned.

Figure 5
Links with the term book

Chart 5 below describes and explains how some texts associate the book with these highlighted terms.

Chart 5
Description of links with the term book per text in the sample

Code	Title	Author(s)	Description
T3	The book: from object to document in bibliographic practice	Ortega e Tolentino (2020)	It discusses the different formats and supports of the book object throughout history, from the roll format to the paper codex. It revisits the Gutenberg press and how the machine revolutionized the production of printed books. According to the authors, the codex format is more suitable for reading.
T4	Information institutionalized and materialized as a document	Rabello (2019)	He gives the example that a book in a library can be both a semiophore (meaning) and a thing (utility) when it is read. He points out that the idea of a semiophore is close to the notion of a document.
T9	Five Laws of Librarianship / Ranganathan's Five Laws: bravely standing the test of time	Sousa e Targino (2016)	They point out how the organization of a library's collection, by color, size or author, can attract or alienate readers.
T13	The community library as an agent for the inclusion/integration of citizens in the information society.	Prado (2010)	It advocates that reading can be informative, as well as having the function of pleasing its users and freeing the human mind.
T18	Bibliographic collecting: an approach to books beyond information	Murguia (2009)	It presents the idea that any object can become a semiophore as a result of decontextualization (of its usefulness) and exposure.

• Source: prepared by the authors.

Using the Trends and Flow Diagram tools, it was possible to see how often articles use the terms "document" and "book", which articles cite each term the most and the density of the terms in the texts in the sample. The figures produced using these tools can be seen below:

Figure 6
Relative frequencies of the terms document and book in stacked bars

Figure 6, drawn up using the Trends tool, shows the relative frequency (from 0.000 to 0.030) of the terms on the vertical axis. It also shows the texts in the corpus on the horizontal axis. It can be seen that the term "document" is used more than the term "book", perhaps because it is more comprehensive. The term "document" is used more frequently in the article "The notion of digital document: a terminological approach" (T6), by Sequeira (2012). The term "book" is more frequent in the article "The book: from object to document in bibliographic practice" (T3), by Ortega and Tolentino (2020).

The presence (or absence) of terms is more evident in Figure 7, drawn up using the Flow Diagram tool, which represents the density of terms in the texts in the sample. Unlike the stacked bar chart, which presents the results in a static way, the flow chart focuses on symmetry around the central axis and parallel to the horizontal axis. It reduces the sense of a vertical hierarchy and highlights the changes, i.e. the frequency flows of the terms "book" and "document" over the course of the mapping. The figure follows:

Figure 7
Frequency flows of the terms document and book

The organic and fluid distribution of the frequency of the terms "document" and "book" reveals, once again, the predominance of the use of the term document. However, it also reveals that the term "book" is mainly used in the article "The book: from object to document in bibliographic practice" (T3), by Ortega and Tolentino (2020).

5 CONCLUSION

Within material culture, books, and documents have various values and attributions that go beyond their informative content. These values represent intentions that are constituted in the symbolic relationship between these objects and the subject. By recovering the influence of documentalists Paul Otlet and Suzanne Briet, we can see that the research and work of information science can be broadened by considering the materiality of information and the modes of institutionality relating to documents and books.

The different notions of intentionality, in this sense, can complement these studies as far as each contributes to the maturation of the concept, whether by considering the voluntary or involuntary actions that surround the construction of objects, in the case of historiography, or by seeking to understand the essence of reality from consciousness and phenomena, in the case of phenomenology, or in the curation and organization of documents, in the case of documentation. These predicates are aimed at fulfilling the objective of establishing a dialog - and possibly exploring complementarity - between the concepts of intentionality for documentation, historiography, and phenomenology.

When analyzing the results of the mapping, it is clear that there is still potential for exploration in national information science literature, especially about the theme of intentionality attributed to objects. This raises the question: why restrict studies in information science, librarianship and other disciplines related to the mediation of information, culture, and memory only to the explicit information - "thematicity" - contained in documents? Despite recognizing the importance of recorded and utilitarian information, it is argued that this cannot be the only dimension to be considered. In addition to the relevant role of institutionality, the multiple dimensions of the materiality of the document and the book are observed.

In addition, with the results presented and described, the objective of systematizing how the Brazilian scientific literature on information science has dealt with the themes of books and documents has been met, by using, among others, the Links feature of Voyant Tools to create figures 4 and 5, as well as the objective of identifying possible intentions applied to these artifacts in the articles mapped, by describing and explaining possible values attributed to books and documents, such as historical, cultural, social, memorial and monumental, to name a few, present in tables 4 and 5.

When approaching the research problem - in other words, when exploring the intentions behind the book and the document - it is important to emphasize that these objects transcend the recording and transmission of information, as they play roles in dimensions that go beyond reading, for example, the written text. The objects in question carry with them cultural and/or political expressions, memory, and move in social circles that enrich the conception of artifacts as carriers of meaning. It is therefore assumed that the hypothesis is valid that books and documents carry specific intentions and purposes that are shaped by both the institutional context and the perspectives of materiality.

The functionalities of the Voyant Tools software were useful for the study by facilitating the interpretation of the corpus, although some of these functionalities were not well adapted to Portuguese texts. It is thought that the software could be used to analyze future studies, including international databases and articles, as well as other thematic sections, focusing, for example, on specific intentions, covering different documentary or bibliographic species (such as books, theses, and dissertations).

Considering the above - and recalling the aim of encouraging reflection on ways of associating the objects book and document and the subjects who play different roles - this article sought to contribute to the discussion around the attribution of intentionality to objects, drawing on historiographical, phenomenological and (neo)documentalist assumptions. Ultimately, the opposing categories identified - "voluntary" and "involuntary", "subjective" and "objective", "by intention" and "by attribution", as well as "thing" and "semiophore" - represent part of the possibilities for interdisciplinary dialog on studies about intentionality. Analogously, these studies act as skillful needles that sew a fabric and connect objects, subjects and institutions, using lines, or perspectives, of the materiality of information and documents.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior -Brasil (CAPES) for the funding provided.

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• 

  
  
• 

  
  

• 1
  These disciplines, each in their own way, work with assumptions, methods and techniques, giving a particular nuance to transversal processes such as selection, collection, organization, dissemination, access, retrieval, use and appropriation of information (Araújo, 2014).
• 2
  Marc Bloch, together with Lucien Febvre, is one of the main creators of the Annales School (Matos, 2010). This was a historiographical movement in the first half of the 20th century that had as its milestone the creation of the journal Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, in January 1929 (Zanotto, 2008).
• 3
  The selection and thinning processes are collection development activities to assess, respectively, the entry or permanence or withdrawal of items from the collection (Vergueiro, 1989).
• Available at: https://zenodo.org/records/10411182

• Funding:

  This study was funded by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior -Brasil (CAPES), Financial Code 001.

• Ethical approval:

  Not applicable.

• Availability of data and material:

  The data sets generated and/or analyzed during this study are available in the Zenodo Repository (https://zenodo.org/records/10411182).

• JITA:

  HE. Print materials (Books and documents).

• ODS:

  4. Quality Education.

Edited by

Editor:

Gildenir Carolino Santos

Data availability

The data sets generated and/or analyzed during this study are available in the Zenodo Repository (https://zenodo.org/records/10411182).

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  08 Apr 2024
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  17 Oct 2023
• Accepted
  16 Dec 2023
• Published
  21 Dec 2023