BACKGROUND Epidemiological data related to leishmaniases or Leishmania infection in horses are scarce. However, studies carried out in different regions in the world showed equids parasitised by Leishmania braziliensis, L. infantum and L. martiniquensis. OBJECTIVES Identify the Leishmania species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in a mare, living in Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), and search the presence of Leishmania viruses in the isolated parasite. METHODS Isoenzymes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting ITSrDNA region followed by sequencing were conducted for typing the isolated parasite. A search for Leishmania virus infection was also performed. FINDINGS The mare presented skin nodules and ulcers in the left pinna caused by Leishmania spp. that was detected by culture and PCR. The parasite was identified as Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis, infected by Leishbunyavirus (LBV), representing the first description of this species in South America. The animal travelled to different Brazilian regions, but not to outside the country. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The worldwide distribution of L. martiniquensis and its infection by LBV were confirmed in this study, indicating the autochthonous transmission cycle in Brazil. The clinical profile of the disease in the mare, showing fast spontaneous healing of cutaneous lesions, may indicate that skin lesions related to L. martiniquensis infection in horses might be underdiagnosed.

Abstract Regular physical exercise is considered an effective method for preserving and improving balance in elderly women. However, it is unclear whether resistance and aerobic exercises have the same effect on balance in elderly women. With this in mind, the aim of this study is to compare the effects of resistance and aerobic training on balance and concern about falls in elderly women. For this purpose, elderly women from the resistance training group (RTG; n = 15) and the aerobic exercise group (AEG; n = 15) had their physical activity level, balance and concern about falls evaluated. No significant differences were observed between the groups in physical activity level (χ²= 0.240; gl= 1; p<0.624). However, the elderly women from the RTG showed better performance in the balance test (49.8±3.85) and low concern about possible falls (18.3±1.44), when compared to the elderly women from the AEG (balance: 28 .13±4.24; χ² Wald (1) = 176.778; p<0.0001; concern about possible falls: 33.0±5.93; χ² Wald (1) = 87.5; p<0.001). In view of this, we can conclude that elderly women who practiced resistance training showed better balance and less concern about possible falls compared to those who practiced aerobic exercises.

Resumo A prática regular de exercício físico tem sido considera uma conduta eficiente para melhorar o equilíbrio de idosos. Porém, não está muito claro se os exercícios físicos resistido e aeróbio resultam no mesmo efeito sobre o equilíbrio em mulheres idosas. Pensando nisso, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos dos treinamentos resistido e aeróbio sobre o equilíbrio e a preocupação com quedas em idosas. Para tal, foram avaliadas idosas do grupo treinamento resistido (GTR; n = 15) e do grupo aeróbio (GEA; n = 15). Foram mensurados o nível de atividade física, o equilíbrio e a preocupação com a queda. Nenhuma diferença significativa entre grupos foi observada no nível de atividade física (χ²= 0,240; gl= 1; p<0,624). Porém, as idosas do GTR apresentaram melhor desempenho no teste de equilíbrio (49,8±3,85) e baixa preocupação com uma possível queda (18,3±1,44), quando comparadas com as idosas do GEA (equilíbrio: 28,13±4,24; χ² Wald (1) = 176,778; p<0,0001; preocupação com uma possível queda: 33,0±5,93; χ² Wald (1) = 87,5; p<0,001). No presente estudo, podemos concluir que idosas praticantes de treinamento resistido apresentaram melhor equilíbrio e menor preocupação com uma possível queda em relação às idosas praticantes de exercício aeróbio.

