Resumo A hibernação é uma condição natural dos animais que vivem na zona temperada, embora alguns lagartos tropicais também experenciem hibernação anualmente, como é o caso do lagarto nativo da América do Sul, Salvator merianae ou “teiú”. Embora as características fisiológicas e metabólicas associadas à hibernação tenham sido amplamente estudadas, possíveis alterações na integridade das hemácias durante esse período ainda permanecem obscuras. A desidratação e o jejum são consequências naturais da hibernação por vários meses e podem estar relacionadas a algumas modificações celulares. Neste estudo, investigamos se a tolerância osmótica de hemácias do lagarto teiú sob hibernação são diferentes das células obtidas de animais em atividade normal. Além disso, investigamos indiretamente por meio da quantificação de biomoléculas oxidadas e da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes se a membrana das hemácias dos teiús em hibernação poderia estar associada à oxidação. Nossos resultados sugerem que as hemácias possuem maior fragilidade durante o período de hibernação, embora não tenhamos encontrado evidências de um cenário de estresse oxidativo associado à essa fragilidade acentuada. Embora não tenhamos excluído a possibilidade de dano oxidativo durante a hibernação, sugerimos que um aumento no volume das hemácias como consequência de sangue hipoosmótico durante a hibernação também poderia afetar a integridade de hemácias, tal como foi observado.

Abstract Hibernation is a natural condition of animals that lives in the temperate zone, although some tropical lizards also experience hibernation annually, such as the lizard native from South America, Salvator merianae, or “tegu” lizard. Even though physiological and metabolic characteristic associated with hibernation have been extensively studied, possible alterations in the red blood cells (RBC) integrity during this period remains unclear. Dehydration and fasting are natural consequences of hibernating for several months and it could be related to some cellular modifications. In this study, we investigated if the osmotic tolerance of RBCs of tegu lizard under hibernation is different from the cells obtained from animals while normal activity. Additionally, we indirectly investigated if the RBCs membrane of hibernating tegus could be associated with oxidation by quantifying oxidized biomolecules and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Our findings suggest that RBCs are more fragile during the hibernation period, although we did not find evidence of an oxidative stress scenario associated with the accentuated fragility. Even though we did not exclude the possibility of oxidative damage during hibernation, we suggested that an increased RBCs volume as a consequence of hypoosmotic blood during hibernation could also affect RBCs integrity as noted.

Pheromones are essential for colony organization in honeybees. The pheromones 9-ODA ((E)-9-oxodec-2-enoic acid) and 9-HDA ((E)-9-hydroxydec-2-enoic acid), produced by the mandibular gland of the queen, have various functions within the colony, including inhibition of ovarian development of workers, attraction of swarms, and stabilization of the cluster group. An example of reaction of the colony to adverse conditions is absconding, which is defined as mass exit of all of the adult individuals, leaving even brood and food. In this study, the pheromones 9-ODA and 9-HDA were determined in virgin and normal mated, egg-laying European Carniolan and Africanized queens, as well as in mated queens that were in absconding colonies, using liquid chromatography with UV detection developed methodology. Absconding was induced by maintaining free-flying five-standard-Langstroth-frame colonies in a chamber artificially heated to 45 ºC. The obtained results showed that the amount of 9-ODA in Africanized queens (6.56 µg bee-1) is very low compared with European queens. However, large amounts of 9-HDA were found in the queens of absconding Africanized swarms (107.4 µg bee-1). According to our results, the quantities of 9-ODA and 9-HDA in Africanized honeybees in Brazil may be contributing to the high rates of absconding, promoting low effect of stabilizing agent, and high effect of attraction of dispersers cluster.

