Resumo A verificação de mudanças morfológicas e fisiológicas sob diferentes condições luminosas em espécies frutíferas nativas em estágio juvenil é importante, uma vez que indicam o ambiente adequado para a formação de mudas com alto vigor. Objetivou-se verificar o crescimento e as alterações morfofisiológicas sob gradiente de sombreamento em mudas de feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) para obter mudas de boa qualidade, adequadas para fomentar os plantios da espécie em pomares. As mudas foram cultivadas por vinte e um meses sob quatro tratamentos de sombreamento (0%, 30%, 50% e 80%). Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, pigmentos fotossintéticos, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila e anatomia foliar. Mudas a pleno sol e 30% de sombra apresentaram maior crescimento em altura, diâmetro e acúmulo de massa seca, devido à maior taxa de fotossíntese. Como principais mecanismos de aclimatação sob 80% de sombra, as mudas desenvolveram maior área foliar, redução da espessura do limbo foliar e aumento do rendimento quântico do fotossistema II. Mesmo assim, a assimilação líquida de CO2 e a taxa de transporte de elétrons foram menores e, consequentemente, houve restrição ao crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca das mudas no maior nível de sombreamento. Portanto, para a obtenção de mudas de feijoa de maior qualidade, recomendamos que seja realizada a pleno sol ou até 30% de sombra, para maximizar o vigor das mudas em viveiros e, posteriormente, este ambiente de luz também pode ser utilizado em pomares para favorecer o crescimento e a produção de frutos.

Abstract Understanding morphological and physiological changes under different light conditions in native fruit species in juveniles’ stage is important, as it indicate the appropriate environment to achieve vigorous saplings. We aimed to verify growth and morphophysiological changes under shade gradient in feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret) to achieve good quality saplings adequate to improve cultivation in orchards. The saplings were grown for twenty-one-month under four shading treatments (0%, 30%, 50%, and 80%). Growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf anatomy parameters were evaluated. Saplings under full sun and 30% shade had higher height and diameter growth and dry mass accumulation due to higher photosynthesis rate. As main acclimatization mechanisms in feijoa saplings under 80% shade were developed larger leaf area, reduced leaf blade thickness, and enhanced quantum yield of photosystem II. Even so, the net CO2 assimilation and the electron transport rate was lower and, consequently, there was a restriction on the growth and dry mass in saplings under deep shade. Therefore, to obtain higher quality feijoa saplings, we recommend that it be carried out in full sun or up to 30% shade, to maximize the sapling vigor in nurseries and, later, this light environment can also be used in orchards for favor growth and fruit production.

Resumen El objetivo fue describir caracteres morfoanatómicos adaptativos a ambientes xéricos, de órganos vegetativos de tres especies de la familia Fabaceae: Crotalaria chaco-serranensis H. Bach & Fortunato, Desmodium incanum DC. y Rhynchosia edulis Griseb. provenientes de las Sierras Chicas de Córdoba. Se analizó la estructura anatómica de cinco ejemplares de cada especie, con preparados temporarios y se tomaron fotomicrografías. C. chaco-serranensis en raíz presentó abundantes amiloplastos. Tallo con una hipodermis colenquimática y esclerénquima con fibras gelatinosas sobre el floema. El folíolo fue hipostomático con tricomas unicelulares simples en la cara abaxial y mesofilo dorsiventral. D. incanum, evidenció una raíz con crecimiento secundario temprano. El tallo presentó epidermis con gruesa cutícula y abundantes tricomas. Se observó en la corteza estratos de colénquima laminar seguidos de casquetes de fibras gelatinosas y en la médula idioblastos fenólicos. El folíolo presentó epidermis con abundantes tricomas e idioblastos fenólicos en floema. R. edulis mostró raíces con estructura secundaria. Cercano al cuello de la raíz principal, se observó un xilopodio con médula parenquimática y amiloplastos. Se evidenciaron rizomas con amiloplastos e idioblastos fenólicos dispersos en el parénquima. El tallo presentó cutícula gruesa, tricomas, colénquima laminar y fibras floemáticas. Dispersos en el floema se detectaron compuestos fenólicos en idioblastos. Folíolos con numerosos tricomas y entre el parénquima en empalizada y esponjoso se evidenció un estrato continuo de idioblastos fenólicos, al igual que en el floema pero dispersos. Se concluye que las especies analizadas presentan caracteres morfológicos que le permiten adaptarse a condiciones ambientales xéricas. Estos resultados sirven de base para futuros estudios de restauración y conservación de especies autóctonas en ambientes perturbados.