RESUMO A fim de se obter agentes de biocontrole para controle da antracnose em frutos de mamão em pós-colheita, buscou-se: i) selecionar bactérias epifíticas de mamoeiro antagonistas a Colletotrichum brevisporum pela produção de compostos antimicrobianos difusíveis e voláteis, quitinase e inibição da germinação de conídios; ii) quantificar a produção de biofilme pelos isolados selecionados; iii) obter uma concentração de bactérias que proporcionasse o controle da antracnose em discos de frutos; iv) avaliar a redução da severidade da doença em frutos de mamão. De 224 bactérias, 74 exibiram um mecanismo de ação contra o patógeno, 13 isolados dois mecanismos, quatro apresentaram três, e uma bactéria exibiu todos. Mediante a verificação da compatibilidade entre antagonistas, e a quantificação da formação de biofiolme, estabeleceram-se cinco “Mix” compostos por quatro isolados bacterianos. Em discos de frutos as bactérias foram avaliadas nas concentrações 106, 107 e 108 UFC mL-1. À exceção do Mix 2, os demais reduziram significativamente a antracnose nos discos quando comparados ao controle. Os “Mix” 1, 3, 5, na concentração 108 UFC mL-1 exibiram melhor desempenho reduzindo a doença em até 75 %, 89,78 % e 90,8 %, respectivamente. Os Mix 3 e 5, na concentração de 108 UFC mL-1, foram avaliados em frutos juntamente com o fungicida sintético Piraclostrobina. Não se verificou diferença significativa entre os Mix e o fungicida, que atingiu níveis de redução da doença superiores a 97 %, e as combinações com 98 %, frente ao controle não tratado.

ABSTRACTUMO Aiming to obtain biocontrol agents for post-harvest anthracnose control in papaya fruits, the present study sought to: i) select, from papaya fruits, epiphytic bacteria that are antagonistic to Colletotrichum brevisporum, based on the production of diffusible and volatile antimicrobial compounds, chitinase, and conidial germination inhibition; ii) quantify biofilm production by the selected strains; iii) obtain a concentration of bacteria that would provide anthracnose control in fruit discs; iv) evaluate the disease severity reduction in papaya fruits. Of 224 bacteria, 74 exhibited one mechanism of action against the pathogen, 13 isolates showed two mechanisms, four isolates had three mechanisms, and one bacterium showed all mechanisms. Verification of compatibility between antagonists, as well as biofilm quantification, led to the formation of five “Mix” composed of four bacterial isolates. In fruit discs, bacteria were evaluated at the concentrations 106, 107 and 108 CFU mL-1. Except Mix 2, the remaining combinations significantly reduced anthracnose in the discs when compared to control. Mix 1, 3 and 5, at the concentration 108 CFU mL-1, showed the best performance, reducing the disease severity by up to 75.0%, 89.78% and 90.8%, respectively. Mix 3 and 5, at the concentration 108 CFU mL-1, were evaluated together with the synthetic fungicide Pyraclostrobin in fruits. There was no significant difference between the Mix and the fungicide, which reached disease reduction levels superior to 97%, while combinations reached 98%, compared to the untreated control.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This epidemiological household survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of the current and past SARS-CoV-2 infections in Ribeirão Preto, a municipality of southeast Brazil. METHODS: The survey was conducted in two phases using a clustered sampling scheme. The first phase spanned May 1-3 and involved 709 participants. The second phase spanned June 11-14, 2020, and involved 646 participants. RESULTS: During the first phase, RT-PCR performed on nasopharyngeal swabs was positive at 0.14%. The serological tests were positive in 1.27% of the patients during the first phase and 2.79% during the second phase. People living in households with more than five members had a prevalence of 10.83% (95%CI: 1.58-74.27) higher than those living alone or with someone other. Considering the proportion of the positive serological test results with sex and age adjustments, approximately 2.37% (95%CI: 1.32-3.42) of the population had been cumulatively infected by mid-June 2020, which is equivalent to 16,670 people (95%CI: 9,267-24,074). Considering that 68 deaths from the disease in the residents of the city had been confirmed as at the date of the second phase of the survey, the infection fatality rate was estimated to be 0.41% (95%CI: 0.28-0.73). Our results suggest that approximately 88% of the cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of the survey were not reported to the local epidemiological surveillance service. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide in-depth knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and are helpful for the preventive and decision-making policies of public managers.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar quimicamente as polpas das frutas tropicais araticum (Annona crassiflora), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), coquinho-azedo (Butia capitata), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) e cajá (Spondias mombin), com foco no potencial antioxidante e nos microminerais. O nível de cálcio na polpa de Araticum foi de 9,35 mg/100 g e o teor de ferro foi de 4,78 mg/100 g. Na polpa de cagaita, o teor de cálcio foi de 15,35 mg/100 g e o de magnésio, 66,00 mg/100 g. O teor de ferro presente na polpa de coquinho foi de 11,47 mg/100 g e na polpa de cagaita foi de 11,53 mg/100 g. Os extratos com os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos totais foram araticum (433,80 mg GAE/g) e coquinho (173,5 mg GAE/g). A polpa de araticum mostrou o maior potencial antioxidante, pois apresentou a menor EC50 (0,04 mg/mL). Os resultados encontrados demonstram o grande potencial dos frutos do Cerrado em termos de nutrientes minerais ricos e compostos bioativos.