ABSTRACT The current study aimed to investigate the ectoparasitic diversity and gill alterations in Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) and Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Perciformes: Cichlidae) and evaluate the microbiological and physicochemical quality of water samples deriving from a Quilombola zone in Maranhão State, Brazil. Water samples and 42 fish specimens, 21 H. unitaeniatus and 21 C. bimaculatum, were collected from a floodable environment. Water samples were subjected to physicochemical and microbiological analyses in the laboratory environment. Fish specimens were euthanized to collect and identify ectoparasites in animals’ mucus, body surface, and gills, as well as to enable the histological analysis of the second right gill arch. The herein-identified ectoparasites have shown 30.95% prevalence and comprised three phyla: Platyhelminthes, Trematoda and Arthropoda. The herein-identified main histological changes comprised incomplete and complete fusion of several lamellae, lifting of respiratory epithelium, lamellar disorganization, lamellar epithelial hyperplasia, and blood sinus dilation. The herein calculated histological alteration index has shown that 23.80% of specimens presented mild-to-moderate tissue damage, 4.77% presented moderate-to-severe tissue changes, and 9.52% presented irreparable tissue damage. It was possible concluding that histological gill lesions identified in fish specimens analyzed may be adaptive responses to the affected environment and the incidence of ectoparasites.

The assessment of chlorine, fluorine, and sulfur concentrations in depth profile of drill cuttings was performed using ion chromatography after sample preparation by pyrohydrolysis. The parameters for pyrohydrolysis were optimized using a Box-Behnken design, and the established conditions were 300 mg of sample, 300 mg of V2O5, temperature of 1000 °C, reaction time of 25 min, and absorbing solution of 50 mmol L-1 NH3 + 150 mmol L-1 H2O2. The accuracy was evaluated by the analysis of certified reference materials and recovery tests, and the results showed a good agreement between determined and certified values and recoveries (89-108%). The precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 10%), and the limits of detection (0.5-2.5 mg kg 1) were suitable for drill cuttings analysis. The concentration of chlorine, fluorine, and sulfur in drill cuttings at different depths was at mg g-1 range, and its variation is related to the mineral composition of the samples.

RESUMO O rabanete e a alface são duas hortaliças que podem ser consorciadas, porque são culturas companheiras que se complementam. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar retornos agro-bioeconômicos advindos do consórcio rabanete-alface em diversas quantidades equitativas de biomassa de jitirana (Merremia aegyptia) e flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera) em diferentes densidades populacionais de alface, em ambiente semiárido. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 4 × 4, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu em quantidades equitativas de biomassa de M. aegyptia e C. procera nas doses de 20, 35, 50 e 65 Mg ha-1 em base seca. O segundo fator compreendeu quatro densidades populacionais de alface de 150, 200, 250 e 300 mil plantas ha-1. As cultivares de alface e rabanete plantadas foram ‘Tainá’ e ‘Crimson Gigante’, respectivamente. Retornos agro-bioeconômicos expressivos deste consórcio de rabanete-alface foram obtidos na razão equivalente de terra (RET) de 2,25, escore da variável canônica Z de 3,00 e na renda liquida (RL) de 52.270,48 R$ ha-1, respectivamente, na quantidade de biomassa de 65 Mg ha-1 dos adubos verdes e densidade populacional de alface de 300 mil plantas ha-1. Além disso, registrou-se também um índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP) de 0,96 e uma razão competitiva (RC) de 2,61 na quantidade de biomassa dos adubos de 65 Mg ha-1 e densidade de alface de 150 mil plantas ha-1. A utilização de biomassa de M. aegyptia e C. procera do bioma Caatinga, mostrou-se uma tecnologia viável para produtores que praticam o cultivo de rabanete e alface em consórcio em ambiente semiárido.