ABSTRACT The objective was to describe morphoanatomical characters adaptive to xeric environments, of vegetative organs of three species of the Fabaceae family: Crotalaria chaco-serranensis H. Bach & Fortunato, Desmodium incanum DC. and Rhynchosia edulis Griseb. from the Sierras Chicas of Córdoba. The anatomical structure of five specimens of each species was analyzed with temporary preparations and photomicrographs were taken. C. chaco-serranensis in root presented abundant amyloplasts. Stem with a collenchyma hypodermis and sclerenchyma with gelatinous fibers on the phloem. The leaflet was hypostomatic with simple unicellular trichomes on the abaxial surface and dorsiventral mesophyll. D. incanum, showed a root with early secondary growth. The stem presented epidermis with a thick cuticle and abundant trichomes. Layers of lamellar collenchyma were observed in the cortex followed by caps of gelatinous fibers and phenolic idioblasts in the medulla. The leaflet presented epidermis with abundant trichomes and phenolic idioblasts in phloem. R. edulis showed roots with secondary structure. Close to the neck of the main root, a xylopodium with parenchymatic marrow and amyloplasts was observed. Rhizomes with amyloplasts and phenolic idioblasts scattered in the parenchyma were evident. The stem presented thick cuticle, trichomes, lamellar collenchyma and phloem fibers. Dispersed in the phloem, phenolic compounds were detected in idioblasts.Leaflets with numerous trichomes and between the palisade and spongy parenchyma there was evidence of a continuous layer of phenolic idioblasts, the same as in the phloem but scattered. It is concluded that the analyzed species present morphological characters that allow them to adapt to xeric environmental conditions. These results serve as a basis for future studies on the restoration and conservation of native species in disturbed environments.

Abstract The current literature on guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane contamination reports that the physicochemical characteristics of these biomaterials might influence affinity to bacteria, which appears to be a major drawback for the clinical outcome of the regenerative procedures. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate, in vitro, a multispecies biofilm adherence and passage of bacteria through different types of commercially available membranes for GTR/GBR. Four types of membranes were tested (n=12): LC) Lumina Coat®; JS) Jason®; BG) Biogide®; and LP) Lumina PTFE®. Aluminum foil (AL) simulated an impermeable barrier and was used as the control. The membranes were adapted to specific apparatus and challenged with a mixed bacterial culture composed of A. actinomycetemcomitans b, S. mutans, S. mitis, and A. israelii. After 2 h or 7 days, bacterial adhesion and passage of bacteria were evaluated through CFU counting, which was analyzed by two-way ANOVA e post hoc Tukey, at a 5% significance level. Representative areas of two membranes of each group were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the morphology and organization of the biofilm over the membrane fibers. LC and LP presented similar values of adhered bacterial cells (p > 0.05), significantly inferior when compared to the other groups, in both time points (p < 0.05). All the tested groups were permeable to bacterial cells, with no significant difference between the trial period of 2 h and 7 days (p > 0.05). SEM analyses demonstrated that adhered bacteria number increased throughout the time points (2 h < 7 days). Commercially available biological membranes demonstrated intense bacterial adherence and passage of bacteria, which increased throughout the trial period.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, a aderência do biofilme multiespécie e a passagem de bactérias através dos diferentes tipos de membranas disponíveis comercialmente para RTG/ROG. Quatro tipos de membranas foram testados (n=12): LC) Lumina Coat®; JS) Jason®; BG) Biogide®; e LP) Lumina PTFE®. Papel alumínio (AL) simulou uma barreira impermeável e foi usado como controle negativo. As membranas foram adaptadas à um aparato específico e desafiadas com uma cultura bacteriana mista composta de A. actinomycetemcomitans b, S. mutans, S. mitis, e A. israelii. Após 2 h ou 7 dias, a aderência e passagem bacteriana foi avaliada através da contagem de UFCs. Duas membranas de cada grupo foram analisadas através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). LC e LP apresentaram valores semelhantes de células bacterianas aderidas (p < 0.05), significativamente inferiores quando comparados aos outros grupos, em ambos os períodos experimentais (p < 0.05). Desde a análise inicial, todos os grupos testados foram permeáveis às células bacterianas, sem diferença significativa entre o período experimental de 2 h e 7 dias (p > 0.05). As análises em MEV demonstraram que o número de bactérias aderidas aumentou com o tempo (2 h < 7 days). Membranas biológicas comercialmente disponíveis demonstraram intensa aderência bacteriana e passagem de bactérias, que aumentou durante os períodos experimentais.