Abstract This study aimed to chemically characterize the pulps of the tropical fruits araticum (Annona crassiflora), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), coquinho azedo (Butia capitata), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), and cajá (Spondias mombin), with a focus on antioxidant potential and microminerals. Calcium levels in the Araticum pulp are 9.35 mg/100 g and the iron content was 4.78 mg/100 g. In cagaita pulp, the calcium content was 15.35 mg/100 g and magnesium content was 66.00 mg/100 g. The iron content present in coquinho pulp was 11.47 mg/100 g and in cagaita it was 11.53 mg/100 g. The extracts with the highest contents of total phenolic compounds were araticum (433.80 mg GAE/g) and coquinho (173.5 mg GAE/g). Araticum pulp had the highest antioxidant potential because it had the lowest EC50 (0.04 mg/mL). The results presented here demonstrate the great potential of the fruits of the Cerrado in terms of rich mineral nutrients and bioactive compounds.

Resumo A integração entre os níveis de atenção é um desafio contínuo mesmo em sistemas de saúde consolidados e de alta performance. A reestruturação do sistema público de saúde do Distrito Federal, baseado no fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), na reconfiguração da atenção especializada (ambulatorial e hospitalar) e de sua rede de urgência e emergência, trouxe como desafio a necessidade de integração entre esses níveis. Fez-se necessária a criação de um dispositivo que desempenhasse o papel de “gatekeeper” conduzindo o acesso equânime, transparente e seguro para a atenção especializada e hospitalar. Neste sentido, foi estruturado o Complexo Regulador em Saúde do Distrito Federal (CRDF) e suas Centrais de Regulação (CR), orientados para a execução de um processo regulatório de acesso para os serviços de internação hospitalar, ambulatorial (procedimentos e consultas especializadas), cirurgias eletivas, alta complexidade, transporte sanitário, urgências e transplantes de pacientes do Distrito Federal e de fora dele. Este artigo descreve o processo de implantação e de implementação do CRDF e de suas CR, de forma a refletir sobre as potencialidades e desafios de seu papel enquanto instrumento de integração entre os níveis assistenciais de saúde.

Abstract The integration among levels of care is a continuous challenge even in consolidated and high performance health systems. The reform of public health system of Distrito Federal, based on the strengthening of primary health care associated to the reconfiguration of specialized attention (ambulatory and hospital) and of its of urgency and emergence network brought, as a challenge, the need for integration between these levels. Thus, became necessary to create an instrumentto perform the role of gatekeeper, leading to equanimous, transparent and safe access to specialized and hospital care. Thus, the Regulatory Complex in Health of Distrito Federal (CRDF) and its Regulatory Centers (CR) were created to carry out the regulatory process of access to care services, such as hospitalization, ambulatory care (procedures and specialized consultations), elective surgeries, complex procedures, sanitary transport, urgencies and transplants of patients of the Federal District and outside it. This article describes the process of the CRDF implementation and its CRs, aiming to reflect on the potential and challenges of its role as an instrument of integration among the levels of care.

