ABSTRACT Technologies once applied exclusively in conventional systems have maximized gains in hydroponic systems; however, they still need information for proper use. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar application of thiamine and niacin on growth and gas exchange activities in two lettuce cultivars in an ebb and flow hydroponic system. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used with four treatments and eight replications. The treatments were as follows: T1 - control, T2 - thiamine at a concentration of 200 mg L-1, T3 - niacin at 200 mg L-1, and T4 - thiamine and niacin combined at 100 mg L-1 of each vitamin. Each experimental plot consisted of a lettuce plant. The combined application of thiamine and niacin stood out, increasing the activity of gas exchange of lettuce plants and increasing by about 30% the fresh mass, concerning the control, for both cultivars, followed by the isolated application of niacin. For thiamine, the application alone did not result in significant changes. The vitamins affect the morphophysiology of lettuce, where the use of niacin has the potential for use in hydroponic production systems. Its combined use with thiamine increases this potential, with a synergistic effect between the compounds being verified.

RESUMO Tecnologias outrora aplicadas exclusivamente em sistemas convencionais, têm maximizado os ganhos em sistemas hidropônicos, porém, necessitando ainda de informações para uma adequada utilização. Assim, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de tiamina e niacina sobre o crescimento e atividades de troca gasosa em duas cultivares de alface em sistema hidropônico de fluxo e refluxo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - controle; T2 - tiamina em concentração de 200 mg L-1; T3 - niacina em concentração de 200 mg L-1; T4 - tiamina e niacina combinadas, em concentração de 100 mg L-1 de cada vitamina. Cada parcela experimental foi constituída por um vaso, contendo uma muda de alface. A aplicação conjunta de tiamina e niacina elevou as trocas gasosas das plantas de alface, aumentando em cerca de 30% a massa fresca, em relação ao controle, para ambas as cultivares, seguida pela aplicação isolada de niacina. Para a tiamina, a aplicação de forma isolada não resultou em alterações significativas. As vitaminas afetam a morfofisiologia da alface, onde o uso da niacina tem potencial para uso em sistemas de produção hidropônicos, sendo esse potencial aumentado pelo seu uso conjunto com a tiamina, verificando-se um efeito sinérgico entre os compostos.

Abstract Objectives: To explain the high mortality of septic shock in children with cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort from 2016 to 2020, of children aged 0 to 18 years, and septic shock. Results: The authors included 139 patients. Acute lymphocytic leukemia was the most frequent diagnosis (16.5%), and Gram-negative bacteria were the most frequent blood culture isolates (22.3%). There were 57 deaths in ICU (41%), 10 in the first 24 hours of shock (early death). A LASSO model with variables: neutropenia (coefficient 0.215), respiratory (0.81), hematological (1.41), and neurological (0.72) dysfunctions, age (-0.002) and solid tumor recurrence (0.34) generated AUC = 0.79 for the early death outcome. Survivors had significant differences in the PRISM-IV score (mean ± SD 10.9 ± 6.2 in the survivors, 14.1 ± 6.5 in the deceased, p = 0.004), and in the mean number of organ dysfunctions (3.2 ± 1.1 in the survivors, 3.8 ± 6.5 in the deceased, p < 0.001). A positive fluid balance in the first 24 hours of sepsis between 2% and 6% of body weight showed a reduction effect on the probability of death in ICU (hazard ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.24–0.92, p = 0.027). The recurrence of any cancer was a predictor of in-hospital death, regardless of severity. Conclusions: Recurrence of any cancer is an important risk of sepsis-related death. A positive fluid balance between 20 and 60 mL/kg or 2% and 6% of body weight in the first 24 hours after the onset of sepsis is related to lower mortality.

Resumen Las avispas parasitoides Clistopyga misionensis Bordera & Sääksjärvi e Hymenoepimecis pucallpina Pádua & Sääksjärvi fueron descritas recientemente y solo se conocen de Perú y Argentina. Para ambas especies, los machos siguen siendo desconocidos. Aquí proporcionamos el primer registro de H. pucallpina para Brasil, Mato Grosso, y el macho se describe e ilustra por primera vez. También proporcionamos un nuevo registro de distribución de C. misionensis para Brasil, Minas Gerais. Se proporciona un mapa de distribución e imágenes.

