RESUMEN Introduccion: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que aproximadamente 100 niños mueren cada hora a causa de lesiones traumáticas. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia, mecanismos y tipos de traumatismos en los neonatos en el departamento de emergencias pediátricas de un hospital. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, ambispectivo. Se incluyeron neonatos con diagnóstico de traumatismo que acudieron al departamento de emergencias pediátricas de un hospital desde enero del 2015 a diciembre del 2019. Variables: edad, sexo, procedencia, peso de nacimiento, edad gestacional, tipo de parto, mecanismo y tipo de traumatismo y evolución, Los datos se analizaron en SPSS. El protocolo fue aprobado por el comité de ética. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 90 neonatos, la frecuencia de traumatismo fue del 1,4%, la media de la edad fue de 14,6 ±7,7 días. El 92% nacieron por parto vaginal ,27% macrosómicos. El mecanismo del trauma fue obstétrico en 75,6%, accidentes en la casa 23,3 %y 1 caso de accidente de tránsito. Los tipos de lesiones fueron fracturas de huesos largos, en 47,8%, lesión del plexo braquial 15,5% y traumatismo cráneo encefálico 13,33%. Fueron hospitalizados el 10%. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de traumatismo neonatal en la urgencia pediátrica fue del 1,4%. La edad media fue 14,6 ±7,7dias. El 75,6% fue de origen obstétrico y 23,3% accidentes en la casa y 1 caso de accidente de tránsito. Los tipos de lesiones fueron fracturas de huesos largos, 47,8%, lesión del plexo braquial 15,5% y 13,3% traumatismo cráneo encefálico 13,3%.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 100 children die every hour from traumatic injuries. Objective: To describe the frequency, mechanisms and types of trauma in neonates in the pediatric emergency department of a hospital. Materials and methods: This was an observational, descriptive, transversal, and ambispective study. Neonates with a diagnosis of trauma who presented to the pediatric emergency department of a hospital from January 2015 to December 2019 were included. Variables: age, sex, town of origin, birth weight, gestational age, type of delivery, mechanism and type of trauma and evolution, Data were analyzed in SPSS. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee. Results: 90 neonates were included, the frequency of trauma was 1.4%, the mean age was 14.6 ±7.7 days. 92% were born by vaginal delivery, 27% were macrosomic at birth. The mechanism of trauma was obstetric in 75.6%, accidents at home in 23.3% and there was 1 case of a traffic accident. The types of injuries were long bone fractures, seen in 47.8%, brachial plexus injury in 15.5%, and head trauma in 13.33%. 10% were hospitalized. Conclusions: The frequency of neonatal trauma in the pediatric emergency was 1.4%. The mean age was 14.6 ±7.7 days. 75.6% were obstetric in origin and 23.3% were accidents at home and 1 case of a traffic accident. The types of injuries were long bone fractures in 47.8%, brachial plexus injury in 15.5%, and head trauma in 13.3%.