Abstract The seeds of Erythrina americana Mill. are consumed by the bruchid Specularius impressithorax. Hence to evaluate the effect that the beetles can have on the sedes, the percentage of damage to E. americana seeds in the pre-dispersal stage was determined, as well as the accumulated damage during one year caused by S. impressithorax. The germination percentage of healthy and damaged seeds were evaluated. The seeds were collected in the Tulancingo Valley, Hidalgo, Mexico in December 2017. 1,272 seeds had been collected from nine different trees, which remained at least 500 m away from each other. The number of holes were counted in the seeds, that is, the number of bruchids that emerged from each seed (n = 269). The average damage percentage during the pre-dispersal of the seeds was 17.4% and for the post-dispersal stage it was 83.1%. Seeds with a bruchid exit hole germinated in 66.6%. The undamaged seeds presented a germination percentage of 2.2%, because the E. americana seeds present dormancy. The percentage of germination of the seeds with an emergency hole caused by S. impressithorax (66.6%), indicates that when an E. americana seed is consumed by a bruchid, it does not damage the embryo, and emulates a natural scarification process.

Resumen Las semillas de Erythrina americana Mill., son consumidas por el brúquido Specularius impressithorax, por lo que para evaluar el efecto que pueden tener los escarabajos sobre las semillas se determinó el porcentaje de daño en semillas de E. americana en la etapa de pre-dispersión, así como el daño acumulado durante un año causado por S. impressithorax. Se evaluó el porcentaje de germinación de semillas sanas y dañadas. Las semillas se colectaron en el valle de Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México en diciembre de 2017. Se colectaron 1,272 semillas provenientes de nueve árboles diferentes, los cuales se encontraban como mínimo a 500 m de distancia uno de otro. A las semillas se les conto el número de orificios, es decir el número de brúquidos que emergieron de cada semilla (n = 269). El porcentaje de daño promedio durante la pre-dispersión de las semillas fue de 17.4 % y para la etapa post-dispersión fue de 83.1 %. Las semillas con un orificio de salida de un brúquido germinaron en un 66.6 %. Las semillas sin daño presentaron un porcentaje de germinación de 2.2 %, debido a que las semillas de E. americana presentan dormancia. El porcentaje de germinación de las semillas con un orificio de emergencia causado por S. impressithorax (66.6 %), indica que cuando una semilla de E. americana es consumida por un brúquido, éste no daña el embrión, y emula un proceso de escarificación natural.

ABSTRACT Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides spp. It can occur as an acute/subacute form (A/SAF), a chronic form (CF) and rarely as a mixed form combining the features of the two aforementioned forms in an immunocompromised patient. Here, we report a 56-year-old male patient with CF-PCM who presented with atypical manifestations, including the development of an initial esophageal ulcer, followed by central nervous system (CNS) lesions and cervical and abdominal lymphatic involvement concomitant with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. He was HIV-negative and had no other signs of previous immunodeficiency. Biopsy of the ulcer confirmed its mycotic etiology. He was hospitalized for treatment of COVID-19 and required supplemental oxygen in the intensive unit. The patient recovered without the need for invasive ventilatory support. Investigation of the extent of disease during hospitalization revealed severe lymphatic involvement typical of A/SAF, although the patient`s long history of high-risk exposure to PCM, and lung involvement typical of the CF. Esophageal involvement is rare in non-immunosuppressed PCM patients. CNS involvement is also rare. We suggest that the immunological imbalance caused by the severe COVID-19 infection may have contributed to the patient developing atypical severe CF, which resembles the PCM mixed form of immunosuppressed patients. Severe COVID-19 infection is known to impair the cell-mediated immune response, including the antiviral response, through T-lymphopenia, decreased NK cell counts and T-cell exhaustion. We hypothesize that these alterations would also impair antifungal defenses. Our case highlights the potential influence of COVID-19 on the course of PCM. Fortunately, the patient was timely treated for both diseases, evolving favorably.