Abstract The parasitoid wasps Clistopyga misionensis Bordera & Sääksjärvi and Hymenoepimecis pucallpina Pádua & Sääksjärvi were described recently and were known only from Peru and Argentina, respectively. The males of both species remain unknown. Here, we provide the first record of H. pucallpina for Brazil, Mato Grosso, and its male is described and illustrated for the first time. We also provide a new distribution record of C. misionensi for Brazil, Minas Gerais. A distribution map and images are provided.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of spineless cactus (Opuntia stricta Haw) in the diet of sheep on the balance of macrominerals, renal function, and blood metabolites. Five sheep cannulated in the rumen (61.5±9.5kg body weight) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square composed of five diets and five experimental periods. The experimental period lasted 105 days, with five periods of 21 days each. Four diets containing levels of spineless cactus (121, 245, 371, and 500g/kg of dry matter (DM)), and a control diet were evaluated. Samples of the ingredients, orts, feces, urine, and blood were collected. Spineless cactus inclusion in sheep diets increased the DM intake, ash, oxalate, and all macrominerals intake (P < 0.05), but did not affect the urinary and fecal excretion of P, as well as the concentration of P in the blood (P > 0.05). It is possible to verify that the inclusion of spineless cactus, up to the level of 500g/kg of DM in the sheep diets, does not appear to cause damage to the animal’s health. Its inclusion does not compromise kidney function or blood metabolites evaluated herein.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de palma forrageira (Opuntia stricta Haw) na dieta de ovinos sobre o balanço dos macrominerais, a função renal e os metabólitos sanguíneos. Cinco ovinos canulados no rúmen (61,5±9,5kg de peso corporal) foram distribuídos em um quadrado de 5 × 5 latinos, composto de cinco dietas e cinco períodos experimentais. O período experimental teve duração de 105 dias, sendo cinco períodos de 21 dias cada. Foram avaliadas quatro dietas contendo níveis de palma forrageira (121, 245, 371 e 500g/kg de matéria seca (MS)), e uma dieta controle. Foram coletadas amostras dos ingredientes, sobras, fezes, urina e sangue. A inclusão de palma forrageira na dieta dos ovinos aumentou o consumo de MS, cinzas, oxalato e todos os macrominerais (P<0,05), mas não afetou a excreção urinária e a fecal de P, bem como a concentração de P no sangue (P>0,05). É possível verificar que a inclusão de palma forrageira, até o nível de 500g/kg de MS na dieta de ovinos, não parece causar danos à saúde do animal. Sua inclusão não compromete a função renal ou os metabólitos sanguíneos avaliados.

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo principal fue evaluar la relación entre la formación de calcificaciones heterotópicas y los parámetros de alineación de la prótesis. Materiales y Métodos: La población estaba formada por 31 pacientes. Se evaluaron variables radiográficas de alineación, como ángulos alfa y beta, centro de rotación astragalino y el porcentaje de cobertura posterior de la tibia en el posoperatorio inmediato y a los 2 años. Las variables de evaluación clínica fueron: la escala analógica visual y la escala de la AOFAS, y el cuestionario SF-36 para evaluar la calidad de vida al final del seguimiento. Resultados: La etiología más frecuente de la artrosis fue la postraumática (67,7%). En el posoperatorio inmediato, el ángulo alfa promedio fue de 88,7° (rango 82-92,6; DE ± 2,61); el ángulo beta, de 84,46° (rango 78,62-91,40; DE ± 3,59). La alineación del componente tibial en el plano frontal fue neutra en 25 pacientes (80,6%), en valgo en 6 (19,4%) y en varo (0%). A los 2 años de seguimiento, el 96% tenía calcificaciones heterotópicas. Mejoraron los puntajes en la escala de la AOFAS (preoperatorio/posoperatorio: 31,90/80,94) y en la escala analógica visual (preoperatorio/posoperatorio: 8,7/1,97) (p <0,05). Conclusiones: No se halló una relación entre calcificaciones heterotópicas y peores resultados funcionales ni de dolor, excepto en los parámetros de calidad de vida (SF-36), como el rol físico, la limitación emocional y la percepción de la salud general, que empeoraron a medida que aumentó el grado de calcificaciones alrededor de la prótesis.