RESUMEN Introducción: La infección por Chikungunya se presenta fiebre y afectación cutánea. Las manifestaciones neurológicas, incluyen encefalopatías principalmente encefalitis; afectación periférica como mielitis, o una combinación de éstas. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia y las manifestaciones neurológicas asociadas a infección por virus Chikungunya en el periodo enero-marzo 2023 en una población pediátrica. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal de serie de casos Ingresaron menores de 18 años con manifestaciones neurológicas y resultados positivos PCR RT a virus Chikungunya que acudieron a un Hospital Público en enero-marzo del 2023. Las variables: demográficas, tiempo de evolución, síntomas, diagnósticos neurológicos, estudio de líquido cefalorraquídeo, electroencefalograma, estudios imagenológicos, tratamiento, ingreso a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, disfunción orgánica, mortalidad. Los datos se analizaron en SPSS utilizando estadística descriptiva. El protocolo fue aprobado por el comité de ética. Resultados: Ingresaron 24 pacientes, con edad de 10.0 ±1 meses. El 58.7% de sexo masculino. Como síntoma neurológico, el 54.1% tuvo convulsión. Los diagnósticos neurológicos, el 83.3% fue Encefalitis. Los pacientes con diagnóstico de Encefalitis, 75% fueron menores de 3 meses, 50% con líquido cefalorraquídeo patológico, 45% se realizó Electroencefalografía, 50% recibió inmunoglobulinas. El 50% ingresaron a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Pediátricos. El 60% presentó disfunción orgánica. La mortalidad fue del 4.2%. Conclusión: El diagnóstico neurológico más frecuente fue la encefalitis, predominó en lactantes menores de 3 meses. Los síntomas neurológicos fueron: crisis convulsivas e irritabilidad. Más de la mitad presentaron disfunción orgánica, se registró la mortalidad de un paciente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chikungunya infection present clinically with fever and skin involvement. Neurological manifestations include encephalopathies, mainly encephalitis and meningoencephalitis; peripheral involvement such as myelitis, Guillain Barré Syndrome; or a combination of these such as encephaloneuromyelopathy. Objective: To describe the frequency and neurological manifestations associated with Chikungunya virus infection during the January-March 2023 time period in a pediatric population. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study of a case series. Minors under 18 years of age were admitted with neurological manifestations and positive RT-PCR results for Chikungunya virus who presented to a Public Hospital in January-March 2023. The variables were: demographics, reason for hospitalization, symptoms, neurological diagnoses, cerebrospinal fluid study, electroencephalogram, imaging studies, treatment, admission to the Intensive Care Unit, organic dysfunction and mortality. Data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: 24 patients were admitted, aged 10.0 ±16 months. 58.7% were male. As a neurological symptom, 54.1% had a seizure. Among the neurological diagnoses, 83.3% were encephalitis. Among the patients diagnosed with encephalitis, 75% were younger than 3 months, 50% had pathological cerebrospinal fluid, 45% underwent electroencephalography, and 50% received immunoglobulins. 50% were admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. 60% presented organic dysfunction. Mortality was 4.2%. Conclusions: The most frequent neurological diagnosis was encephalitis, it predominated in infants under 3 months. The neurological symptoms were: seizures and irritability. More than half presented organic dysfunction, one patient expired.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Clubfoot is the most frequent foot deformity in pediatrics. The foot is characterized by having an equine ankle, a varus hindfoot, an adducted forefoot, and a dig in the midfoot. Objectives: to describe the frequency and reasons for abandoning Clubfoot treatment in a pediatric hospital population in the pandemic (2020-2021). Materials and Methods: This was an ambispective, descriptive and observational study. Consecutive case sampling included children from 0 to 6 years of age who were undergoing Clubfoot follow-up in the pediatric trauma service and abandoned treatment. Data were collected from medical records and by telephone interview with parents. The variables were: demographics, characteristics of the deformity, age and education of the mother, family history of Clubfoot and other malformations, recurrence and causes of treatment abandonment. Data were analyzed in SPSS v21. Parental informed consent was requested. Results: During the 2020-2021 period, 25% (101/404) of the patients being monitored at the hospital abandoned treatment. 62 patients were enrolled in the study. 95% presented recurrence and received surgical treatment. The most frequent cause of treatment abandonment, according to the parents, was the difficulties caused by the pandemic. Conclusions: The frequency of treatment abandonment was 25.2%, with a predominance of males. 95% presented relapse and received surgical treatment (Achilles Tenotomy). The most frequent cause of treatment abandonment was the pandemic.

RESUMEN Introducción: El pie Bot es la deformidad del pie más frecuente en pediatría. El pie se caracteriza por tener el tobillo equino, varo el retropié, aducto el antepié, y cavo el medio pie. Objetivos: describir la frecuencia y los motivos de abandono del tratamiento del pie Bot en una población pediátrica hospitalaria durante la pandemia (2020-2021). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo ambispectivo. Fueron incluidos por muestreo de casos consecutivos, niños de 0 a 6 años que se encontraban en seguimiento de pie Bot en el servicio de traumatología pediátrica y abandonaron el tratamiento. Los datos fueron recogidos de las historias clínicas y por entrevista telefónica con los padres. Variables demográficas, características de la deformidad, edad y escolaridad de la madre, antecedentes familiares de pie Bot y otras malformaciones, la recurrencia, causas del abandono de tratamiento. Los datos fueron analizados en SPSS v21.Se solicitó el consentimiento informado de los padres. Resultados : El 25% (101/404) de los pacientes en seguimiento en el hospital, en el periodo de 2020-2021 abandonaron el tratamiento. Ingresaron al estudio 62 pacientes. El 95% presentaron recurrencia y recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico. La causa más frecuente de abandono del tratamiento de acuerdo con los padres fueron las dificultades derivadas de la pandemia. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de abandono de tratamiento fue del 25,2%, con predominio del sexo masculino. El 95% presentaron recaída y recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico (Tenotomía de Aquiles). La causa más frecuente de abandono de tratamiento fue la pandemia.

