Abstract The growing worldwide significance of Brazilian futsal is recognized due to its extensive practice and international achievements. In this context, it becomes essential to further explore the critical aspects associated with the coaching role. The aim of this study was to investigate elite Brazilian coaches' perceptions regarding the factors influencing their decision to pursue this profession and the fundamental aspects related to coaches' professional competence. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 elite coaches. The results suggest that family influence, prolonged exposure to practice, the school, and their coaches were fundamental in shaping the coaches' professional trajectories. Specific futsal knowledge, game reading, and decision making seem to be relevant for competence in the role. Finally, an open, reciprocal, and accountable relationship with athletes is considered essential in the practical context, as well as the pursuit of significantly contributing to athlete development as an integral part of the coaching role.

Resumen La importancia del fútbol sala brasileño es mundialmente reconocida por su práctica masiva y logros internacionales. En este contexto, es fundamental profundizar en la comprensión de los aspectos críticos involucrados en el rol del entrenador. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las percepciones de entrenadores de élite brasileños sobre los aspectos que influyen en la elección de la profesión y los conocimientos fundamentales necesarios para la competencia profesional. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a 10 entrenadores de élite. Los resultados sugieren que la influencia familiar, la exposición prolongada a la práctica, la escuela y sus entrenadores como atletas fueron fundamentales en sus trayectorias. El conocimiento específico del fútbol sala, la lectura de juegos y la toma de decisiones parecen ser relevantes para la competencia en el rol. Finalmente, la relación abierta, de intercambio y de rendición de cuentas con los atletas resultan esenciales en la práctica y que la búsqueda del desarrollo de los atletas se realice de manera global.

Resumo A relevância do futsal brasileiro no cenário mundial é reconhecida pela sua prática massiva e conquistas internacionais. Neste contexto, compreender aspectos envoltos de uma função relevante, a de treinador, torna-se fundamental. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as percepções de treinadores brasileiros de elite sobre os aspectos influenciadores na escolha da profissão e os conhecimentos fundamentais necessários à competência profissional. Realizaram-se entrevistas em profundidade com 10 treinadores de elite. Os resultados sugerem que a influência familiar, a exposição prolongada à prática, à escola e aos seus treinadores enquanto atletas foram fundamentais nas suas trajetórias. O conhecimento específico do futsal, a leitura de jogo e a tomada de decisão parecem ser relevantes para a competência na função. Por fim, a relação aberta, de troca e cobrança com os atletas demonstram ser essenciais no contexto prático e a busca pelo desenvolvimento dos atletas é realizada de maneira global.

ABSTRACT. The adaptability of the strawberry is known; however, little is known about the morphological and agronomic performance of these runner plants when transplanted in the Southern Hemisphere. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether strawberry cultivars classified according to their flowering differ in morpho-phenology and agronomic performance. Six cultivars of strawberry were used, two of which were Short Day (SD), Camarosa and Camino Real, and four of which were Neutral Day (ND), Aromas, Albion, Monterey, and San Andreas. The cultivars were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. The research developed in two parts: one part as descriptive research (morphological performance and phenology) and the other part as explanatory research (morphology of the root system and the agronomic performance). In the descriptive research, the data about the strawberry cultivars were presented in a descriptive way. The data on morpho-agronomic performance (explanatory research) were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at a 5% probability of error. It is inferred that there is variability among cultivars regardless of their classification in terms of flowering. In all cultivars, we observed a botanical structure called a hypsophyll that is not included in the morphological descriptors of the species.

Abstract Aiming at multiscale numerical investigations of fibrous connective tissues, the present work proposes a finite strain viscoelastic model suitable to represent the local mechanical response of living cells in conjunction with finite element simulations of nanoindentation tests. The material model is formulated in a thermodynamically consistent framework based on a variational constitutive approach. As a case of study, a numerical investigation of the local compressible response of fibroblast cells is addressed. Moreover, a set of cyclic, stress relaxation and creep experiments are simulated in order to investigate the capability of the model to predict rate dependence of cells, showing sound agreement with experimental data. The proposed model may be used as a suitable tool for a better understanding of stiffness and energetic dissipation of cells.