Abstract Introduction: The main objective of this work is to evaluate the relationship between the formation of heterotopic calcifications and the alignment parameters of the prosthesis. Materials and Methods: The population under study comprised 31 patients. The radiographic alignment variables evaluated were alpha and beta angles, the talar center of rotation, and the percentage of posterior coverage of the tibia in the immediate postoperative period and after 2 years. The clinical evaluation variables were: VAS, AOFAS, and the SF-36 questionnaire to evaluate quality of life at the end of follow-up. Results: The most frequent etiology of osteoarthritis was post-traumatic (67.7%). In the immediate postoperative period, the mean alpha angle was 88.7° (range 82-92.6°; SD± 2.61); the mean beta angle was 84.46° (range 78°, 62-91.40°; SD ±3.59). The alignment of the tibial component in the anteroposterior plane was neutral in 25 patients (80.6%), valgus in 6 (19.4%), and varus in none. At 2 years of follow-up, 96% presented heterotopic calcifications. An improvement was verified both in the AOFAS (pre/post 31.90/80.94) and in the VAS scales (pre/post: 8.7/1.97) (p<0.05). Conclusions: No relationship was found between heterotopic calcification and worse functional outcomes or pain, except for quality-of-life parameters (SF-36) such as physical condition, emotional limitation, and general health perception, which worsened as the degree of calcifications around the prosthesis increased.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados radiográficos y funcionales al año de la cirugía, en una serie consecutiva de pacientes con diagnóstico de pie plano valgo estadio IIB, sometidos a una osteotomía de Evans sin injerto óseo. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó, en forma retrospectiva, a dos grupos de pacientes: grupo 1 (placa con espaciador, n = 12) y grupo 2 (celdas de PEEK, n = 14). La edad promedio era de 47 años (DE 18) en el grupo 1 y de 54 años (DE 12) en el grupo 2. Resultados: Se evaluó a 26 pacientes (28 pies operados); 20 (77%) eran mujeres. Las mediciones radiográficas: ángulo de inclinación del calcáneo, ángulo astrágalo-calcáneo (perfil), ángulo astrágalo-calcáneo (frente), cobertura astragalonavicular, altura de la columna medial, longitud de la columna externa, arrojaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las determinaciones preoperatorias y al año de la cirugía. El puntaje promedio de la escala de la AOFAS al año fue de 96 (DE 4,70) en el grupo 1 y de 95 (DE 4,98) en el grupo 2. El puntaje en la escala analógica visual para dolor fue de 1,2 (DE 0,42) en el grupo 1 y 1,16 (DE 0,46) en el grupo 2. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, concluimos en que la osteotomía de Evans sin el uso de injerto óseo logra preservar las correcciones obtenidas en el mediano plazo utilizando placas con espaciador o celdas de PEEK.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the radiological and functional outcomes one year after surgery in a consecutive series of patients diagnosed with stage IIB adult-acquired flatfoot deformity who underwent Evans osteotomy without the use of bone graft. Materials and Methods: Two groups of patients were retrospectively evaluated: group 1 (spacer plate, n=12) and group 2 (PEEK cage, n=14). The mean age was 47 years (SD 18) in group 1 and 54 years (SD 12) in group 2. Results: 26 patients (28 feet) were evaluated; 14 (84%) of the patients were women. Radiographic measurements—calcaneal pitch angle, (lateral) talocalcaneal angle, (AP) talocal-caneal angle, talonavicular coverage angle, medial column height, lateral column length—yielded statistically significant differences between preoperative measurements and those taken one year after surgery. The mean score on the AOFAS scale one year after surgery was 96 (SD 4.70) in group 1 and 95 (SD 4.98) in group 2. Regarding the visual analog scale, it was 1.2 (SD 0.42) in group 1 and 1.16 (SD 0.46) in group 2. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, we conclude that Evans osteotomy without the use of bone graft manages to preserve the corrections obtained in the medium term, using either spacer plates or PEEK cages.

As campanhas de vacinação desempenharam um papel crucial na redução da incidência da COVID-19. No entanto, um número escasso de estudos avaliou o impacto da vacinação nas taxas de letalidade, inclusive no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar as taxas de letalidade de acordo com a situação vacinal dos residentes do Município de Arapongas (Paraná, Brasil), considerando a composição etária da população. Várias estratégias adotadas pela Prefeitura Municipal para minimizar a propagação do vírus também foram elaboradas. Acessou-se a base de dados de 2021 da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Arapongas, onde foram notificados 16.437 casos confirmados e 425 óbitos. A taxa de letalidade foi calculada como a razão entre as mortes por COVID-19 e o número de casos confirmados. Este estudo inédito observou diferenças na composição etária entre indivíduos não vacinados e totalmente vacinados. Considerando que a taxa de letalidade é um indicador bruto e altamente sensível à composição etária da população, adotou-se a distribuição etária média dos casos confirmados entre os três níveis vacinais (não vacinados, parcialmente vacinados e completamente vacinados) como distribuição etária padrão. A taxa de letalidade padronizada por idade para os não vacinados e completamente vacinados foi de 4,55% e 2,42%, respectivamente. Indivíduos completamente vacinados apresentaram menores taxas de letalidade específicas por idade em todas as faixas etárias acima de 60 anos em comparação às populações não vacinadas. Estes achados fortalecem o papel da vacinação como uma medida essencial para a prevenção de mortes entre pessoas infectadas e é de particular importância para a reavaliação contínua das intervenções e políticas de saúde pública.