RESUMEN Este estudio determina los factores de abandono al tratamiento de la tuberculosis en la red pública de salud de Cali, Colombia, durante los años 2016 a 2018. Se realizó una investigación operativa de casos y controles en la que se incluyeron 224 pacientes con tuberculosis (112 abandonaron el tratamiento y 112 lograron completarlo). Se encuentra que el abandono del tratamiento para la tuberculosis está impulsado por factores relacionados con el individuo y los servicios de salud que facilitan la no adherencia y los alejan de la atención brindada en las instituciones médicas.

ABSTRACT This study determines the factors of abandonment of tuberculosis treatment in the public health network of Cali, Colombia, during years 2016 to 2018. We conducted an operational case-control investigation including 224 patients with tuberculosis (112 abandoned treatment and 112 completed it). We found that treatment abandonment for tuberculosis is driven by factors related to the individuals and health services that facilitate non-adherence and drive them away from the care provided in medical institutions.

ABSTRACT This study determines the factors of abandonment of tuberculosis treatment in the public health network of Cali, Colombia, during years 2016 to 2018. We conducted an operational case-control investigation including 224 patients with tuberculosis (112 abandoned treatment and 112 completed it). We found that treatment abandonment for tuberculosis is driven by factors related to the individuals and health services that facilitate non-adherence and drive them away from the care provided in medical institutions.

RESUMEN Este estudio determina los factores de abandono al tratamiento de la tuberculosis en la red pública de salud de Cali, Colombia, durante los años 2016 a 2018. Se realizó una investigación operativa de casos y controles en la que se incluyeron 224 pacientes con tuberculosis (112 abandonaron el tratamiento y 112 lograron completarlo). Se encuentra que el abandono del tratamiento para la tuberculosis está impulsado por factores relacionados con el individuo y los servicios de salud que facilitan la no adherencia y los alejan de la atención brindada en las instituciones médicas.

Resumen El sector ladrillero se caracteriza por la elaboración del ladrillo de forma artesanal donde utilizan técnicas rudimentarias, hornos de baja tecnología y diversos combustibles de poca calidad generando humos negros con gran cantidad de contaminantes. Por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar los metales en suelo, HAPs en aire y biomonitoreo de HAPs en trabajadores de la zona ladrillera “Las Terceras” San Luis Potosí, México. Con el fin de conocer la exposición laboral se determinó la concentración de HAPs en partículas PM10, se caracterizó el suelo de la zona de trabajo y se realizó un biomonitoreo de me-tabolitos hidroxilados HAPs (OH-HAPs) en orina de los trabajadores. En aire se encontraron 14 de los 16 HAPs prioritarios por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental en la fracción de PM10, con una concentración media de 5293,05 gg/m3 (3,11-10510,81). Los resultados del análisis químico de los polvos mostraron que están constituidos principalmente de cuarzo (SiO2) y arcillas (SiAlOx) con presencia de óxidos de Fe-Ti, fosfatos de tierras raras (Lantano, Cerio, Neodimio Torio), silicatos de zirconio, sulfatos de bario, óxidos de zinc. En el biomonitoreo participaron 42 trabajadores ladrilleros, los resultados de la exposición a OH-HAPs en orina demostraron la media total de los OH-HAPs de 15,7 (6,92-195) ng/ml. Estos resultados muestran que el monitoreo ocupa-cional de las zonas ladrilleras es importante debido al escenario de riesgo y a las condiciones precarias de este trabajo, además de la alta exposición a contaminantes que afectan la salud de los trabajadores y sus familias, así como la propuesta de estrategias que ayuden a minimizar los impactos ambientales y prevenir los efectos en salud de las poblaciones.

