Abstract: Quillaja saponaria is an endemic tree species from four countries in South America. From its bark, saponins are extracted which are economically important molecules used in pharmaceutical, industrial and agricultural purposes. In the present study the effect of hormonal components on the morphogenic capacity of Q. saponaria from caulinary segments from adult trees were evaluated. Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium supplemented with nine concentrations of 3-indole butyric acid (IBA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was used. A completely randomized balanced design with five replications was used; the experimental unit was a glass jar with four explants. The material was kept in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1 °C during day time and 22 ± 1 °C at night, with a light intensity of 3000 lux and a relative humidity of 60 %. Significant effects (P = 0.01) of the treatments on the variables number of outbreaks and caulinary elongation were determined. Duncan’s multiple range test confirmed that the treatments with significant differences were 1.0 mg L-1 of IBA and 2.0 mg L-1 BAP, for the number of shoots per explant and 1.5 mg L-1 of IBA and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP for caulinary elongation. The histological analyses revealed that the proliferation of meristematic structures was originated in the subepidermic tissue. These results support the scientific foundation of morphogenic competence of adult trees as sources of germ plasm for clonal propagation, which are crucial in a massive program of elite individuals.

Resumen: Quillaja saponaria es una especie arbórea endémica de cuatro países de América del Sur. De su corteza, se extraen saponinas, moléculas de importancia económica utilizadas con fines farmacéuticos, industriales y agronómicos. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto de componentes hormonales sobre la capacidad morfogénica de Q. saponaria, a partir de segmentos caulinares provenientes de árboles adultos. Se empleó el medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog (MS) suplementado con nueve concentraciones de ácido indol 3-butírico (AIB) y 6-bencilaminopurina (BAP). Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar balanceado con cinco repeticiones; la unidad experimental fue un frasco de vidrio con cuatro explantes. El material se mantuvo en una cámara de crecimiento a 25±1 °C en el día y 22±1 °C en la noche, a una intensidad lumínica de 3000 lux y una humedad relativa de 60 %. Se determinaron efectos significativos (P = 0.01) de los tratamientos sobre las variables número de brotes y elongación caulinar. La prueba estadística de rangos múltiples de Duncan ratificó que los tratamientos con diferencias significativas fueron 1.0 mgL-1 de AIB y 2.0 mgL-1 de BAP, para número de brotes por explante y 1.5 mg L-1 de AIB y 0.5 mg L-1 de BAP para la elongación caulinar. El análisis histológico evidenció la proliferación de estructuras meristemáticas a partir de tejido subepidérmico. Estos resultados respaldan los cimientos científicos de la competencia morfogénica de árboles adultos como fuentes de germoplasma para la propagación clonal, clave en un programa de masificación de individuos elite.

O Brasil se destaca na produção mundial de alimentos de origem animal, sendo que cada vez mais os mercados consumidores buscam alimentos seguros e inócuos para a saúde. Nesse contexto, torna-se fundamental a prevenção das zoonoses, que podem ser transmitidas através dos alimentos de origem animal, que muitas vezes são consumidos sem o devido preparo ou por populações mais vulneráveis. Nesta revisão bibliográfica, serão abordadas importantes enfermidades parasitárias de caráter zoonótico que ocorrem atualmente pela via de transmissão alimentar: a toxoplasmose, o complexo teníase-cisticercose, criptosporidiose, anisacose, difilobotriose e triquinelose.

Brazil is one of the most important countries in the production of animal source foods, and the consumers are looking for safe and innocuous products for health. In this context, it is necessary to prevent zoonosis that can be transmitted by animal source foods, which are sometimes consumed without proper cooking or made by vulnerable populations. On this review, important parasitic zoonotic diseases will be covered, which currently occur by this transmission route: toxoplasmosis, taeniasis-cysticercosis complex, cryptosporidiosis, anisakiasis, diphyllobothriasis and trichinosis.

Nas últimas décadas assistimos a uma proliferação de museus, inclusive mu seus indígenas, com ênfase na regionalização e participação ativa das coletiv idades onde estão inseridos. Este artigo trata da implantação do Museu dos Povos Indígenas do Oiapoque, solicitado pelas quatro etnias que habitam a região - Palikur, Galibi Kali'na, Karipuna e Galibi Marworno - ao governador do Amapá em 1998. Desde então se desenvolveu nas aldeias indígenas proje tos e ações de resgate e fortalecimento do Patrimônio Cultural desses povos que habitam o extremo norte do Brasil, na fronteira com a Guiana Francesa. Apresentamos essas ações e seus desdobramentos, com a articulação entre parcerias (organizações indígenas, órgãos governamentais, ONGs) para o fun cionamento e desenvolvimento de uma instituição museológica regional, que pretende abrigar, preservar e divulgar o acervo cultural dessas populações, incentivando a capacitação de técnicos em museologia, professores e pesquisa dores indígenas. Abordamos, por fim, a importância de diferentes coleções sobre esses povos indígenas, formadas ao longo das duas últimas décadas e um relato das exposições montadas no Museu Kuahí em Oiapoque e no Museu do índio, no Rio de Janeiro, ressaltando a especificidade de cada uma.

In recent decades we have witnessed a proliferation of museums, including indigenous museums, with an emphasis on regionalization and active participation of the collectivities in which they are inserted. This article involves the implementation of the Museum of the Indigenous Peoples of Oiapoque, which was a request made by the four ethnic groups that inhabit the region - the Palikur, Galibi Kali'na, Karipuna and Galibi Marworno - to the governor of Amapá in 1998. Since then, projects and actions have been realized for the revival and strengthening of the cultural heritage of these peoples that inhabit the far north of Brazil, on the border with French Guyana. We present these actions, their consequences and the articulation among partnerships (with indigenous organizations, government agencies and NGOs), which led to the development and operation of a regional museological institution that is dedicated to housing, preserving and promoting the cultural archives of these peoples, and to training indigenous museology technicians, teachers and researchers. Finally we address the importance of the different collections about these indigenous peoples that have been formed over the past two decades and report of the exhibitions mounted at the Kuahí Museum in Oiapoque and at the Museum of the Indian in Rio de Janeiro, emphasizing the specificity of each.