Abstract Background Most of the evidence about the impact of the post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS) reports individual symptoms without correlations with related imaging. Objectives To evaluate cardiopulmonary symptoms, their predictors and related images in COVID-19 patients discharged from hospital. Methods Consecutive patients who survived COVID-19 were contacted 90 days after discharge. The Clinic Outcome Team structured a questionnaire evaluating symptoms and clinical status (blinded for hospitalization data). A multivariate analysis was performed to address the course of COVID-19, comorbidities, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress during hospitalization, and cardiac rehabilitation after discharge. The significance level was set at 5%. Results A total of 480 discharged patients with COVID-19 (age: 59±14 years, 67.5% males) were included; 22.3% required mechanical ventilation. The prevalence of patients with PACS-related cardiopulmonary symptoms (dyspnea, tiredness/fatigue, cough, and chest discomfort) was 16.3%. Several parameters of chest computed tomography and echocardiogram were similar in patients with and without cardiopulmonary symptoms. The multivariate analysis showed that PACS-related cardiopulmonary-symptoms were independently related to female sex (OR 3.023; 95% CI 1.319-6.929), in-hospital deep venous thrombosis (OR 13.689; 95% CI 1.069-175.304), elevated troponin I (OR 1.355; 95% CI 1.048-1.751) and C-reactive protein during hospitalization (OR 1.060; 95% CI 1.023-1.097) and depression (OR 6.110; 95% CI 2.254-16.558). Conclusion PACS-related cardiopulmonary symptoms 90 days post-discharge are common and multifactorial. Beyond thrombotic and markers of inflammation/myocardial injury during hospitalization, female sex and depression were independently associated with cardiopulmonary-related PACS. These results highlighted the need for a multifaceted approach targeting susceptible patients.

Resumo Fundamento A maioria da evidência sobre o impacto da síndrome COVID pós-aguda (PACS, do inglês, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome) descreve sintomas individuais sem correlacioná-los com exames de imagens. Objetivos Avaliar sintomas cardiopulmonares, seus preditores e imagens relacionadas em pacientes com COVID-19 após alta hospitalar. Métodos Pacientes consecutivos, que sobreviveram à COVID-19, foram contatados 90 dias após a alta hospitalar. A equipe de desfechos clínicos (cega quanto aos dados durante a internação) elaborou um questionário estruturado avaliando sintomas e estado clínico. Uma análise multivariada foi realizada abordando a evolução da COVID-19, comorbidades, ansiedade, depressão, e estresse pós-traumático durante a internação, e reabilitação cardíaca após a alta. O nível de significância usado nas análises foi de 5%. Resultados Foram incluídos 480 pacientes (idade 59±14 anos, 67,5% do sexo masculino) que receberam alta hospitalar por COVID-19; 22,3% necessitaram de ventilação mecânica. A prevalência de pacientes com sintomas cardiopulmonares relacionados à PACS (dispneia, cansaço/fadiga, tosse e desconforto no peito) foi de 16,3%. Vários parâmetros de tomografia computadorizada do tórax e de ecocardiograma foram similares entre os pacientes com e sem sintomas cardiopulmonares. A análise multivariada mostrou que sintomas cardiopulmonares foram relacionados de maneira independente com sexo feminino (OR 3,023; IC95% 1,319-6,929), trombose venosa profunda durante a internação (OR 13,689; IC95% 1,069-175,304), nível elevado de troponina (OR 1,355; IC95% 1,048-1,751) e de proteína C reativa durante a internação (OR 1,060; IC95% 1,023-1,097) e depressão (OR 6,110; IC95% 2,254-16,558). Conclusão Os sintomas cardiopulmonares relacionados à PACS 90 dias após a alta hospitalar são comuns e multifatoriais. Além dos marcadores trombóticos, inflamatórios e de lesão miocárdica durante a internação, sexo feminino e depressão foram associados independentemente com sintomas cardiopulmonares relacionados à PACS. Esses resultados destacaram a necessidade de uma abordagem multifacetada direcionada a pacientes susceptíveis.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to assess the effect of progressive neutralization on the antimicrobial properties against bacteria and yeasts of wood vinegar obtained from the pyrolysis of Eucalyptus urograndis (clone I144) wood. Wood samples were carbonized at a heating rate of 0.9 °C min-1 until a final temperature of 450 °C, totalizing 8 hours of carbonization. The raw pyrolysis liquids were left to settle, and the aqueous fraction was separated. Then, the aqueous fraction (raw wood vinegar - WV) was purified to yield the WV. WV samples were collected and neutralized from pH 2.5 until 7.5 (2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5, by adding NaOH solution. Through the broth microdilution method, the antimicrobial effect of the neutralized samples at each pH was assessed on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus agalactiae (CEPA CLINICA), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (and fungicidal) concentrations were determined through in vitro technics. Results were subjected to logarithmic regression analysis, and statistical models were fitted for each microorganism in the assessed pH range; as pH increased, a progressive decrease in the CIM increased, demanding higher concentrations of WV to inhibit microbial growth. The more resistant strains were S. aureus and S. agalactiae, which required an increase in WV concentration from a minimum of 6.25% at pH 2.5 to reaching 50% at pH 6.0. When at pH 7.0, both strains were not inhibited even at 50% (the highest concentration evaluated in the study). In contrast, C. albicans proved to be the most sensitive strain, starting from 3.12% EP at pH 2.5 and requiring only 25% for inhibition at pH 7.0. The behavior of P. aeruginosa and S. enteritidis followed the pattern of C. albicans, differing only at pH 7.0, where they required 50% of EP. As observed, even at neutral and slightly alkaline pH, the inhibitory activity of EP on microbial growth was maintained to some extent. Nevertheless, even when neutral and slightly alkaline pH values are reached, the inhibitory activity remains at a certain level. Higher pH values of the WV were associated with lower antimicrobial activity. However, its activity remained even at neutral and slightly alkaline pH values.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da neutralização progressiva na atividade antimicrobiana do extrato pirolenhoso (EP) da madeira do híbrido Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (clone I144). Amostras de madeira foram carbonizadas a uma taxa de aquecimento de 0.9 °C min-1 até a temperatura final de 450 °C, perfazendo 8 horas de carbonização. Os líquidos brutos da carbonização foram deixados em repouso e a fração aquosa foi separada. A fração aquosa correspondente ao EP bruto foi destilada obtendo o EP purificado. Alíquotas de EP purificado foram progressivamente neutralizadas do pH 2.5 até 7.5, respectivamente, 2,5, 3,0, 3,5, 4,0, 4,5, 5,0, 5,5, 6,0, 6,5, 7,0, e 7,5, por meio da adição de NaOH. Com o método da micro-diluição em caldo, o efeito antimicrobiano das amostras neutralizadas em cada pH foi avaliado contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus agalactiae (CEPA CLINICA) e Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). As concentrações inibitórias mínimas e as concentrações bactericida e fungicida mínimas foram determinadas por técnicas in vitro. Os resultados foram analisados por regressão logarítmica e modelos estatísticos foram ajustados para cada microrganismo em cada pH. Na determinação da CIM, foi detectada uma perda progressiva da atividade antimicrobiana do EP com a neutralização, exigindo, conforme o pH caminhava para 7.0, concentrações mais elevadas de EP para resultar em inibição. As cepas que demonstraram maior resistência foram S. aureus e S. agalactiae. Esses microrganismos partiram da exigência de concentrações de 6.25% de EP, em pH inicial (2.5), e chegaram a requerer 50% em pH 6.0. Quando em pH 7.0, ambas as cepas não foram inibidas nem a 50% (maior concentração avaliada no estudo). Em contrapartida, C. albicans se mostrou a cepa mais sensível, partindo de 3.12% de EP, em pH de 2.5, e exigindo apenas 25% para inibição em pH 7.0. O comportamento de P. aeruginosa e S. enteritidis acompanhou o padrão da C. albicans, diferenciando-se apenas em pH 7.0, onde exigiram 50% de EP. Como observado, mesmo em pH neutro e ligeiramente alcalino, a atividade inibitória do EP ao crescimento microbiano se manteve em certa extensão.