Resumo A integração entre os níveis de atenção é um desafio contínuo mesmo em sistemas de saúde consolidados e de alta performance. A reestruturação do sistema público de saúde do Distrito Federal, baseado no fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), na reconfiguração da atenção especializada (ambulatorial e hospitalar) e de sua rede de urgência e emergência, trouxe como desafio a necessidade de integração entre esses níveis. Fez-se necessária a criação de um dispositivo que desempenhasse o papel de “gatekeeper” conduzindo o acesso equânime, transparente e seguro para a atenção especializada e hospitalar. Neste sentido, foi estruturado o Complexo Regulador em Saúde do Distrito Federal (CRDF) e suas Centrais de Regulação (CR), orientados para a execução de um processo regulatório de acesso para os serviços de internação hospitalar, ambulatorial (procedimentos e consultas especializadas), cirurgias eletivas, alta complexidade, transporte sanitário, urgências e transplantes de pacientes do Distrito Federal e de fora dele. Este artigo descreve o processo de implantação e de implementação do CRDF e de suas CR, de forma a refletir sobre as potencialidades e desafios de seu papel enquanto instrumento de integração entre os níveis assistenciais de saúde.

Abstract The integration among levels of care is a continuous challenge even in consolidated and high performance health systems. The reform of public health system of Distrito Federal, based on the strengthening of primary health care associated to the reconfiguration of specialized attention (ambulatory and hospital) and of its of urgency and emergence network brought, as a challenge, the need for integration between these levels. Thus, became necessary to create an instrumentto perform the role of gatekeeper, leading to equanimous, transparent and safe access to specialized and hospital care. Thus, the Regulatory Complex in Health of Distrito Federal (CRDF) and its Regulatory Centers (CR) were created to carry out the regulatory process of access to care services, such as hospitalization, ambulatory care (procedures and specialized consultations), elective surgeries, complex procedures, sanitary transport, urgencies and transplants of patients of the Federal District and outside it. This article describes the process of the CRDF implementation and its CRs, aiming to reflect on the potential and challenges of its role as an instrument of integration among the levels of care.

RESUMO Introdução A avaliação critério-referenciada analisa o desempenho acadêmico sem comparar um estudante com outro, diferindo, assim, da avaliação normo-referenciada, que objetiva determinar os melhores e os piores desempenhos. A Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde (ESCS) do Distrito Federal adota a avaliação critério-referenciada como único sistema avaliativo, buscando analisar o desempenho dos estudantes de forma integral e sem estimular a competitividade. Objetivo Analisar a concepção de docentes e estudantes de Medicina e Enfermagem acerca destes tipos avaliativos. Metodologia Estudo quali-quantitativo, descritivo, com delineamento transversal, por aplicação de questionários semiestruturados ao corpo acadêmico da primeira à quarta série da ESCS, realizado em 2013. Foram comparados estudantes, docentes e cursos utilizando-se o teste Qui-Quadrado. Resultados e Discussão: Obteve-se uma amostra de 413 participantes (n = 55,9%), totalizando 54 docentes e 344 estudantes. Observou-se fragilidade do conceito de avaliação critério-referenciada em todo o corpo acadêmico e insatisfação quanto aos critérios avaliativos adotados na escola (323 ou 79,6%). Entre os motivos apontados, destacam-se a subjetividade na correção dos exames empregados e dificuldades ao concorrer em concursos de residência. Outros autores relatam que o método critério-referenciado tende a inflacionar as menções dos estudantes, embora os avalie de maneira mais integral. Por isso, recomendam a adoção dos sistemas critério e normo-referenciado para, respectivamente, aferir melhor o desempenho dos estudantes e compará-los entre si. Conclusão A comparação entre estudantes é necessária para processos seletivos dentro e fora da instituição de ensino superior estudada. Por isso, a avaliação critério-referenciada isoladamente não supre as necessidades desta instituição, gerando problemas durante e após a formação acadêmica. Diante disso, propõe-se a adoção de ambos os modelos (normo e critério-referenciado), com a aplicação de padrões de desempenho. Os instrumentos avaliativos também necessitam de critérios mais objetivos para uma correção de testes mais uniforme e justa. Para isso, propõe-se o incremento na capacitação dos docentes com discussões sobre a elaboração de instrumentos avaliativos, como a Teoria de Resposta ao Item.