Abstract The brick-making sector is characterized by artisanal brick production using rudimentary techniques, low-tech kilns and various low-quality fuels that generate black fumes with a large amount of pollutants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize metals in soil, PAHs in air and biomonitoring of PAHs in workers of the "Las Terceras” brick area in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. In order to know the occupational exposure, the concentration of PAHs in PM10 particles was determined, the soil of the work area was characterized and a biomonitoring of hydroxylated PAH metabolites (OH-HAPs) in the urine of the workers was carried out. In air, 14 of the 16 PAHs prioritized by the Environmental Protection Agency were found in the PM10 fraction, with an average concentration of 5293.05 gg/m3 (3.11-10510.81). The results of the chemical analysis of the dusts showed that they are mainly constituted of quartz (SiO2) and clays (SiAlOx) with presence of Fe-Ti oxides, rare earth phosphates (Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium Thorium), zirconium silicates, barium sulfates, zinc oxides. The biomonitoring involved 42 brick workers, the results of OH-HAPs exposure in urine showed the mean total OH-HAPs of 15.7 (6.92-195) ng/ml. These results show that occupational moni-toring of brick-making areas is important due to the risk scenario and the precarious conditions of this work, in addition to the high exposure to pollutants that affect the health of workers and their families, as well as the proposal of strategies that help minimize environmental impacts and prevent health effects on populations.

Abstract This study reports the genetic diversity among Chilean heritage blood-flesh peaches and the characterization of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds present in these fruits. A genetic diversity analysis using 7,934 SNP markers was performed. The average observed heterozygosity (Ho=0.09) was very low in the 75 Chilean blood-flesh peach trees, whereas 14 commercial peach varieties had significantly higher levels of heterozygosity (Ho=0.32). Furthermore, the blood-flesh peach lines were genetically similar, and all of these lines were genetically different from the commercial varieties. A comparative analysis was carried out between the epicarp and mesocarp of the peach fruits. Fruit quality parameters were evaluated at harvest (weight, size, firmness and soluble solids), and concentrations of total polyphenols, anthocyanins, carotenoids, as were macro (P, K, Ca, Mg) and microelements (Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu). These analyses showed that blood-flesh peaches have high concentrations of anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3R)) when compared to commercial varieties with white or yellow mesocarps. A comparison was performed among Chinese, French and Chilean varieties, with similar values found for the antioxidant compounds. No significant differences in the micro- and macroelement contents were detected in these blood-flesh fruits compared to commercial varieties.

Resumen Este estudio reporta por primera vez la diversidad genética entre duraznos betarraga de Chile, así como la caracterización de los compuestos fitoquímicos y bioactivos presentes en estos frutos. Se realizó un análisis de diversidad genética utilizando 7.934 marcadores SNP. La heterocigosidad promedio observada (Ho=0,09) fue muy baja en los 75 durazneros betarraga chilenos, mientras que 14 variedades comerciales de durazno tuvieron niveles significativamente más altos de heterocigosidad (Ho=0,32). Además, las líneas de durazno betarraga fueron genéticamente similares entre sí, y todas estas líneas fueron genéticamente diferentes de las variedades comerciales. Se realizó un análisis comparativo, entre epicarpio y mesocarpio de los frutos de durazno. Se evaluaron parámetros de calidad de frutos a la cosecha (peso, tamaño, firmeza y sólidos solubles) y concentraciones de polifenoles totales, antocianinas, carotenoides, así como macro (P, K, Ca, Mg) y microelementos (Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu). Estos análisis mostraron que el durazno betarraga tiene altas concentraciones de antocianinas (cianidina-3-glucósido (C3G) y cianidina-3-rutinósido, C3R) en comparación con las variedades comerciales con mesocarpios blancos o amarillos. Se realizó una comparación entre las variedades Chinas, Francesas y Chilenas que muestran valores similares para los compuestos antioxidantes. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en el contenido de micro y macroelementos en estos frutos de pulpa roja en comparación con las variedades comerciales.

ABSTRACT A new amlodipine-chitosan nanocomposite was built using amlodipine nanoparticles as primary scaffolds by spontaneous emulsification, and its complete elucidation was performed by using several spectrometric techniques. Our results indicate that the amlodipine-chitosan nanocomposite has better solubility than amlodipine at pH 7.4 with a nearly all the drug substance dissolved (97%) by the final time-point measured. The docking study support the existence of intermolecular interactions are established between amlodipine and chitosan.