Experiments were performed to establish a method to reduce the time from seed to flowering in Zephyra elegans. Seedlings took at least four years to produce a flowering corm. Although germination was highest in a water-agar medium, plant necrosis occurred when plants were later transferred; therefore, MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium was selected as the medium for germination. An increase in the light intensity to 9500 lux and in the pH to 6.7, significantly increased the germination rate. Eight weeks after seed germination, seedlings were transferred to MS media with sucrose concentrations of 45, 60, 75, 90 or 105 g L-1 and a pH 5.7 or 6.7, with the aim of achieving the greatest corm weight gain. After 16 weeks, the best weight gain was obtained in the MS medium with 75 g L-1 of sucrose and a pH of 6.7. The resulting corms were transferred to pots and grown under greenhouse conditions. Corms weighing under 0.12 g did not sprout, whereas all corms over 0.3 g sprouted and all those over 0.4 g at the end of the in vitro culture stage bloomed in the second year of greenhouse cultivation. The time required for development from seedling to flowering corm was reduced to two years.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue reducir el tiempo requerido desde semilla a floración en Zephyra elegans. Plántulas de Z. elegans tardaron más de cuatro años en producir un cormo floral. El porcentaje de germinación fue mayor en medio agar-agua, pero las plántulas resultantes no fueron capaces de sobrevivir cuando eran transferidas a medio MS, por lo que el medio MS fue elegido como medio de germinación. Incrementar la intensidad lumínica a 9500 lux y el pH del medio a 6,7 tuvo un efecto significativo en incrementar el porcentaje de germinación. Ocho semanas después de la germinación, las plántulas fueron transferidas a medio MS con concentraciones de sacarosa de 45, 60, 75, 90 o 105 g L-1 y pH ajustado a 5,7 o 6,7, donde el objetivo era incentivar el aumento el peso de los cormos de las plántulas. Luego de 16 semanas de crecimiento en este medio, se observó que el mayor aumento de peso ocurrió en medio MS con pH 6,7 y 75 g L-1 de sacarosa. Los cormos formados en la fase in vitro fueron transferidos a macetas y cultivados en invernaderos. Cormos con peso menor a 0,12 g no sobrevivieron, mientras que la totalidad de los cormos sobre 0,3 g emergieron. Todos los cormos con peso superior a 0,4 g al final de la fase in vitro florecieron en la segunda temporada de cultivo en invernadero. El tiempo requerido desde plántula a cormo floral se redujo a dos años.

Os índios Palikur, um grupo Aruak, vivem às margens do Rio Urucauá, no Brasil e em diferentes localidades na Guiana Francesa. No século XVII envolveram-se em um longo conflito com os Galibi, um grupo Carib, situado mais ao norte. Os Galibi-Marworno, por sua vez, habitam uma ilha no Rio Uaçá, são os descendentes de várias etnias, essencialmente Carib e hoje falam o patois (crioulo). Também vivenciaram conflitos na região. Neste texto apresento e comparo três versões referentes a esses episódios, usados como matriz pelos indígenas para desvendar conceitos de identidade e alteridade, partes de uma construção do cosmo e de um processo histórico específicos daquela região das Guianas.

The Palikur Indians, an Aruak group, live on the banks of the Urucauá river in Brazil and in some localities in French Guiana. During the 17th century they were at war for a long time with the Galibi, a northern Carib group. The Galibi-Marworno, on the other hand, live on an island on the Uaçá river and are the descendants of various ethnic groups, essencially Carib. Today they speak French patois. They also involved themselves in conflicts in the region. In this text I present and compare three versions referring to these episodes, used as a matrix by the indians to uncover concepts of identity and otherness, part of a cosmological construct and historical process specific to the Guiana region.

Quatro diferentes grupos indígenas vivem na bacia do rio Uaçá e à margem do rio Oiapoque, Estado do Amapá, fronteira com a Guiana Francesa. Estes índios de origem étnica e cultural heterogêneas definem-se como "misturados". Por outro lado, compartilham muitos traços, referindo-se a essa herança comum como o "nosso sistema". Estes índios estão em contato contínuo com a sociedade envolvente, mas mantêm um sentimento forte de identidade própria. Este artigo, escrito em 1997, analisa os diferentes contextos em que dois desenhos geométricos, recorrentes, são aplicados em objetos cotidianos e rituais e como esses expressam, intelectual e emocionalmente, esses princípios opostos e complementares. Trato ainda, retrospectivamente, de avaliar o quanto devemos à obra de Lévi-Strauss na compreensão do que a arte significa para os povos indígenas e de como podemos melhor refletir sobre as relações entre arte e sociedade.

Four different Indian groups live on the Uaça River Basin and Oiapoque River, in the Northern part of Brazil, State of Amapá, at the boarderline with French Guiana. These Indians of heterogeneous ethnic and cultural origins define themselves as "Mixed People". On the other hand they also share many things and thus reffer to this common heritage as "our system". These Indians are very open to the outside world and at the same time have a strong sense of "inwardness". This article written in 1997 analyses the different contexts in which two recurrent geometric designs occur, applied to simple dayly objects or ritual artifacts and which express intelectually and emotionally these opposite and complementary principles. Retrospectively, I try to evaluate our debt towards Lévi-Strauss and his works in terms of what art means to indigenous people and of how we can better interpret the relations between art and society.