Las campañas de vacunación juegan un papel clave en la reducción de la propagación del COVID-19. Sin embargo, pocos estudios evalúan el impacto de la vacunación en las tasas de letalidad, incluso en Brasil. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo comparar las tasas de letalidad según el estado de vacunación de los residentes de Arapongas (Paraná, Brasil) a partir de la composición por grupo de edad de la población. El Ayuntamiento Municipal aplicó varias estrategias para mitigar la propagación del virus. Se accedió a la base de datos de 2021 del Departamento de Salud de Arapongas, donde se reportaron 16.437 casos confirmados y 425 defunciones. Se calculó la tasa de letalidad como la relación entre las muertes por COVID-19 y el número de casos confirmados. Este estudio inédito evaluó las diferencias en la composición por grupo de edad entre individuos no vacunados y los individuos totalmente vacunados. Teniendo en cuenta que tasa de letalidad es un indicador bruto y muy sensible a la composición por grupo de edad de la población, se adoptó la distribución estándar por grupo de edad de los casos confirmados entre los tres niveles de vacunación (no vacunados, parcialmente vacunados y totalmente vacunados). La tasa de letalidad estandarizada por edad para los no vacunados y los totalmente vacunados fue del 4,55% y del 2,42%, respectivamente. Los individuos totalmente vacunados tenían más baja tasa de letalidad por grupo de edad en todos los grupos de edad superiores a los 60 años en comparación con las poblaciones no vacunadas. Estos hallazgos confirman el papel de la vacunación como una medida esencial de prevención de muertes entre los infectados y es importante para la reevaluación en curso de las intervenciones y políticas de salud pública.

Vaccination campaigns played a crucial role in reducing the incidence of COVID-19. However, a scant number of studies evaluated the impact of vaccination on case fatality rates (CFRs), including in Brazil. Our study aimed to compare CFRs according to vaccination status among subjects living in Arapongas (Paraná State, Brazil), considering the age composition of the population. Several strategies adopted by the Arapongas City Hall to minimize the spread of the virus were also elaborated upon. We accessed the 2021 database of the Arapongas Municipal Health Department, in which a total of 16,437 confirmed cases and 425 deaths were reported. The CFR was calculated as the ratio between COVID-19 deaths and the number of confirmed cases. Differences in age composition between unvaccinated and fully vaccinated individuals were observed in our study. Considering that CFR is a crude indicator and is highly sensitive to the age composition of the population, we adopted the average age distribution of confirmed cases among the three vaccination statuses (unvaccinated, partially, and fully) as a standard age distribution. The age-standardized CFR for unvaccinated and fully vaccinated groups were 4.55% and 2.42%, respectively. Fully vaccinated individuals showed lower age-specific CFRs in all age groups above 60 years than unvaccinated populations. Our findings strengthen the role of vaccination as a critical measure for preventing deaths among infected people and is particularly important to the ongoing reassessment of public health interventions and policies.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and in situ degradability of elephant grass silage dry matter with increasing levels of sugarcane bagasse. A completely randomized design was adopted with five treatments: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% inclusion of sugarcane bagasse on an as-fed matter basis, with five replications, totalling 25 experimental units. The increasing proportion of sugarcane bagasse analysed was favourable only in increasing the concentration of dry matter and fibre of silages and in maintaining a considerable crude protein content. In the in situ degradation assay, the addition of sugarcane bagasse in silage decreased the ruminal degradability of dry matter, and as the passage rates increased, the effective degradability decreased. In the in vitro gas production assay, the total production of gases was decreased with the inclusion of sugarcane bagasse, as did the degradability of organic matter and neutral detergent fibre. The recommendation for the inclusion of sugarcane bagasse should be analysed according to the desired objective, emphasizing that values higher than 5% can greatly compromise the final nutritive value of elephant grass silage.