Resumen Este artículo examina el uso de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) para el aprendizaje significativo en el curso de pregrado de Investigación de Operaciones del cuarto año de Ingeniería Industrial en CORHUILA. Durante los años anteriores, los estudiantes que tomaron el curso mostraron dificultades entendiendo conceptos y respondiendo pruebas, lo cual se vio reflejado en la nota final. Por lo tanto, es necesario examinar la aplicación de herramientas TIC en el aula de clase. Para mostrar la efectividad de la metodología propuesta, se diseñó una propuesta de investigación semi-experimental con una muestra de 68 estudiantes distribuidos en dos grupos. El grupo de control fue pensado usado metodología tradicional, mientras que el grupo experimental tuvo acceso a herramientas TIC para aprendizaje. El resultado muestra una relación significativa entre el éxito académico del grupo experimental y las herramientas TIC utilizadas, y unas notas mejores comparadas con el grupo de control.

Abstract This paper examines the use of information communication technology (ICT) for meaningful learning in the undergrad course of Operation Research taken in the fourth year of Industrial Engineering at University Corporation of Huila, CORHUILA. Over the past year, students that took Operation Research showed difficulty in understanding the concepts, answering tests which reflected on the final grade. Therefore, it was necessary to examine the application of ICT tools in the classroom. To show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, it was designed a quasi-experimental research with a sample of 68 students distributed in two groups. The Control group was thought using the traditional methodology; whereas the Experimental group had access to ICT tools for learning. The results showed a significant relationship between the academic success of the Experimental group and the ICT tools applied; moreover, better grading compared to the Control group.

Two new phosphorus complexes, potassium trichlorothiocyanophosphate (III) (PTCTCP; K[PCl3(SCN)]) and potassium trichlorocyanophosphate (III) (PTCCP; K[PCl3(CN)]) were synthesized from the reaction of KSCN and KCN, respectively, with PC^. The chemical formulas and compositions of these compounds were determined by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods, such as phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (31P-NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and mass spectrophotometry. All of the theoretical calculations and determinations of the properties of these compounds were performed as part of the Amsterdam Density Functional (ADF) program. Excitation energies were assessed using time-dependent perturbation density functional theory (TD-DFT). In addition, the molecular geometry was optimized and the frequencies and excitation energies were calculated using standard Slater-type orbital (STO) basis sets with triple-zeta quality double plus polarization functions (TZ2P) for all of the atoms. The assignment of the principal transitions and total densities of state (TDOS) for orbital analysis were performed using the GaussSum 2.2 program.

Antecedentes. Los tumores de células germinales son un grupo heterogéneo de neoplasias que corresponden al 1-3% de los tumores en pediatría. Por lo general, se manifiestan clínicamente con masa testicular o dolor abdominal. Objetivo. Describir las características de los pacientes con tumores germinales gonadales en un centro de referencia de cáncer pediátrico en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Este artículo hace una revisión retrospectiva recopilando 20 años de experiencia en el diagnóstico y manejo de estos tumores en la Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia. Resultados. Se encontraron 79 pacientes, 35 hombres y 44 mujeres, con un promedio de edad, al diagnóstico, de 6 años. El teratoma fue la neoplasia más frecuente en el sexo femenino y el tumor del seno endodérmico en el masculino. El 70,9% de los pacientes se diagnosticaron en estadio I; se tienen datos de marcadores tumorales en 84,8%. El 98,7% se manejaron con cirugía y 58,2% recibieron además quimioterapia, especialmente protocolo BEP. 96% alcanzaron remisión de la enfermedad, 3 pacientes fallecieron. Conclusiones. El estudio demuestra buenos resultados en el manejo de los tumores germinales gonadales con el protocolo establecido de manejo quirúrgico y quimioterapia, se encontró una baja tasa de recurrencia en el periodo evaluado y alto porcentaje de niños libres de enfermedad.

Background. Germ cell tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms corresponding to 1-3% of pediatric tumors. They usually manifest clinically as testicular mass or abdominal pain. Objective. To make a description of gonadal germ cell tumor types in pediatric referral center in Colombia. Materials and methods. This article takes a retrospective review compiling 20 years of experience in diagnosis and management of these tumors in the Fundación Hospital de La Misericordia. Results. We found 79 patients, 35 men and 44 women, with an average age at diagnosis of 6 years. The teratoma was the most common neoplasia in females and endodermal sinus tumor in men. 70.9% of patients were diagnosed with stage I. In 84,8% measuring tumor markers were obtained. 98.7% were managed with surgery and 58.2% also received chemotherapy, especially BEP protocol. 96% achieved disease remission, 3 patients died. Conclusions. The study shows good results in the management of gonadal germ cell tumors with the established protocol and low recurrence rate in the evaluated period and high rates of children free of disease, were found a low rate of recurrence in the assessment period and high percentage of free of disease.