RESUMEN Varios factores intervienen en la calidad de los alimentos, como los físicos, químicos, nutricionales, sensoriales y microbiológicos. Este último es importante, ya que, afecta las propiedades organolépticas del producto terminado y, además, puede ocasionar riesgos de salud pública asociados a peligros microbiológicos. Colombia es un país rico en gastronomía, incluyendo alimentos fermentados de elaboración artesanal (AFEA), los cuales son una alternativa actual para sistemas agroalimentarios que buscan alimentos más naturales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los criterios microbiológicos en AFEA y el cumplimiento de requisitos sanitarios para sensibilizar a productores de bebidas artesanales y revalorizar los productos. Se tomaron en cuenta 11 productores artesanales de Masato, Champús y Almidón agrio de yuca en zonas rurales del país, que voluntariamente aceptaron participar. Se midieron los parámetros de pH, humedad, sólidos solubles y recuentos microbiológicos. Con estos resultados, se pudo calcular el porcentaje de conformidad de los alimentos, de los cuales el 36 % de productos evaluados fueron aptos para el consumo. Se incumplieron los límites establecidos para Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus y Salmonella sp. Los análisis fisicoquímicos mostraron que el Masato y el Champús aportan condiciones abióticas para el crecimiento microbiano. Además, los productores Almidón agrio de yuca tuvieron mayor valoración en el cumplimiento de requisitos sanitarios y menor cumplimiento que los productores de Champús. Los análisis realizados indican que la mayoría de los alimentos incumplieron los límites permitidos por lo cual se debe capacitar a los productores en buenas prácticas de manufactura.

