Resumo As atividades humanas afetam a qualidade da água dos reservatórios, portanto, métodos são necessários para verificar esses impactos. A modelagem matemática auxilia no entendimento do impacto antrópico na qualidade da água, variações nos dados limnológicos e auxilia na formulação de estratégias de manejo. Entretanto, é preciso considerar as (des)vantagens, bem como os métodos utilizados para avaliação da qualidade da água em reservatórios. Este estudo conduziu uma revisão sistemática em quatro bases de dados: (i) PubMed/Medline; (ii) Scopus; (iii) Web of Science e (iv) Wiley Online Library. Foram combinamos operadores booleanos e palavras para encontrar os artigos ligados ao escopo. O software Rayyan permitiu a triagem inicial dos artigos encontrados. Artigos peer-reviewed e o uso de modelos matemáticos para avaliar a qualidade da água em reservatórios foram critérios de inclusão. Os critérios de exclusão foram artigos não publicados em inglês, literatura cinzenta e artigos inacessíveis. Foram encontrados 169 artigos, dos quais 39 foram selecionados e apenas 13 foram incluídos na revisão. A modelagem matemática tem muitos benefícios relacionados à problemas do mundo real, mas as principais desvantagens são a simplificação do processo, regras específicas e a falta de informações ou monitoramento de dados. Equações cinéticas, modelos de regressão, análise de Monte Carlo, modelos de segmento finito, ferramentas de modelagem, equações de taxa de ordem zero, equações algébricas diferenciais parciais e análise preditiva são os métodos observados. Esta revisão fornece informações para gestores não familiarizados que almejam o uso de modelos matemáticos para avaliar a qualidade da água de reservatórios.

Abstract Human activities are affecting reservoir water quality; consequently, methods are necessary to verify those impacts. Mathematical modeling improves the understanding of the anthropic impact on water quality, changes in limnological data, and helps formulate management strategies. However, it is necessary to consider the (dis)advantages as well as the methods used for water-quality assessment in reservoirs. This study conducted a systematic review in four databases: (i) PubMed/Medline; (ii) Scopus; (iii) Web of Science; and (iv) Wiley Online Library. We combined Boolean operators and words aiming to identify papers linked to the scope. Rayyan software allowed the initial screening of the found papers. Peer-reviewed papers and the use of mathematical models to assess reservoir water quality were the inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria included articles in languages other than English, grey literature, and inaccessible articles. Our research found 169 articles, of which 39 were selected and only 13 were included in the review. Mathematical modeling has many benefits related to real-world problems, but the main disadvantages are process simplification, specific rules of the model, and lack of information or data monitoring. Kinetic equations, regression models, Monte Carlo analysis, finite segment models, modeling tools, zero-order rate equations, partial differential algebraic equations, and predictive analysis are the methods observed in mathematical modeling. This review provides information for unfamiliar managers who intend to use mathematical models to assess the water quality of reservoirs.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are a growing global health problem. This study analyzed the spatial distribution of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases in São Luís, Maranhão, from 2015 to 2016 and investigated the association between socio-environmental and economic factors and hotspots for mosquito proliferation. METHODS: This was a socio-ecological study using data from the National Information System of Notifiable Diseases. The spatial units of analysis were census tracts. The incidence rates of the combined cases of the three diseases were calculated and smoothed using empirical local Bayes estimates. The spatial autocorrelation of the smoothed incidence rate was measured using Local Moran's I and Global Moran's I. Multiple linear regression and spatial autoregressive models were fitted using the log of the smoothed disease incidence rate as the dependent variable and socio-environmental factors, demographics, and mosquito hotspots as independent variables. RESULTS: The findings showed a significant spatial autocorrelation of the smoothed incidence rate. The model that best fit the data was the spatial lag model, revealing a positive association between disease incidence and the proportion of households with surrounding garbage accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases showed a significant spatial pattern, in which the high-risk areas for the three diseases were explained by the variable "garbage accumulated in the surrounding environment,” demonstrating the need for an intersectoral approach for vector control and prevention that goes beyond health actions.

ABSTRACT An environmental zoning proposal due to the demand to develop strategies to ensure biodiversity scenarios for the remaining mixed ombrophilous forests was carried out for the Irati National Forest, a legally protected area for sustainable use located in southern Brazil. To identify land use and cover, Ikonos PSM images dated from December 2004, based on the interpretation of visual character and vectorization of orbital data were used. Qualitative and quantitative classifications identified six types of land and cover use: native forest, forestry, capoeira grass, wetland, araucaria plantation, and anthropic. The native forest relative to the mixed ombrophilous forest was the prevailing type of land cover. The environmental zoning proposal defined seven zones of use, some that involved several potentially harmful activities to the biodiversity of the Irati National Forest. The environmental zone proposal, based on ecosystem conservation, outlined specific factors that enhanced ecosystem and community viability, supporting the design and evaluation of the management plan of the Irati National Forest.

A riqueza e a estratificação vertical das epífitas vasculares foram estudadas na Estação Ecológica de Jataí (EEJ), SP, Brasil. No total, 1.574 epífitas pertencentes a 29 espécies, 20 gêneros e sete famílias foram encontradas. As Angiospermas foram representadas por 23 espécies e as Samambaias, por seis espécies. Os holoepífitos característicos formam dominantes na área (93,1%). Epífitas especialistas foram predominantes na área, cerca de 55% das espécies (17% de epífitas de fuste e 38% de epífitas de copa); as espécies generalistas contribuíram com cerca de 42% e as hemiepífitas com 3%. As zonas intermediárias apresentaram maior número de espécies e maior número de registros. Houve diferença significativa entre as espécies que compõem as zonas inferiores e as zonas superiores nos forófitos. A riqueza e a distribuição de epífitas são determinadas pelos fatores microclimáticos, sendo a umidade e a intensidade luminosa os fatores reguladores mais importantes na área de Cerrado estudada.

The richness and vertical stratification of vascular epiphytes was studied in Jataí Ecological Station (EEJ), São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 1,574 epiphytes were recorded, corresponding to 29 species, 20 genera, and seven families. Angiosperms were represented by 23 species and Pteridophytes by six species. The characteristic form, holoepiphytes, was dominant in the area (93.1%). Epiphytes specialists were most common in the area, contributing with about 55% of species (17% trunk epiphytes and 38% canopy epiphytes); generalist species contributed 42%, and hemiepiphytes, with 3%. The intermediate zones had the highest number of species and more number of records. There was a significant difference among species that comprise the lower zones and the upper zones in the host trees. The richness and distribution of epiphytes are determined by some climatic factors, but the moisture and light intensity are the most important regulatory factors in the cerrado area researched.

Objetivou-se caracterizar morfologicamente e descrever o ciclo vegetativo de 11 linhagens de guandu previamente selecionadas por diversos critérios agronômicos e submetidas a processos de autofecundação, seleção e multiplicação, com vistas à obtenção de linhagens puras. A descrição foi efetuada com base em descritores internacionalmente aceitos para a espécie e concluiu-se que as 11 linhagens apresentaram características morfológicas distintas, pelas quais podem ser facilmente identificadas.

The purpose of this work was to morphologically characterize and describe the vegetative cycle of eleven previously selected pigeon-pea lines submitted to self pollination, selection and multiplication, to obtain pure lines. All descriptions were accomplished through the use of internationally accepted descriptors for the species and it was concluded that all eleven lines can be easily distinguished by means of their morphological traits.