Objetivo: Examinar y describir las condiciones de trabajo dadas por la utilización prolongada de equipos e instrumental odontológico en estudiantes de postgrado y en docentes de cada especialidad. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en estudiantes de posgrado y docentes de cada especialidad de la Facultad de Odontología. Se tomó el total de estudiantes matriculados en las siete especializaciones del programa de Odontología. La población estuvo conformada por 47 estudiantes y 22 docentes. Se adaptaron y aplicaron las guías del programa del Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica para Desórdenes Musculoesqueléticos de la Extremidad Superior (dme-ES), la Guía de Priorización y la Guía Epidemiológica, Guía deparis, Guía pme. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa stata v9. Resultados: En los estudiantes se observó la mayor sintomatología en cuello (62%) y hombros (47%). La especialidad de endodoncia es la que más presentó sintomatología en la extremidad superior, y la zona anatómica más destacada la mano (83.3 %). Las mujeres presentan mayor sintomatología en cuello (74.1 %), mientras que los hombres presenta mayor molestia en el resto de las zonas anatómicas de la extremidad superior, destacándose el hombro (62,5 %). Conclusión: Se adaptaron los instrumentos específicos y permitió conocer los riesgos de desórdenes musculoesquelético de la extremidad superior (dme-es) en la actividad laboral odontológica y realizar un material educativo para la promoción de la salud y prevención en riesgos profesionales en odontólogos.

Objective: To examine and describe working conditions, provided by the prolonged use of equipment and dental instruments in post-graduate students and teachers in each specialty. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in post-graduate students and teachers in each specialty Dental Residency Program. It took the total students enrolled in the seven specializations. The population consisted of 47 students and 22 teachers. They adapted and applied the published guideline of Epidemiological Surveillance System for musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity (dme-es); the prioritizacion Guide, epidemiological Guide, >deparis Guide and >pme Guide. Data were analyzed using >stata v9. Results: We observed in students more symptoms in neck (62 %) and shoulders (47 %). The specialty of endodontics is the most present symptoms in the upper extremity, being hand the most prominent anatomical area (83.3 %). Women have more symptoms in the neck (74.1 %), whereas in men has greater discomfort in other anatomical areas of the upper extremity, standing shoulder (62.5 %). Conclusion: Specific data collection items were adapted to dental work and this allowed us to know the risks of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity (dme-es) in the labor performance and develop dental educational materials for health promotion and risk prevention in dental professionals.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectocontagious respiratory disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. A 7 base pair (bp) deletion in the locus polyketide synthase (pks)15/1 is described as polymorphic among members of the M. tuberculosis complex, enabling the identification of Euro-American, Indo-Oceanic and Asian lineages. The aim of this study was to characterise this locus in TB isolates from Mexico. One hundred twenty clinical isolates were recovered from the states of Veracruz and Estado de Mexico. We determined the nucleotide sequence of a ± 400 bp fragment of the locus pks15/1, while genotypic characterisation was performed by spoligotyping. One hundred and fifty isolates contained the 7 bp deletion, while five had the wild type locus. Lineages X (22%), LAM (18%) and T (17%) were the most frequent; only three (2%) of the isolates were identified as Beijing and two (1%) EAI-Manila. The wild type pks15/1 locus was observed in all Asian lineage isolates tested. Our results confirm the utility of locus pks15/1 as a molecular marker for identifying Asian lineages of the M. tuberculosis complex. This marker could be of great value in the epidemiological surveillance of TB, especially in countries like Mexico, where the prevalence of such lineages is unknown.

The Chilean territory has an extensive coastline -about 80.000 km of coast including the territory of its islands – which is an important fact to consider in the event of the occurrence of a tsunami. The Chilean authorities, fully aware of the vast maritime territory, have developed a tsunami warning system. This system constitutes a state responsibility, and its control has been entrusted to the national emergency office - ministry of interior (ONEMI) and hydrographic and oceanographic service of Chilean navy (SHOA). This article deals with experiences carried out in order to activate the warning systems, generating fictional telluric events and / or historical telluric events capable of triggering tsunami occurrences. It also proposes a working hypothesis that will allow monitoring the response of the state agencies, through the procedures established by law in the Republic of Chile. Our research delivers results that allow us to affirm that there are areas for hypothetical events that could generate tsunamis in which the To carry out this research we have used a software called STLAT based on simplified equations of the propagation of a tsunami wave, which has allowed us to get quick results. We have also carried out tests with official data which have shown that the alarm system was not able to respond appropriately to the 8.4 M Atico event that occurred in Peru in 2001.