ABSTRACT Several factors intervene in the quality of the food, such as physical, chemical, nutritional, sensory, and microbiological. The latter is important as it affects the sensory properties of the finished product, and it can also cause public health risks associated with microbiological hazards. Colombia is a country rich in gastronomy, including artisanal fermented foods (AFEA), which are a current alternative for agri-food systems seeking for more natural foods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological criteria in AFEA and its compliance with the sanitary requirements to raise the awareness among crafted beverages producers and revalue the products. Eleven artisan producers of masato, champús and sour cassava starch in rural areas of the country, who voluntarily agreed to participate, were considered. The parameters of pH, humidity, soluble solids, and microbiological counts were measured. With these results, it was possible to calculate the compliance rate of the food, from which 36% of the products evaluated were fit for consumption. The limits established for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp were breached. Physicochemical analysis showed that Masato and Champús provide abiotic conditions for microbial growth. In addition, the Sour cassava starch producers had higher compliance ratings regarding sanitary requirements but lower compliance ratings than champús producers. The performed analysis indicates that most of the food did not comply with the permitted limits, which is why producers must be trained in good manufacturing practices.

Resumen El Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP) es un enfoque de control de plagas que considera todas las estrategias disponibles y su posterior integración para el control de plagas. Entre sus estrategias se destacan el Control Biológico (CB) mediante el uso de enemigos naturales. El control biológico por depredadores generalistas ha cobrado relevancia en la última década. Esta estrategia por aumento exige la cría masiva de estos organismos. En la Región Neotropical, Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) tiene gran importancia por su alta voracidad y su amplia gama de hospederos. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los cambios externos de los huevos, especialmente en color y forma, asociados al desarrollo intracoriónico de embriones de C. externa, para caracterizarlos morfo-colorimétricamente. Se construyó una clave práctica a partir de la determinación de su desarrollo embrionario como herramienta para la técnica de cría masiva. Esta clave proporciona información valiosa que facilitaría la implementación de CB para programas de MIP en regiones en desarrollo, donde aún es incipiente.

Abstract Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control approach that considers all available strategies and their subsequent integration for pest control. The Biological Control (BC) of pests through the use of natural enemies is an outstanding strategy. Biological control by generalist predators has had a highlighted relevance in the last decade. This strategy by augmentation demands mass rearing of these organisms. In the Neotropical Region Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is of great importance for its high voracity and its wide range of hosts. The aim of this study was to describe the external changes of the eggs, especially in colour and shape, associated with the intrachorionic development of C. externa embryos, to characterize them morpho-colorimetrically. A practical key from its embryonic development determination was constructed as a tool for mass rearing technique, providing valuable information that could facilitate BC implementation for IPM programs in developing regions.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la respuesta de Spodoptera frugiperda y el rendimiento del maíz ante aplicaciones de abono líquido de origen bovino (Biol) con insecticidas biológicos y sintéticos. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con ocho tratamientos (control, Biol, Beauveria bassiana, aceite de Neem, Spinosad, Biol con B. bassiana, Biol con aceite de Neem y Biol con Spinosad). Se utilizó ANOVA y comparaciones de medias de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05) para evaluar resultados. Los menores porcentajes de incidencia de S. frugiperda se obtuvieron con Spinosad ((20.40%) y Biol con Spinosad (12.87%); mientras que el control presentó una incidencia del 65.86% (p < 0.05). Los mayores rendimientos se obtuvieron con Biol, aceite de Neem, Biol con B. bassiana y Biol con aceite de Neem, con 8.15, 7.97, 7.52 y 7.37 t ha−1, respectivamente (p ≥ 0.05); el menor rendimiento se obtuvo al aplicar Biol con Spinosad (p < 0.05).

ABSTRACT. This study aims to determine the response of Spodoptera frugiperda and corn yield to the applications of bovine liquid fertilizer (Biol) mixed with biologic or synthetic insecticides. A complete randomized block design composed of eight treatments (control, Biol, Beauveria bassiana, Neem oil, Spinosad, Biol with B. bassiana, Biol with Neem oil, and Biol with Spinosad) was used. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and media comparisons by the Tukey method (p ≤ 0.05). The lowest percentages of incidence of S. frugiperda were obtained with the application of Spinosad (20.40%) and Biol with Spinosad (12.87%), while the control had 65.86% of incidence (p< 0.05). The highest average corn yields were obtained with Neem oil, Biol, Biol with B. bassiana, and Biol with Neem oil, achieving 8.15, 7.97, 7.52, and 7.37 t ha−1, respectively.