ABSTRACT High nitrogen (N) losses by ammonia (NH3) volatilization from urea can compromise nitrogen fertilization efficiency and corn yield. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of irrigation management and the addition of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on NH3-N losses from urea and on corn yield. To this end, two experiments were carried out in the 2011/12 crop season on a sandy clay loam Acrisol in the Central Basin region of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Experiment I consisted of two different N sources (urea and urea plus the inhibitor) at a rate of 200 kg ha-1 N and two corn sowing times [viz., an early time (Sept. 3, 2011) and an intermediate time (Oct. 3, 2011)]. Experiment II considered a combination of three irrigation management systems (viz., without irrigation on the fertilization day and on the next 7 days; 20 mm of water immediately before N fertilization; and 20 mm water after N fertilization) and two N sources (urea and urea plus the inhibitor) at 150 kg ha-1 N. A control treatment without topdressed N fertilization was also performed in parallel with the two experiments. The NH3-N losses from common urea increased with increasing soil moisture in Experiment I (25 % applied N), and with irrigation before N fertilization in Experiment II (27 % applied N). The inhibitor reduced NH3-N losses from urea by 46 to 80 %. Also, irrigation after fertilization reduced ammonia volatilization by 83 % on average, with little effect from the inhibitor. The effects of the inhibitor and post-fertilization irrigation on the mitigation of NH3 losses by volatilization from urea were not additive; in addition, they led to no increase in corn yield.

ABSTRACT Fertilization programs for annual crops in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, are based on studies that focused on conventional tillage and were established more than 30 years ago. The primary purpose of this study was to assess potassium (K) fertilization on long-term (>30 years) no-tillage soybean, corn, wheat, and barley crops grown in rotation on Oxisols in the central-southern region of Paraná. A total of 47 experiments were carried out from 2008 to 2013, three of which addressed K calibration and the other 44, crop response to K fertilization. Critical K soil-test value and interpretation classes were established from the ratio between relative crop yield [RY = (yield without K/max yield) × 100] and soil K levels. Winter cereals were found to be more demanding of K than were soybean and corn; also, the former governed critical K soil-test value for crop rotation: 0.23 cmolc dm-3 in the 0.00-0.20 m soil layer. Recommended fertilization rates for soils in the low and medium soil K levels were established by using the build-up approach for soil correction; and those for the high and very high soil K levels were established by removing K at harvest and assessing economic return in crop response experiments. The K rates calculated for the high yield classes exceeded those currently recommended for use in Paraná.