ABSTRACT Introduction Criterion-referenced tests measure academic performance without comparing one student to another, therefore differing from the norm-referenced tests, which are designed to determine the highest and the lowest scores. The Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde (ESCS) of Federal District, Brazil, uses criterion-referenced measurement as its only evaluative method, attempting to assess students in a more integrative way and to avoid stimulating competitiveness among students. Objective To analyze the interpretation students and teachers of Medicine and Nursery courses about this measurement. Material and Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive, quali-quantitative study, performed by application of semi-structured questionnaires to teachers and students from first to fourth year of Medicine and Nursery courses. We compared courses, students and professors using the Chi-Square test. Results and Discussion: The sample size was of 413 subjects (n = 55.9%), composing 54 teachers and 344 students. We observed fragility in the concept of criterion-referenced measurement, as well as dissatisfaction regarding the method of evaluation adopted by the Institution (323 or 79,6%). Most answers point subjectivity in the correction of exams and difficulties in competing for residency programs after graduation as the major problems. Other authors state that criterion-referenced measurement tends to inflate grades of students, although it also evaluates them in a more integrative way. They recommend the adoption of both measurements (criterion and norm-referenced) in order to respectively: obtain best assessment and to compare students’ performances. Conclusion Comparison of academic performance is necessary for selective processes inside and outside the studied institution. Therefore, criterion-referenced measurement alone cannot meet the needs of the institution, generating problems during and after graduation. We suggest the adoption of both methods (criterion and norm-referenced measurement) as well as the application of standard setting concepts for classification of students. Evaluative instruments also need objective criteria for correction of tests, in order to provide a uniform and fairer correction. For that, we propose an increase in teacher training by adding new discussions about elaboration of tests, like Item Response Theory.

The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical performance up to 18 months of restorations placed using ethanol-wet bonding technique (EWBT) compared with the three-step etch-and-rinse (TSER) and one-step self-etching (OSSE) approaches. Ninety-three non-carious cervical lesions (31 for each group) were restored by one experienced operator in 17 patients under relatively dry conditions using gingival retraction cord, cotton rolls and saliva ejector. Each adhesive system was randomly allocated to one of randomized cervical lesions until the three groups were present in the same subject in equal amounts. The restorations were evaluated at baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months by two blinded and calibrated examiners using the modified US Public Health Service guidelines (USPHS) for the following outcomes: retention (kappa= 1.00), staining and marginal adaptation (kappa=0.81) and analyzed by Fisher's exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively. No significant differences were observed among groups after 18 months for any of the assessed criteria (p>0.05). The intra-group analysis performed by Cochran's test (for retention) and Wilcoxon test (for marginal adaptation/staining) revealed significant differences between the time intervals baseline/18 months in marginal adaptation (p= 0.0117) and retention (p= 0.0101) for OSSE and in marginal staining for TSER (0.0051) and EWBT (p= 0.0277) groups. The survival analysis for retention criteria and the overall clinical success were performed using a log-rank test and did not show significant differences among groups (p> 0.05). All three adhesives protocols presented similar clinical performance up to 18 months.

El propósito de este ensayo clínico aleatorizado fue evaluar, durante 18 meses, el éxito clínico de las restauraciones realizadas por la técnica de adhesión húmeda en etanol (TAHE) en comparación con las técnicas de grabado independiente de tres pasos (GTP) y de autograbado de un paso (AUP). Un solo operador, especializado en odontología restaurativa, realizó sobre 17 pacientes 93 restauraciones en lesiones cervicales no cariosas (31 para cada grupo). Los diferentes protocolos adhesivos se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en las lesiones cervicales hasta que los tres grupos estuviesen presentes en el mismo paciente y en cantidades iguales. Las restauraciones fueron evaluadas a los 6, 12 y 18 meses, por dos examinadores calibrados y que no participaron del procedimiento restaurador. Las directrices modificadas del Servicio de Salud Pública de Estados Unidos (SSPEU) fueron la base para las evaluaciones de las siguientes variables: retención (kappa= 1,00), adaptación y decoloración marginal (kappa= 0,81). Estas variables fueron analizadas mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher y Kruskal-Wallis, respectivamente. No se observó diferencia significativa entre los grupos después de 18 meses en las tres variables evaluadas (p >0,05). El análisis intra-grupo hecho por la prueba de Cochran (para la retención) y la prueba de Wilcoxon (para la adaptación y decoloración marginal) revelaron diferencias significativas entre los intervalos de tiempo de la línea de base / 18 meses para la retención (p= 0,0101) y adaptación marginal en el grupo AUP (p= 0,0117), y para la decoloración marginal en los grupos GTP (p= 0,0051) e TAHE (p= 0,0277). El análisis de supervivencia para la retención, así como la comparación del éxito clínico de los protocolos adhesivos, fueron realizados con la prueba de log-rank, y no hubo diferencias significativas (p >0,05) entre los grupos. No hubo diferencia en el éxito clínico de los tres protocolos adhesivos después de 18 meses.