ABSTRACT Radish and lettuce are two crop vegetables that can be intercropped because they are companion cultures that complement each other. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate agro-bioeconomic returns arising from radish-lettuce intercropping in different equitable amounts of hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia) and roostertree (Calotropis procera) biomass at different population densities of lettuce, in the semi-arid environment. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four replicates. The first factor consisted of equitable amounts of M. aegyptia and C. procera biomass at doses of 20, 35, 50, and 65 Mg ha-1 on a dry basis. The second factor comprised four lettuce population densities of 150, 200, 250, and 300 thousand plants ha-1. The lettuce and radish cultivars planted were ‘Tainá’ and ‘Crimson Gigante’, respectively. Expressive agro-bioeconomic returns from this radish-lettuce intercropping were obtained in the land equivalent ratio (LER) of 2.25, a score of the canonical variable Z of 3.00, net income (NI) of 52,270.48 R$ ha-1, respectively, in the biomass amount of 65 Mg ha-1 of the green manures and lettuce population density of 300 thousand plants ha-1. Also, there was a productive efficiency index (PEI) of 0.96 and a competitive ratio (CR) of 2.61 in the biomass amount of green manure of 65 Mg ha-1 and lettuce density of 150 thousand plants ha-1. Using M. aegyptia and C. procera biomass from the Caatinga biome proved to be a viable technology for producers who practice the cultivation of radish and lettuce in intercropping in the semi-arid environment.

Considering the relevance of natural products to the development of new drugs, this study focuses on the species Sida rhombifolia (L.), Malvaceae, widely used as a traditional remedy in several countries. The species is used to treat several diseases such as fevers, skin diseases, stomach pain, diarrhea, gum infection, conjunctivitis, urinary infections and inflammation. Many researchers around the word have investigated its pharmacological potential, and many uses have been confirmed. In spite of that, the phytochemical composition of its extracts is still poorly investigated. This research aims to make advances on the understanding of the constituents of S. rhombifolia identifying its alkaloidal compounds using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). By analyzing its alkaloidal fraction, it was possible to identify: 11-cryptolepine carboxylic acid (1), cryptolepine (2), quindoline (3), 11 methoxyquidoline (4), quindolinone (5), cryptolepinone (6), and 11-quindoline methyl ester (7). The alkaloids 1 and 7 are being reported for the first time from Sida genus. Based on the antimicrobial potential of cryptolepinone-type alkaloids, we prepared by semi-synthesis two cryptolepinone derivatives: 10-methylcryptolepinone (8) and the unreported compound 10-ethylcryptolepinone (9). Both derivatives were tested against fungal and bacterial strains and 10-methylcryptolepinone (8) showed strong activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus.

Abstract Two different reactive concentrated magnesium hydroxide (HM) pulps, produced in a lab reactor mill, and a synthetic and non-reactive HM-pulp, for comparative analyses, have been prepared and studied. Sodium polyacrylate was selected as a dispersant for improving the HM pulp fluidity, with concentrations varying from 0.42% to 2.0% on a dry basis. The two reactive pulps differed from each other mainly by the impurity level and for both, a residual MgO amount was detected, implying that the hydration reaction could proceed. Results (with and without dispersant) confirmed the formation of particle clusters as HM concentration rose until a critical value, above which the pulp behaved as a solid. Reactive HM-pulps with high impurities may represent a limiting factor in the drying operation. Among all HM-pulps studied, the purest reactive pulp with 1% dispersant presented the best flow behavior making this reactive pulp the most suitable to be tested in a pilot spray dryer.

Resumo Na pesca, o fenômeno fishing down food webs, ou ‘pescando teias tróficas abaixo’, expressa a redução do nível trófico na composição das capturas, e tem origem tradicionalmente atribuída à sobrepesca. Sob intenso extrativismo, a resiliência das espécies carnívoras, predadoras de topo, é particularmente afetada, sendo seus estoques os primeiros a entrarem em depleção. A cavala, ou serra, ou sororoca, Scomberomorus brasiliensis, é exemplo de recurso predador historicamente alvo da pesca artesanal, de pequena escala, na costa brasileira. O presente trabalho analisa os valores de desembarque do recurso em três períodos ao longo de 50 anos na costa paranaense, sul do Brasil, com objetivo de avaliar se sua produção tem efetivamente diminuído. Ainda, estuda-se a dieta da espécie na região, para confirmar seus hábitos carnívoros e avaliar o nível trófico na região. Os resultados mostram que, surpreendentemente, dos anos 1970 para 2019 a produção de S. brasiliensis tem aumentado em valores absolutos, bem como relativamente à de outros recursos, em que pese o nível trófico 4,238, similar a outras espécies do gênero. Constata-se que a pesca da cavala na região de estudo constitui um caso de aumento nos desembarques a despeito de elevado nível trófico e grande tamanho corpóreo. Os resultados concordam com recente levantamento em nível mundial, que nega existir correlação necessária entre sobrepesca e nível trófico alto, mas fatores que podem explicar os resultados do presente trabalho são discutidos.