RESUMO A redução das perdas de nitrogênio pela volatilização de amônia (NH3) pode ser alcançada pelo manejo adequado da irrigação, bem como pelo uso de fontes de N alternativas à ureia comum. A eficiência desses fatores em reduzir a volatilização de NH3 foi avaliada em experimento conduzido num Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico típico cultivado por 28 anos no sistema aveia-preta/milho (inverno/verão) em plantio direto na Depressão Central do RS. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, em três repetições, onde as parcelas principais receberam os tratamentos de irrigação (sem irrigação e irrigação imediatamente antes ou após a adubação), e nas subparcelas foram aplicadas diferentes fontes de N (ureia comum, ureia com inibidor de urease e fertilizante de liberação lenta) na dose de 180 kg ha-1 N, além de um tratamento-controle sem adubação nitrogenada. As avaliações de volatilização de NH3 foram realizadas com coletor semiaberto estático aos um, dois, quatro, seis e 10 dias, após a adubação. Mais de 90 % das perdas totais de NH3 por volatilização ocorreram nos três dias que sucederam a aplicação dos fertilizantes, com picos de até 15,4 kg ha-1 d-1 de N. A irrigação foi eficiente em reduzir a volatilização de NH3 apenas quando aplicada posterior à adubação. Essa redução variou em razão do fertilizante nitrogenado, sendo superior quando da aplicação da ureia (67 %) e pouco inferior no caso da ureia com inibidor de urease (50 %) e fertilizante de liberação lenta (40 %), em comparação à média dos tratamentos sem irrigação e com irrigação anterior à adubação. A utilização de ureia com inibidor de urease em substituição à ureia comum apenas evidenciou-se promissora quando em condições propícias à volatilização (sem irrigação ou com irrigação anterior à adubação). Em comparação à ureia comum, o fertilizante de liberação lenta não demonstrou potencial de reduzir volatilização em nenhuma situação avaliada.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen losses by ammonia (NH3) volatilization can be reduced by appropriate irrigation management or by alternative N sources, replacing urea. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of irrigation management and N source combinations in decreasing NH3 volatilization from an Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico típico cultivated for 28 years with black oat (Avena strigosa) and maize (Zea mays), under no-tillage in the region of Depressão Central, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with split plots with three replications, where the main plots consisted of irrigation systems: no irrigation; irrigation immediately before and irrigation immediately after fertilization. The subplots were treated with different N sources: urea, urea with urease inhibitor and slow-release fertilizer, at an N rate of 180 kg ha-1, broadcast over maize, plus a control treatment without N fertilization. Ammonia volatilization was assessed using semi-open static collectors for 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 days after N fertilization. In general, more than 90 % of total NH3-N losses occurred until three days after N fertilization, with peaks up to 15.4 kg ha-1 d-1. The irrigation was efficient to reduce NH3 losses only when applied after N fertilization. However, reductions varied according to the N fertilizer, and were higher for urea (67 %) and slightly lower for urea with urease inhibitor (50 %) and slow-release fertilizer (40 %), compared with the mean of the treatments without irrigation and irrigation before fertilization. The use of urea with urease inhibitor instead of urea was only promising under volatilization-favorable conditions (no irrigation or irrigation before N fertilization). Compared to urea, slow-release fertilizer did not reduce ammonia volatilization in any of the rainfed or irrigated treatments.

O Estado do Paraná não dispõe de um sistema de recomendação de adubação para rotação de culturas em plantio direto (PD). Em razão disso, utiliza indicações geradas para culturas individuais há mais de 30 anos e em preparo convencional. Este estudo teve como objetivo consolidar a calibração de P e avaliar a resposta das culturas à adubação fosfatada, visando à proposição de um sistema de indicações técnicas para a adubação fosfatada das culturas da soja, do milho, do trigo e da cevada cultivadas em sistema de rotação em Latossolos com longo histórico de PD (>30 anos) na região centro-sul do Paraná, que se caracteriza por possuir alto potencial produtivo. Três experimentos de calibração foram conduzidos de 2008 a 2013 e consistiram na criação de níveis de P pela aplicação de doses a lanço de até 640 kg ha-1 de P2O5. Quarenta e quatro experimentos de resposta a P foram conduzidos entre as safras de 2011 a 2012/13, tendo como foco avaliar a resposta das culturas a P em solos com distinta disponibilidade do nutriente. Os rendimentos relativos [RR = (rendimento sem P/rendimento máximo) × 100] das culturas e os teores de P no solo (Mehlich-1) foram relacionados, obtendo-se os teores críticos e as classes de disponibilidade de P no solo. Para a estimativa das doses nas classes de disponibilidade Baixa e Média, foram utilizadas as curvas de resposta à adubação de P, seguindo a filosofia de suficiência (adubação de cultura). Nas classes de disponibilidade Alta e Muito Alta, as doses foram com base na exportação pelos grãos. Os cereais de inverno se evidenciaram mais exigentes e determinaram o teor crítico de P de 8 mg dm-3 para a rotação de culturas, considerando a camada de 0-20 cm. As doses de P indicadas para soja, milho, trigo e cevada em solos em PD de longa duração são superiores às de adubação atualmente indicadas no PR, o que, ao menos em parte, justificam-se pelas altas produtividades das culturas e alta capacidade de retenção de P dos solos da região. Embora adotada a filosofia de suficiência/adubação de cultura para a indicação das doses de adubação fosfatada em solos abaixo do teor crítico, estima-se que as doses estipuladas para as culturas elevem o teor de P no solo ao teor crítico após um ciclo da rotação de culturas (três anos).