Bleaching procedures can interfere on adhesive bonding of methacrylate-based restorative materials. After introduction of silorane-based composites, little information is available about this interaction. The objective is evaluate the influence of bleaching on enamel shear bond strength of silorane-based restorative system. Forty sound incisive bovine teeth were randomly divided into 04 groups (n= 10), being: G1 (control) not bleached + Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB)/Filtek Z250 (Z250), G2 (control) not bleached + Silorane Adhesive (SA)/Filtek P90 (P90), G3 bleached + CSEB/Z250; G4 bleached + SA/P90. The teeth were sectioned, had crowns included in a PVC rings, and the enamel surfaces gridded and polished with silicon carbide abrasive papers. G1 and G2 were stored in artificial saliva (37 C), daily renewed, for a period of 04 days. G3 and G4 were exposed to 02 sessions of 38% hydrogen peroxide (38HP), with 03 applications of 15 min in each session. Composite resin cylinders were built up on the enamel surfaces. Bonding procedures were performed according the manufacturer's instructions. After storage in distilled water for 24 h (37 C), the samples were submitted to shear bond test. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and t (LSD) tests (5%). Intra group comparison showed significant difference for Z250 after bleaching, but not for P90. Shear strength was significant lower for P90, despite bleaching procedures. In conclusion, 38HP bleaching had no influence on the enamel bond strength of P90, even though presenting lower bond strength than Z250.

Los procedimientos de blanqueamiento dental pueden interferir en la unión adhesiva de los materiales de restauración a base de metacrilato. Después de la introducción de materiales compuestos a base de silorano, hay poca información disponible acerca de esta interacción. El objetivo fue evaluar la influencia del blanqueamiento en la cizalladura de la fuerza de adhesion sobre esmalte del sistema restaurativo a base de silorano. Cuarenta dientes incisivos bovinos fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 4 grupos (n= 10), siendo: G1 (control) - no aclarado + Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB)/Filtek Z250 (z250), G2 (control) - no aclarado + adhesivo de silorane (AS)/Filtek P90 (P90), G3 - aclarado + CSEB / Z250; g4 - aclarado + AS/P90. Los dientes fueron seccionados, tenían coronas incluidas en anillos de pvc, y las superficies de esmalte fueron molidas y pulidas con papeles abrasivos de silicona de silicio. G1 y G2 fueron almacenados en saliva artificial (37 °C), renovada diariamente, durante un período de 04 días. G3 y G4 se expusieron a 2 sesiones de peróxido de hidrógeno al 38% (38 HP) con 03 aplicaciones de 15 min en cada sesión. Los cilindros de resina compuesta fueron construidos en las superficies de esmalte. Los procedimientos de unión se realizaron según las instrucciones del fabricante. Después del almacenamiento en agua destilada durante 24 h (37 °C), las muestras fueron sometidas al ensayo de resistencia de adhesión al cizallamiento. Los datos fueron analizados por ANOVA de dos vías y prueba t (5%). La comparación intragrupo mostró diferencias significativas para Z250 después del aclaramiento, pero no para P90. La resistencia al corte fue significativamente menor para P90, a pesar de los procedimientos de blanqueamiento. En conclusión, el blanqueamiento con 38HP no tuvo influencia en la resistencia de la unión esmalte de P90, a pesar de presentar una fuerza de unión más baja que Z250.