Abstract In fisheries, the phenomenon known as fishing down food webs is supposed to be a consequence of overfishing, which would be reflected in a reduction in the trophic level of landings. In such scenarios, the resilience of carnivorous, top predator species is particularly affected, making these resources the first to be depleted. The Serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis, exemplifies a predator resource historically targeted by artisanal fisheries on the Brazilian coast. The present work analyzes landings in three periods within a 50-year timescale on the Parana coast, Southern Brazil, aiming to evaluate whether historical production has supposedly declined. Simultaneously, the diet was analyzed to confirm carnivorous habits and evaluate the trophic level in this region. Surprisingly, the results show that from the 1970’s to 2019 Serra Spanish mackerel production grew relatively to other resources, as well as in individual values. The trophic level was calculated as 4.238, similar to other Scomberomorus species, consisting of a case where landings increase over time, despite the high trophic level and large body size of the resource. The results agree with a recent global assessment that has demystified a necessary correlation between high trophic level and overexploitation, but possible factors acting on the present findings are discussed.

Abstract Bacteria responsible for causing infections are common in hospital environments, water, soil, and food products. The infection risk is intensified by the absence of public sanitation, poor quality of life, and food scarcity. These external factors promote the dissemination of pathogens by direct contamination or biofilm formation. In this work, we identified bacterial isolates obtained from intensive care units in the southern region of Tocantins, Brazil. We compared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) techniques and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) molecular analysis; we also performed phenotypic characterization. Fifty-six isolates characterized using morphotinctorial tests were classified as gram-positive (80.4%; n = 45) and gram-negative (19.6%; n = 11) and were resistant to several antibiotic classes; notably, we identified the blaOXA-23 resistance gene in the ILH10 isolate. Microbial identification using MALDI-TOF MS resulted in the identification of Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Bacillus circulans. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed four isolates belonging to the genera Bacillus and Acinetobacter. The similarity was superior to 99% for Acinetobacter schindleri in the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), grouped in the clade superior to 90%. Several strains isolated from intensive care units (ICU) were resistant to various antibiotic classes. These techniques allowed for the identification of several microorganisms of importance in public health, enabling improvements in human infection control and proving the quality of inputs, food, and water.

Resumo As bactérias responsáveis por causar infecções são comuns em ambientes hospitalares, água, solo e produtos alimentícios. O risco de infecção é intensificado pela ausência de saneamento público, má qualidade de vida e escassez de alimentos. Esses fatores externos promovem a disseminação de patógenos por contaminação direta ou formação de biofilme. Neste trabalho, identificamos isolados bacterianos obtidos de unidades de terapia intensiva na região sul do Tocantins, Brasil. Comparamos técnicas de espectrometria de massa de tempo de voo com ionização por dessorção a laser assistida por matriz (MALDI-TOF MS) e análise molecular de ácido ribonucleico ribossômico 16S (rRNA); também realizamos caracterização fenotípica. Cinquenta e seis isolados caracterizados por testes morfotintoriais foram classificados como gram-positivos (80,3%; n = 45) e gram-negativos (19,6%; n = 11) e foram resistentes a várias classes de antibióticos; notavelmente, identificamos o gene de resistência blaOXA-23 no isolado de ILH10. A identificação microbiana usando MALDI-TOF MS resultou na identificação de Sphingomonas paucimobilis e Bacillus circulans. O sequenciamento do 16S rRNA revelou quatro isolados pertencentes aos gêneros Bacillus e Acinetobacter. A similaridade foi superior a 99% para Acinetobacter schindleri no BLAST, agrupado no clado superior a 90%. Várias cepas isoladas de ICU foram resistentes a várias classes de antibióticos. Essas técnicas permitiram a identificação de diversos microrganismos de importância em saúde pública, possibilitando melhorias no controle de infecções humanas e comprovando a qualidade dos insumos, alimentos e água.