El territorio chileno cuenta con alrededor de 80.000 km de costa considerando el territorio insular, un dato relevante al momento de considerar la ocurrencia de un tsunami. Las autoridades chilenas, conscientes de este extenso territorio marítimo, han desarrollado un sistema de alerta de tsunami como una responsabilidad estatal y han depositado su control a la oficina nacional de emergencia – ministerio del interior (ONEMI) y en el servicio hidrográfico y oceanográfico de la armada de Chile (SHOA). En este artículo hemos realizado experiencias con el objetivo de activar los sistemas de advertencias generando eventos telúricos ficticios y/o eventos telúricos históricos capaces de desatar eventos de tsunami. También se ha propuesto una hipótesis de trabajo que permita, a través de los procedimientos establecidos por ley de la República de Chile, monitorear los tiempos de respuestas de los organismos estatales. Nuestro trabajo de investigación entrega resultados que nos permiten afirmar que existen zonas para eventos hipotéticos que podrían generar tsunamis a los cuales el sistema de alerta no sería eficiente en reaccionar. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación hemos utilizado un software llamado SLAT, basado en ecuaciones simplificadas de propagación de una onda de tsunami que nos permite obtener resultados rápidos y además hemos sometido a prueba el sistema con datos oficiales en los cuales se ha demostrado que el sistema de alerta no fue capaz de reaccionar al evento Atico 8,4 M. ocurrido en Perú.

A importância do chumbo atmosférico na contaminação global do ambiente tem recebido crescente atenção científica. A principal forma de monitorização da exposição é biológica, mas a ambiental tem um papel importante, já que o ambiente é a principal fonte de exposição ao chumbo. O estudo transversal busca identificar fontes de contaminação e potenciais fatores de risco da exposição em 64 crianças de zero a dezesseis anos de uma comunidade economicamente desfavorecida do Rio de Janeiro. Foram determinadas as concentrações de chumbo em solo, água, poeira e ar e calculados os fatores de risco neurológico e carcinogênico de inalação e ingestão. O sangue coletado foi utilizado para análise de Pb-S, ALA-D% e genotipagem da ALA-D. O fator de risco neurológico observado foi 549 vezes superior à dose de referência para poeira e 554 vezes superior no caso de ingestão. O fator de risco carcinogênico para ingestão foi de quatro vezes. A média de Pb-S foi 5,6μg/dL e 40% das crianças apresentaram valores de Pb-S acima do ponto de corte de 6μg/dL. A média de ALA-D% foi 40,3% e foi observada correlação entre Pb-S e ALA-D%. O genótipo ALAD1-2 foi identificado em 10% das crianças. Os resultados deste estudo permitirão o conhecimento da nossa realidade, subsidiando os órgãos de saúde pública e meio ambiente nas ações de controle e vigilância ambiental integrada

The importance of atmospheric lead in environmental global contamination is receiving increasing scientific attention. The main exposure monitoring approach is biological, but the environmental one has a key role, since the environment is the major source of exposure. The study aimed to identify the contamination sources and potential risk factors of the exposure in a 64 subject group formed by 0-16 years-old children from an economically deprived community in Rio de Janeiro. Lead concentrations in soil, water, dust and air were determined and neurological and carcinogenic risk factors for ingestion and inhalation were calculated. Blood samples were collected and used in the analysis of Pb-B, ALA-D% and ALA-D genotyping. The observed neurological risk factor was 549 times higher than reference dose for dust and 554 times higher in the case of ingestion. The carcinogenic risk factor for ingestion was about 4 times. Mean Pb-B was 5.6μg/dL and 40% of the children presented Pb-B levels above the 6μg/dL cutoff value. Mean ALA-D% was 40.3% and a correlation between Pb-B and ALA-D% was observed. ALAD1-2 genotype was identified in 10% of the children. The results will allow the understanding of our reality, supporting public health and environment organizations to carry out control actions and all-encompassing environmental surveillance.