The development of efficient, stable, and non-precious metal water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) is a matter of importance for sustainable energy research. In this work, iron cobaltite (FeCo2O4) nanoparticles were prepared by the coprecipitation method, and we present the effect of heat treatment (250, 350, 450, 650 and 900 °C) on the catalytic properties. Catalytic activity tests of FeCo2O4 nanocatalysts were performed in the presence of ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate (CAN), and the formation of oxygen was followed using a Clark-type oxygen electrode. The samples were characterized by infrared (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and their surface areas were determined by the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) data confirm a metal-oxygen bond at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites. XRDs data were characteristic of spinel-like cubic materials. The XPS results confirmed the presence of trivalent and divalent cobalt and iron ions in the samples and showed that the non-heated sample has a greater amount of cobalt on the nanoparticles’ surface than those heated to 900 °C. The surface area decreased from 92.00 m2 g-1 for the material that was unannealed to 2.00 m2 g-1 for the sample annealed at 900 °C. The unannealed nanomaterials showed an oxygen production of 790 mmol s-1 g-1. This was 790 times greater than the oxygen production from nanomaterials heated to 900 °C. Although the surface structure of nanomaterials is unclear, the amount of surface cobalt appears to have implications for catalytic activity. Optimization of superficial cobalt content may be key to improving catalytic activity.

Resumen Teresa del Valle con las nociones de hito, encrucijada e intersticio nos invita a realizar un ejercicio reflexivo personal, retrospectivo, de evocación y memoria encarnada, como metodología para la elaboración de una autobiografía. Nosotras en este artículo realizaremos este ejercicio entretejiendo nuestros hilos de acción metodológicos, a partir de nuestras experiencias compartidas de investigación como directora de tesis y doctoranda. Desde ese ejercicio de evocación revisitamos la investigación que realizamos en la Universidad de Granada entre 2009 y 2010 que llevó por título “Representaciones de las mujeres inmigrantes como sujetos de acción política”, entendiéndola como hito, desencadenante de nuestros diálogos sobre la metodología etnográfica. Identificaremos en este ejercicio de memoria encarnada diferentes encrucijadas desde las que vislumbramos intersticios, pequeñas ranuras por las que se cuela, a modo de luz, aquello que pasó desapercibido y que nos permiten seguir pensando la convergencia entre etnografías feminista y colaborativa.

Resumo Teresa del Valle com as noções de marco, encruzilhada e interstício convida-nos a realizar um exercício reflexivo pessoal, retrospetivo, de evocação e memória corporificada, como metodologia para a elaboração de uma autobiografia. Neste artigo realizaremos este exercício entre-tecendo os nossos fios de ação metodológicos, com base nas nossas experiências de investigação compartilhadas como diretora de tese e doutoranda. A partir desse exercício de evocação, revisitamos a investigação que realizámos na Universidade de Granada entre 2009 e 2010, intitulada “Representações de mulheres imigrantes como sujeitos de ação política”, entendendo-a como um marco, capaz de desencadear os nossos diálogos sobre metodologia etnográfica. Neste exercício de memória corporificada identificaremos diferentes encruzilhadas das quais vislumbramos interstícios, pequenas fendas por onde se esgueira, a modo de luz, o que passou despercebido e que nos permitiram seguir pensando na convergencia entre etnografias feminista e colaborativa.