The ethanol wet-bonding technique (EWBT) was introduced in an attempt to overcome the problems caused by high hydrophilicity and/or incomplete penetration of most commercially available adhesive systems. This strategy provides better conditions for the inter-diffusion of hydrophobic dentin monomers. Today, there are many EWBT protocols, which yield bonding interfaces with minimal degradation and longer durability compared with commercial hydrophilic adhesive systems. The aim of this review is to discuss in greater detail the EWBT, focused on the following aspects: dentin saturation, hydrophobic primer preparation, inactivation of metalloproteinases (MMPs), dentin biomimetic remineralization and the clinical perspectives of this technique. The present review on the EWBT provides support for a better understanding of the behavior of dentin when exposed to dehydration and hydrophobic monomer interaction. Moreover, additional studies are suggested to investigate the long-term stability of this type of hybrid layer.

La técnica de la adhesión húmeda en etanol (TAHE) se introdujo en un intento de superar los problemas causados por la alta hidrofilicidad y/o la penetración incompleta de la mayoría de los sistemas adhesivos disponibles comercialmente. Esta estrategia ofrece mejores condiciones para la interdifusión de monómeros dentinarios hidrofóbicos. Hoy en día, hay muchos protocolos TAHE que producen las interfaces de unión con mínima degradación y mayor durabilidad en comparación con los sistemas adhesivos hidrofilicos comerciales. El objetivo de esta revisión es discutir con más detalle la TAHE, explicando los siguientes aspectos relacionados: la saturación de la dentina, la preparación del primer hidrofóbico, la inactivación de las metaloproteinasas (MMP's), remineralización biomimética de la dentina, y las perspectivas clínicas de esta técnica. La presente revisión sobre la TAHE proporciona soporte para una mejor comprensión del comportamiento de la dentina cuando es expuesto a la deshidratación y la interacción con monómero hidrófobo. Además, se sugieren estudios adicionales para investigar la estabilidad a largo plazo de este tipo de camada híbrida.

ResumoO presente artigo objetiva delinear uma discussão teórico-metodológica acerca das práticas de ensino e de aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita na esfera acadêmica à luz das considerações epistemológicas de cunho sócio-histórico. Para tanto, revisitamos os escritos do Círculo de Bakhtin, assim como as postulações dos Novos Estudos de Letramento, a fim de construir inteligibilidades em torno das práticas de uso da língua escrita na universidade. Acreditamos que o trabalho apresenta-se relevante não apenas porque, a nosso ver, procura contribuir com as discussões atuais da Linguística Aplicada sobre as práticas de escrita e leitura na academia, como, por conseguinte, corrobora as contribuições dos estudos bakhtinianos e as pesquisas sobre letramento acadêmico para a ressignificação do fazer pedagógico em torno do ensino e da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita na universidade.

Abstract The present essay aims at delineating a theoretical and methodological discussion about the reading and writing teaching and learning practices in academic sphere based on social and historical epistemological considerations. To do so, we review Bakhtin's Circle and New Literacies studies in order to construct a debate concerning the use of written language in the university. We believe that this essay is relevant not only because it seeks to contribute with the Applied Linguistics current discussions about reading and learning in the academic sphere as well as it corroborates the contributions of bakhtinian studies and the researches of academic literacy to the reframing of pedagogical practices around the reading and writing teaching at the university.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene por objetivo delinear una discusión teórico-metodológica acerca de las prácticas de enseñanza y de aprendizaje de lectura y escrita en la esfera académica, bajo la luz de las consideraciones epistemológicas de naturaleza socio-histórica. Para ello, revisitamos escritos del Círculo de Bajtín, también las postulaciones de los Nuevos Estudios de Alfabetismo para construir inteligibilidades alrededor de las prácticas de uso de la lengua escrita en la universidad. Creemos que el trabajo se presenta relevante no solo porque, bajo nuestra mirada, procura contribuir con las discusiones actuales de la Lingüística Aplicada sobre las prácticas de escrita y lectura en la academia, también porque corrobora las contribuciones de los estudios de Bajtín y las investigaciones sobre alfabetismo académico para una nueva significación del hacer pedagógico alrededor de la enseñanza y de la aprendizaje de la lectura y de la escrita en la universidad.