Abstract Essential oil (EO) of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) was evaluated against the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages of the flea Ctenocephalides felis felis. The chemical composition of EO was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometry. EO mainly comprised γ-elemene (16.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (14.2%) as major compounds. To evaluate the mortality of flea stages in vitro, filter paper tests were performed at different concentrations. EO of C. sativa showed insecticidal activity (100% mortality at the highest concentrations) for flea control at egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages, with lethal concentrations (LC50) of 32.45; 91.61; 466.41 and 927.92 μg/cm2, respectively. EO of C. sativa indicated the potential for the development of ectoparasiticide for veterinary use, especially for fleas in egg and larval stages.

Resumo O óleo essencial (OE) de Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) foi avaliado contra os estágios de ovo, larva, pupa e adulto da pulga Ctenocephalides felis felis. A composição química do OE foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa com ionização de chama e espectrometria de massa. O OE foi composto principalmente de γ-elemeno (16,2%) e óxido de cariofileno (14,2%) como compostos majoritários. Para avaliar a mortalidade dos estágios de pulgas in vitro, foram realizados testes de papel filtro em diferentes concentrações. O OE de C. sativa apresentou atividade inseticida (100% de mortalidade nas maiores concentrações), para controle de pulgas nos estágios de ovo, larva, pupa e adulto, com concentrações letais (CL50) de 32,45; 91,61; 466,41 e 927,92 μg/cm2, respectivamente. O OE de C. sativa indicou potencial para o desenvolvimento de ectoparasiticida para uso veterinário, principalmente para pulgas em fase de ovo e larva.

The Parnaíba Basin covers an area of 665,888 km2 between the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil. It is completely made up of siliciclastic sedimentary and volcanic rocks with ages varying between the Silurian and the Cretaceous. Among the formations of the Basin, the Tianguá Formation is considered a potential source rock. However, there are few geochemical and/or geological studies and no research work on the molecular parameters of the organic matter (OM) present in its outcropping rocks (OR). Thus, the objective of the present work is to characterize the OM, concerning the depositional paleoenvironment and the degree of thermal evolution, through molecular parameters and OM content. The OM was extracted using the Soxhlet system, chromatographed by classical methods, and analyzed using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS. The samples exhibited low total organic carbon values (TOC < 1) and the molecular parameters of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons suggested a marine depositional environment, with algae, bacteria, and terrestrial plants input. The C30 biomarkers (24-n-propylcholestane), identified using synthetic standards and usually associated with the Chrysophyte algae, corroborated the marine origin of the depositional environment. In addition, some molecular parameters suggested little thermal evolution.

Abstract Considering the relevance of bell pepper and the limitations imposed by the deleterious effects of salt stress, especially in semi-arid regions, it is extremely important to establish strategies that can facilitate the use of saline water in vegetable production. In this scenario, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the frequency of foliar application of salicylic acid on the morphophysiology and production of the bell pepper cv. “All Big” irrigated with saline water. The study was conducted at a greenhouse in Campina Grande - PB. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design and set up in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement with three replications, corresponding to four application frequencies of salicylic acid (F1- No application of salicylic acid, F2 - Weekly application, F3- fortnightly application, and F4- monthly application) and four levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2 dS m-1). The fortnightly application of salicylic acid at a concentration of 1.0 mM mitigated the effects of salt stress on the morphophysiology and production components of bell pepper cv. All Big cultivated with ECw of up to 2.4 dS m-1, which reinforces the hypothesis that salicylic acid can act as a signaling molecule and reduce the effects of saline stress in bell pepper, enabling the use of brackish water in agricultural activity, mainly in semi-arid regions of northeastern Brazil, which have a shortage of fresh water.