Although the State of Parana, Brazil, has adopted crop rotation and no-till (NT) systems, fertilizer application is still based on recommendations developed more than 30 years ago for monocropping under conventional tillage because fertilizer recommendations developed specifically for crop rotation under NT are lacking. The objective of our study was to consolidate P calibration and evaluate crop responses to P fertilization so as to propose a system of technical recommendations for P fertilization for soybean, maize, wheat, and barley grown in a crop rotation system in Oxisols under long-term (>30 years) NT systems in the high yield potential South-Central region of Parana. Three calibration trials were conducted from 2008 to 2013, consisting of P broadcast application rates of up to 640 kg ha-1 P2O5. Forty-four P fertilization trials were carried out over the 2011-2012/13 growing seasons to evaluate yield response to P fertilization rates in Oxisols with different levels of P availability. Relative crop yield [RR = (yield without P/maximum yield) × 100] and soil P availability (Mehlich-1) were compared to obtain P critical levels and generate soil P availability classes based on crop response. For soils in the Low and Medium availability classes, recommended P fertilizer application rates were based on the yield response curve following the nutrient sufficiency approach. For soils in the High and Very High availability classes, P fertilizer recommendations were based on P removal through grain harvest. The winter cereal crops were more demanding to achieve maximum yields - the soil critical P level for the crop rotation system was determined at 8 mg dm-3 based on the requirement of these crops, considering the 0-20 cm soil layer. The recommended P fertilization rates for soybean, maize, wheat, and barley in Oxisols under long-term NT developed in our study are higher than the current P fertilization rates used in Parana, which is explained in part by the high crop yields and high P adsorption capacity of soils in the region. Although the nutrient sufficiency approach was used to determine P fertilization rates in the soils below the critical level, it is estimated that the P rates recommended for the crops will raise soil P availability above the critical level after a full crop-rotation cycle (3 years).

Na Região Sul do Brasil, a disponibilidade de N para o milho é inferida a partir do teor de matéria orgânica do solo sem nenhuma consideração para os teores de N mineral existentes no solo ou nas folhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a eficiência de parâmetros de solo (teores de N-NO3- e N-NH4+), e de planta (N total no tecido, clorofilas, índice relativo de clorofila), como indicadores da disponibilidade de N durante a ontogenia do milho, submetido a doses de N e épocas de aplicação da cobertura nitrogenada. O experimento foi realizado em Lages, Santa Catarina, na safra 2008/2009. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas. Na parcela principal foram testadas quatro doses de N: 0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1 e nas subparcelas, avaliadas duas épocas de aplicação do N em cobertura: todo o N quando o milho tinha quatro ou oito folhas expandidas, metade da dose quando o milho tinha quatro e metade quando havia oito folhas expandidas. As avaliações foram efetuadas entre o estádio de seis folhas expandidas e o espigamento. Os teores das formas de N no solo não apresentaram relação com o rendimento de grãos ou com as características de planta avaliadas em nenhum dos estádios de avaliação, sendo, portanto, inadequados para predizer a disponibilidade de N para o milho. O rendimento de grãos não esteve relacionado ao índice relativo de clorofila e ao teor de N total nas folhas na fase inicial de desenvolvimento, porém correlacionou-se com eles a partir da avaliação realizada na nona folha expandida. As características de planta foram mais adequadas do que os parâmetros de solo para predizer a disponibilidade de N ao milho e o rendimento de grãos da cultura.