Abstract The TP53 3’UTR variant rs78378222 A>C has been detected in different tumor types as a somatic alteration that reduces p53 expression through modification of polyadenylation and miRNA regulation. Its prevalence is not yet known in all tumors. Herein, we examine tumor tissue prevalence of rs7837822 in Brazilian cohorts of patients from south and southeast regions diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD, n=586), sarcoma (SARC, n=188) and uterine leiomyoma (ULM, n=41). The minor allele (C) was identified in heterozygosity in 6/586 LUAD tumors (prevalence = 1.02 %) and none of the SARC and ULM samples. Additionally, next generation sequencing analysis revealed that all variant-positive tumors (n=4) with sample availability had additional pathogenic or likely pathogenic somatic variants in the TP53 coding regions. Among them, 3/4 (75 %) had the same pathogenic or likely pathogenic sequence variant (allele frequency <0.05 in tumor DNA) namely c.751A>C (p.Ile251Leu). Our results indicate a low somatic prevalence of rs78378222 in LUAD, ULM and SARC tumors from Brazilian patients, which suggests that no further analysis of this variant in the specific studied regions of Brazil is warranted. However, these findings should not exclude tumor molecular testing of this TP53 3’UTR functional variant for different populations.

Abstract COVID-19 pandemic represented a worldwide major challenge in different areas, and efforts undertaken by the scientific community led to the understanding of some of the genetic determinants that influence the different COVID-19 outcomes. In this paper, we review the studies about the role of human genetics in COVID-19 severity and how Brazilian studies also contributed to those findings. Rare variants in genes related to Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) in the type I interferons pathway, and its phenocopies, have been described as being causative of severe outcomes. IEI and its phenocopies are present in Brazil, not only in COVID-19 patients, but also in autoimmune conditions and severe reactions to yellow fever vaccine. In addition, studies focusing on common variants and GWAS studies encompassing worldwide patients have found several loci associated with COVID-19 severity. A GWAS study including only Brazilian COVID-19 patients identified a new locus 1q32.1 associated with COVID-19 severity. Thus, more comprehensive studies considering the Brazilian genomic diversity should be performed, since they can help to reveal not only what are the genetic determinants that contribute to the different outcomes for COVID-19 in the Brazilian population, but in the understanding of human genetics in different health conditions.

ABSTRACT Dogs are considered to be the main domestic reservoir associated with the transmission of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi to humans in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in America. However, little is known about the role of canines as a source of infection in endemic areas of nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the role of dogs as a possible reservoir of the parasite in Southern Honduras. Dogs (n = 107) living with individuals affected by NUCL were clinically examined and biological material was collected for parasitological and immunological diagnosis. Most animals showed a healthy appearance and a few presented slight weight loss (64%), alopecia (7%), onychogryphosis (5%) and skin lesions (1%). The overall seroprevalence of Leishmania infection based on the DDP ® quick test and/or in-house ELISA serological test was 41%. The presence of the parasite’s DNA was confirmed in 94% of the dogs; however, the average parasite load in the buffy coat was low at 6.09 parasites/µL, ranging between 0.221 and 50.2. The skin of seropositive dogs examined by histopathology using paraffin sections stained by hematoxylin and immunohistochemistry did not show cutaneous lesions or parasite amastigotes. Based on the absence of parasites in the skin and the low parasite load detected in the buffy coat, it seems that the dog does not represent a good source of infection for the vector in the endemic area of NUCL transmission in Southern Honduras. Other domestic and/or wild animals should be investigated.

ABSTRACT Rare emerging pathogens such as Saprochaete clavata are associated with invasive fungal diseases, high morbidity, mortality, rapidly fatal infections, and outbreaks. However, little is known about S. clavata infections, epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, biofilms, and disease outcomes. The objective of this study was to describe a new case of severe S. clavata infection in a patient diagnosed at a referral children’s hospital in Brazil, including antifungal minimal inhibitory concentration, S. clavata biofilm characterization, and molecular characterization. The S. clavata isolated from an immunocompromised 11-year-old male patient was characterized using MALDI-TOF, Gram staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and next generation sequencing (NGS) of genomic DNA. Biofilm production was also evaluated in parallel with determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biofilm sensitivity to antifungal treatment. We observed small to medium, whitish, farinose, dry, filamentous margin colonies, yeast-like cells with bacillary features, and biofilm formation. The MALDI-TOF system yielded a score of ≥ 2,000, while NGS confirmed S. clavata presence at the nucleotide level. The MIC values (in mg L-1) for tested drugs were as follows: fluconazole = 2, voriconazole ≤ 2, caspofungin ≥ 8, micafungin = 2, amphotericin B = 4, flucytosine ≤ 1, and anidulafungin = 1. Amphotericin B can be active against S. clavata biofilm and the fungus can be susceptible to new azoles. These findings were helpful for understanding the development of novel treatments for S. clavata-induced disease, including combined therapy for biofilm-associated infections.