Objetivo:Fazer um estudo observacional, por meio de campanhas, sobre o uso dos dispositivos de restrição infantil em automóveis de Goiânia.Métodos:Estudo transversal por amostra de conveniência conforme surgimento dos casos. Os dados foram coletados em uma tabela Excel, analisados de forma descritiva e estatística (SPSS 16.0), com o uso do qui-quadrado, com p < 0,05 como significativo.Resultados:Em 2006, foram avaliados 410 automóveis, enquanto que em 2010 foram avaliados 544, nos quais cerca de 85% das pessoas usavam o cinto de forma correta nos dois períodos (p = 0,650). Em 2006, foram observados 273 passageiros no banco dianteiro e em 2010, 226. Usavam cinto de segurança 178 e 170, respectivamente, ou 65,2 e 75,22% (p = 0,001). Em 2006, cinco crianças ocupavam o banco da frente sem o uso do cinto de segurança. Em 2010, esse número foi de 42 (p < 0,001). Em 2010, foram observados 458 veículos que transportavam crianças no banco traseiro, 214 de maneira correta, ou 46,72%. Em 2006, dos 410 veículos analisados, apenas 90 (21,95%) transportavam crianças de maneira correta (p < 0,001). Além disso, houve diferença entre as variáveis dentro do ano avaliado, no qual o transporte correto no banco da frente foi bem mais frequente do que o no banco de trás, nos dois anos (p < 0,001). Carros transportavam de uma a quatro crianças e as vans, de uma a nove crianças. Em 2006 foi observada uma van que transportava crianças de maneira irregular, enquanto que em 2010 todas estavam corretas.Conclusão:Na comparação desses dois períodos, podemos avaliar que houve um início de mudança no comportamento do motorista goianiense no que tange à segurança no transporte de crianças em automóveis, com melhoria de 25% (p < 0,001). Grande parte disso decorreu da mudança de atitude da população após as campanhas feitas, até pela mídia, e da obrigatoriedade da lei.

Objective:to conduct an observational study, by means of campaigns, regarding the use of child restraint devices in cars in Goiânia.Methods:this was a cross-sectional study using a convenience sample built up as cases arose. The data were gathered into an Excel spreadsheet and were analyzed descriptively and statistically (SPSS 16.0), using chi-square and taking p < 0.05 as significant.Results:in 2006, 410 cars were evaluated, and in 2010, 544 cars were evaluated. Around 85% of the occupants were using seat belts correctly at both times (p = 0.650). In 2006, it was observed that a total of 273 passengers were occupying the rear seats, while in 2010 there were 226. Among these, 178 and 170 were using seat belts, respectively, i.e. 65.2% and 75.22% (p = 0.001). In 2006, five children were occupying the front seat without using the seat belt, while in 2010, this number was 42 (p < 0.001). In 2010, it was observed that 458 vehicles were transporting children on the rear seats, and this was being done correctly in 214 vehicles, i.e. 46.72%. In 2006, of the 410 vehicles analyzed, only 90 of them (21.95%) were transporting children correctly (p < 0.001). In addition, there was a difference in the variables within the year evaluated, in which transportation done correctly in the front seat was much more frequent than transportation done correctly in the rear seats, in both years (p < 0.001). Cars transported one to four children, while vans transported one to nine children. In 2006, one van transporting children irregularly was observed, while in 2010 it was done correctly in all cases.Conclusion:comparing these two years (2006 and 2010) in which data were gathered, we can conclude that changes in behavior among drivers in Goiânia have begun, with regard to safety when transporting children in vehicles, with an improvement of 25% (p < 0.001). A large part of this has come through changes in knowledge among this segment of the population, through campaigns that have been carried out, including through the media, and because of legal obligations.

Introduction Sporotrichosis is a mycosis affecting both humans and animals. Within the context of the ongoing sporotrichosis epidemic in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, sick cats plays an important role in the zoonotic transmission. The aim of this study was to update the number of feline cases diagnosed at the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (2005-2011). Methods The medical records of the cats followed were reviewed; the inclusion criterion was the isolation of Sporothrix spp. in culture. Results In total, 2,301 feline cases were identified. Conclusions These results should alert sanitary authorities to the difficulties associated with sporotrichosis control.