In Southern Brazil, N availability to maize is evaluated based on soil organic matter, without considering N content in the soil or in the leaves. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of soil (NO3--N and NH4+-N levels) and plant (total N tissue, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll relative index) parameters as indicators of N availability during maize ontogeny. Maize was submitted to different nitrogen rates and side-dress application times. The study was carried out in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, during the 2008/2009 growing season. The experiment was set in a randomized block split plot design. In the main plot four N rates were evaluated: 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1. Two timings of N side-dress application were assessed in the split plots: all N applied when maize had four or eight expanded leaves and half rate applied when maize had four and the other half when it presented eight expanded leaves. Evaluations were performed between the growth stages of six expanded leaves and silking. The soil N content did not correlate with grain yield or any other plant characteristics regardless of growth stage. Therefore, they were not adequate to predict N availability to maize. Grain yield was not related to the chlorophyll relative index or total N level in leaves during early stages of crop development, but it was correlated with them when the evaluations were made from the 9th expanded leaf onwards. Plant characteristics were more suitable than soil parameters to predict N availability to maize and the crop grain yield.

O N influencia os processos de morfogênese e perfilhamento nas espécies da família Poaceae. Contudo, seu efeito sobre o perfilhamento do milho é pouco conhecido. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar se a dose de N e a época de aplicação da cobertura nitrogenada interferem na emissão, sobrevivência e contribuição dos perfilhos ao rendimento de grãos de híbridos de milho. O experimento foi instalado no município de Lages (SC), nos anos agrícolas de 2006/07 e 2008/09. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos casualizados dispostos em parcelas subdivididas. No primeiro ano, as parcelas foram constituídas de dois híbridos de milho (AS 1560 e P30F53); as subparcelas, por três doses de N (0, 100 e 200 kg ha-1 de N); e as sub-subparcelas, por três épocas de aplicação do N (V4, V4+V8 e V8). No segundo ano, avaliaram-se quatro doses de N nas parcelas (0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1 de N) e as mesmas épocas de aplicação usadas no primeiro ano, nas subparcelas. Determinaram-se a percentagem de plantas perfilhadas, o número de perfilhos por planta, o rendimento de grãos e os componentes do rendimento. O híbrido P30F53 teve maior capacidade de perfilhamento e maior rendimento de grãos do que o AS 1560. A aplicação de N em cobertura reduziu a mortalidade dos perfilhos na colheita no primeiro ano, e até a floração, na segunda safra. A realização da cobertura nitrogenada em V4 estimulou o perfilhamento e permitiu maior sobrevivência dos perfilhos na colheita em 2008/09. A aplicação de N em cobertura aumentou o rendimento de grãos nos dois anos de ensaio e incrementou a contribuição direta dos perfilhos à produtividade em 2006/07. A época de aplicação do N em cobertura não interferiu no rendimento de grãos. A capacidade de perfilhamento no milho difere entre híbridos. Os perfilhos contribuem diretamente para o rendimento de grãos do milho em condições de boa disponibilidade de N.

Nitrogen influences the processes of morphogenesis and tillering in Poaceae. However, its effect on maize tillering is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess whether N rates and application time affect tiller emission, survival and contribution to maize grain yield. The experiment was set up in Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, in the growing seasons of 2006/07 and 2008/09. The experimental design was arranged in randomized blocks with split plots. In the first year, the main plots consisted of two maize hybrids (AS 1560 and P30F53), the split plots of three N rates (0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 N), and the split-split plots of three rates of N sidedressing (V4, V4 + V8 and V8). In the second year, four N rates were evaluated in the main plots (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha-1 N) and the same sidedress rates in the split plots. The percentage of plants with tillers, number of tillers per plant, grain yield and yield components were assessed. The tillering capacity and grain yield of hybrid P30F53 were greater than of AS 1560. Nitrogen sidedressing reduced tiller mortality at harvest in the first year, and until flowering in the second season. Nitrogen sidedressing at V4 stimulated tiller emission and survival at harvest 2008/09. Nitrogen sidedressing increased grain yield in both study years, and enhanced the direct contribution of tillers to grain yield in 2006/07. The time of nitrogen sidedressing did not affect grain yield, regardless of the growing season. Maize tillering capacity differed among hybrids. In environments with adequate N availability, tillers contribute to increase maize grain yield.