Abstract The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations include a strong emphasis on ending hunger worldwide. According to the 2019 Global Food Security Index, while 88% of countries claim there is sufficient food supply in their country, the sad reality is that 1 in 3 countries is facing insufficient availability of food supply, which means that in those countries, more than 10% of the population is malnourished. Since nutrition is crucial to leading a healthy life and satisfying food security needs, several governments have turned to national nutrition surveys to gauge the extent of malnutrition in their populations. Plants are able to grow, develop, and store nutrients by photosynthesis, which convert light into chemical energy through cell redox regulatory networks. A photosynthesis system's electron flow may be adjusted to accommodate varying light and environmental circumstances. Many techniques exist for controlling the flow of electrons emitted during light processes in order to save or waste energy. The two protein molecules TROL and flavoenzyme ferredoxin (oxidoreductase+NADP) (FNR) interact dynamically to form an excellent molecular switch capable of splitting electrons from the photosystem. The TROL-FNR bifurcation may be limited by either generating NADPH or preventing reactive oxygen species from propagating. TROL-based genome editing is an experimental method for enhancing plant stress and defensive responses, efficiency, and ultimately agricultural production.

Resumo Os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de 2030 da Organização das Nações Unidas incluem uma forte ênfase em acabar com a fome em todo o mundo. De acordo com o Índice Global de Segurança Alimentar de 2019, enquanto 88% dos países afirmam que há abastecimento alimentar suficiente em seu país, a triste realidade é que 1 em cada 3 países enfrenta disponibilidade insuficiente de alimentos, o que significa que, nesses países, mais de 10% da população está desnutrida. Uma vez que a nutrição é crucial para levar uma vida saudável e satisfazer as necessidades de segurança alimentar, vários governos recorreram a pesquisas nacionais de nutrição para avaliar a extensão da desnutrição em suas populações. As plantas são capazes de crescer, desenvolver e armazenar nutrientes pela fotossíntese, que converte luz em energia química por meio de redes reguladoras redox celulares. O fluxo de elétrons de um sistema de fotossíntese pode ser ajustado para acomodar luz variável e circunstâncias ambientais. Existem muitas técnicas para controlar o fluxo de elétrons emitidos durante os processos de luz, a fim de economizar ou desperdiçar energia. As duas moléculas de proteína TROL e a flavoenzima ferredoxina (oxidorredutase+NADP) (FNR) interagem dinamicamente para formar um excelente interruptor molecular capaz de separar elétrons do fotossistema. A bifurcação TROL-FNR pode ser limitada, gerando NADPH ou impedindo a propagação de espécies reativas de oxigênio. A edição do genoma baseada em TROL é um método experimental para aumentar o estresse da planta, as respostas defensivas, a eficiência e, finalmente, a produção agrícola.

Abstract This study compares local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers from the Southwest Atlantic Ocean (SWAO), Brazil, related to the franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei). We conducted 330 ethnographic interviews in ten fishing communities in southern and southeastern Brazil between 2012 and 2018. Boolean or Classic Logic was used to identify 95 fishers who were able to recognize the franciscana dolphin accordingly to the taxonomic entity P. blainvillei: 23 in northern Espírito Santo state, one in southern Espírito Santo, 20 in northern Rio de Janeiro state, and 51 in northern Paraná state. Among these 95 fishers, 87.4% (n = 83) reported incidental captures in fishing nets. Among these, 52 (54.7%) did not know any solution to this problem. Interviews revealed that the fishers usually discard carcasses in the sea after fat and muscle tissue are removed so that they can be used as bait for shark fishing or as food. In Southeastern Brazil, fishers LEK related to their ability to identify franciscana dolphin varied from ‘no identification’ and ‘extremely low identification’ to ‘partial’ and ‘good identification,’ while in southern Brazil, fishers mainly presented a ‘good identification’ of the dolphins. We propose comanagement actions to conserve the franciscana dolphin in the SWAO.