Resumo Considerando a relevância da cultura do pimentão e as limitações impostas pelos efeitos deletérios do estresse salino, principalmente em regiões semiáridas, é de suma importância o estabelecimento de estratégias que possam viabilizar o uso de águas salinas na produção de olerícolas. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com o presente estudo, avaliar o efeito da frequência de aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico sobre a morfofisiologia e a produção de pimentão cv. All Big irrigado com águas salinas. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em Campina Grande - PB. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial de 4 × 4, com 3 repetições, sendo quatro frequências de aplicação de ácido salicílico (F1- Sem aplicação de ácido salicílico, F2 - Aplicação semanal, F3- quinzenal e F4- mensal) e quatro níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,8, 1,6, 2,4 e 3,2 dS m-1). A aplicação quinzenal de ácido salicílico na concentração de 1,0 mM amenizou os efeitos do estresse salino sobre a morfofisiologia e os componentes de produção do pimentão cv. All Big cultivado com CEa de até 2,4 dS m-1, o que reforça a hipótese que o ácido salicílico pode atuar como uma molécula sinalizadora e reduzir os efeitos do estresse salino no pimentão, viabilizando o uso de água salobra na atividade agrícola, principalmente em regiões semiáridas do nordeste brasileiro, que possui escassez de água doce.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of the essential oils (EOs) of Aloysia triphylla, Lippia gracilis and Piper aduncum in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), and evaluate the possible histopathological alterations in their gills. For the acute toxicity tests, juvenile tambaqui (n=24/treatment) were distributed in six treatments with three replicates, which comprised the control and five EO concentrations of A. triphylla (60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg L-1), L. gracilis (35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 mg L-1) and P. aduncum (42.5, 45, 47.5, 50 and 52.5 mg L-1), with an exposure period of 4 h. The mortality rate and severity of damage to the tambaqui gills were proportional to the increase in the concentration of the EO, with LC50-4 h values estimated at 109.57 mg L -1 for A. triphylla, 41.63 mg L -1 for L. gracilis and 48.17 mg L -1 for P. aduncum. The main morphological damages observed in the gills of the tambaqui exposed to the three EOs, were Grade I: hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lamellar epithelial cells, lamellar fusion, epithelial detachment, capillary dilation and constriction, proliferation of chloride cells and mucosal cells and edema; in low frequency Grade II damage as epithelial rupture and lamellar aneurysm. Necrosis (Grade III damage) was observed only in gill lamellae exposed to P. aduncum EO (47.5, 50.0 and 52.5 mg L-1). Concentrations of EOs below LC50-4 h can be used sparingly, for short periods of exposure for the treatment of diseases in tambaqui breeding.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a toxicidade aguda dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Aloysia triphylla, Lippia gracilis e Piper aduncum em juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), e avaliar as possíveis alterações histopatológicas em suas brânquias. Para os testes de toxicidade aguda, juvenis de tambaqui (n=24/tratamento) foram distribuídos em 6 tratamentos, com três repetições, sendo o controle e cinco concentração do OE de A. triphylla (60, 80, 100, 120 e 140 mg L-1), L. gracilis (35, 40, 45, 50 e 55 mg L-1) e P. aduncum (42,5, 45, 47,5, 50 e 52,5 mg L-1), com exposição de 4 h. A taxa de mortalidade e a severidade dos danos nas brânquias de tambaqui foram proporcionais ao aumento da concentração do OE, com os valores de CL50-4 h estimados em 109,57 mg L-1 para A. triphylla, em 41,63 mg L-1 para L. gracilis e em 48,17 mg L-1 para P. aduncum. Os principais danos morfológicos observados nas brânquias de tambaqui, expostos aos três OEs, foram os de grau I: hipertrofia e hiperplasia das células do epitélio lamelar, fusão lamelar, descolamento epitelial, dilatação e constrição capilar, proliferação de células de cloreto e de células mucosas e edema; em baixa frequência os de grau II como ruptura epitelial e aneurisma lamelar. Necrose (dano de grau III) foi observado somente nas lamelas branquiais expostas ao OE de P. aduncum (47,5, 50,0 e 52,5 mg L-1). Concentrações do OEs abaixo dos valores de CL50-4 h podem ser utilizados com parcimônia, em curtos períodos de exposição para o tratamento de doenças na criação de tambaqui.