Abstract Objective: Establish the sensibility and specificity of the neutrophil-lymphocyte rate (NLR) in pediatric patients with acute complicated appendicitis. Method: Transversal, observational, descriptive, and retrospective study of pediatric patients between 4 to 16 years old with diagnosis of acute appendicitis, who had appendectomy, from December 2017 to January 2019. We calculated the NLR in every patient. To analyze the variables, we used the test of Mann-Whitney and we value the sensibility and specificity of the NLR. Results: There were 245 patients, 81 with simple appendicitis and 144 with complicated appendicitis. Just 27 of them were laparoscopic appendectomy. The NLR had a media of 10.48 in simple appendicitis, and 13.03 in complicated ones, with a p value of 0.02. the area under the curve was 0.622. There was a rate of 8.2 in complicated appendicitis to the NLR. Conclusions: The NLR has been poorly studied in pediatric patients with acute appendicitis. In this study the NLR had a significant value in the patients with acute complicated appendicitis, with medium sensibility and a relatively low specificity.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad y la especificidad del índice neutrófilo/linfocito (INL) en pacientes pediátricos con apendicitis aguda complicada. Método: Estudio transversal, observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se seleccionaron pacientes de 4 a 16 años con diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda a quienes se realizó apendicectomía de enero 2017 a diciembre 2019. Se calculó el INL de cada paciente. Para analizar las variables se utilizó la prueba de Mann-Whitney y se valoraron la sensibilidad y la especificidad del INL. Resultados: Se estudiaron 245 pacientes, 81 con apendicitis simple y 144 con apendicitis complicada. Se realizaron 27 apendicectomías laparoscópicas. El INL tuvo una media de 10.48 en la apendicitis simple y de 13.03 en la complicada (p = 0.02). Con un área bajo la curva de 0.622 se estimó un punto de corte para el INL de 8.2 en los pacientes con apendicitis complicada. Conclusiones: El INL ha sido poco estudiado en pacientes pediátricos con apendicitis aguda. En el presente estudio, el INL resultó con valor significativo en los casos de apendicitis aguda complicada en pacientes pediátricos, con sensibilidad intermedia y especificidad relativamente baja.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to present a multi-objective model for scheduling operating room problems by synchronizing the needs of external clients with available resources while meeting the requirements of internal clients. A compromise scheduling is applied to improve: (1) efficiency of total preference maximization, (2) idle time minimization, and (3) maximization of client number. The proposed preference function considers surgery priorities set by doctors, which include assigned period and maximum scheduling lateness. This manages the urgency of each surgery and reduces waiting time. The model is validated with a real case in Colombia. The results show a performance above 89.9% of the ideal optimum for each of the proposed objectives. It is concluded that by using multi-objective tools to solve operating room scheduling problems provides satisfactory results for each of the performance parameters considered.

Resumen: Este estudio tiene como propósito presentar un modelo multiobjetivo para el problema de programación de quirófanos, que sincroniza las necesidades de los clientes externos con los recursos disponibles y al mismo tiempo los requerimientos de los clientes internos. Se emplea la programación por compromisos buscando la eficiencia de los siguientes objetivos: (1) maximización de la preferencia total, (2) minimización de los tiempos ociosos y (3) maximización del número de clientes. La función de preferencia propuesta considera para cada cirugía, la prioridad dada por el médico, su duración y fecha máxima de asignación, logrando atender la urgencia de la cirugía y disminuir el tiempo de espera. El modelo se valida con un caso real en Colombia, y los resultados demuestran un desempeño por encima del 89.9% de cercanía al óptimo ideal en cada uno de los objetivos propuestos. Se concluye que el uso de herramientas multiobjetivo para problemas de programación de cirugías produce buenos resultados en todas las medidas de desempeño consideradas.

SUMMARY In mountain environments of Córdoba (Argentina), where tourist activity predominates and livestock activity is based on native species, the fires that affect the area compromise the recovery of the natural landscape. The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination capacity of Eustachys retusa and Schizachyrium condensatum, native forages, subjected to pre-germination treatments and fire factors. Three repetitions were performed for each seed treatment: potassium nitrate, cold, smoke and heat shock tests. Germination was assessed for 21 days. A favorable increase in germination was observed in the 90 °C treatments for S. condensatum and a decrease in germination of E. retusa in cold and 120 °C for 10 min treatments. In the rest of the treatments carried out there were no significant differences with the control. In none of the treatments S. condensatum reached 50% germination, while E. retusa was always higher than 70%. We conclude that the seeds of E. retusa and S. condensatum tolerate low or moderate fire temperatures and are capable of germinating at 120°C. E. retusa has advantages for colonizing burned sites in the Cordoba highlands.

RESUMEN En ambientes serranos de Córdoba (Argentina) donde predomina la actividad turística y ganadera basada en especies forrajeras nativas, los incendios que afectan la zona comprometen la recuperación del paisaje natural. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad germinativa de Eustachys retusa y Schizachyrium condensatum, forrajeras nativas, sometidas a tratamientos pregerminativos y a factores del fuego. A sus semillas se les aplicaron tres repeticiones de los siguientes tratamientos: nitrato de potasio, frío, humo y choques térmicos. Se evaluó la germinación durante 21 días. Se observó un incremento favorable de la germinación en los tratamientos de 90 °C para S. condensatum y una disminución en la germinación de E. retusa en los tratamientos de frío y 120 °C durante 10 min. En el resto de los tratamientos realizados no hubo diferencias significativas con el testigo. En ninguno de los tratamientos S. condensatum alcanzó el 50 % de germinación, mientras que E. retusa resultó siempre mayor al 70 %. Se concluye que las semillas de E. retusa y S. condensatum toleran temperaturas de incendios rasantes o moderados y son capaces de germinar a 120 °C. E. retusa presenta ventajas para colonizar sitios quemados de las serranías cordobesas.