Abstract: The main purpose of this research study is to conduct a phytochemical characterization of leaf and trichome extracts of Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur collected in the Municipality of Cucuta (Norte de Santander, Colombia). C. urens is a plant known in Cucuta as “pringamoza,” it is abundant and it is often reported as a common native weed found in tropical dry forest. Ethanolic extracts are prepared by separate maceration of 59.9 grams of leaves and 3.1 grams of trichomes, both previously treated by lipholization. Extracts were then concentrated at reduced pressure (50rpm, 150mbar, and 40°C). The results showed that the leaf’s extract yield was 34.18%. The secondary metabolites identified in C. urens were triterpenes, steroids, coumarins, flavonoids, cardiotonics, and cyanogenic glycosides. Some of these have important biological activities. It is concluded that C. urens from Norte de Santander is a plant species with great potential as a source of secondary metabolites for industrial applications and for traditional ethnobotanical medicine.

Resumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis fitoquímico de los extractos de hojas y tricomas de Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur recolectados en el Municipio de Cúcuta (Norte de Santander, Colombia). C. urens es una planta conocida en esta región como "pringamoza", es abundante y se reporta como una maleza de potrero nativa del bosque seco tropical. Los extractos etanólicos se prepararon por medio de maceración por separado de 59.5g de hojas y 3.1g de tricomas previamente liofilizados. Los extractos fueron concentrados a presión reducida (50rpm, 150mbar y 40°C). El rendimiento del extracto de hojas fue de 34.18%. Se identificaron triterpenos, esteroides, cumarinas, flavonoides, cardiotónicos y glicósidos cianogénicos. Algunos de estos metabolitos secundarios poseen interesantes actividades biológicas. Se concluye que C. urens del Norte de Santander tiene gran potencial como fuente natural de metabolitos secundarios que se pueden usar en diferentes industrias, así como en medicina tradicional etnobotánica.

ABSTRACT Several drugs are available for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Over the last decades, most patients requiring pharmacological intervention were offered antiresorptive drugs as first-line therapy, while anabolic agents were considered a last resource for those with therapeutic failure. However, recent randomized trials in patients with severe osteoporosis have shown that anabolic agents reduce fractures to a greater extent than antiresorptive medications. Additionally, evidence indicates that increases in bone mineral density (BMD) are maximized when patients are treated with anabolic agents first, followed by antiresorptive therapy. This evidence is key, considering that greater increases in BMD during osteoporosis treatment are associated with a more pronounced reduction in fracture risk. Thus, international guidelines have recently proposed an individualized approach to osteoporosis treatment based on fracture risk stratification, in which the stratification risk has been refined to include a category of patients at very high risk of fracture who should be managed with anabolic agents as first-line therapy. In this document, the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Brazilian Association of Bone Assessment and Metabolism propose the definition of very high risk of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women, for whom anabolic agents should be considered as first-line therapy. This document also reviews the factors associated with increased fracture risk, trials comparing anabolic versus antiresorptive agents, efficacy of anabolic agents in patients who are treatment naïve versus those previously treated with antiresorptive agents, and safety of anabolic agents.