RESUMEN El Virus de la Hepatitis C (VHC) codifica la proteína Core. Que, además de ser la subunidad de la cápside, participa en diferentes mecanismos de patogénesis de la infección por VHC. Dado que el sistema de replicación in vitro del VHC presenta limitaciones, el uso de vectores virales podría ser una herramienta útil para estudiar las propiedades de la proteína Core. Con el fin de validar el vector con el Virus del Bosque de Semliki (SFV) para el estudio de Core en células HepG2, se evaluó la expresión de la proteína verde fluorescente (GFP) y la proteína Core utilizando este vector viral. Las expresiones de GFP y Core se detectaron en células HepG2 transducidas con rSFV de 24 a 96 horas postransducción. La expresión de la proteína Core fue inferior a la expresión de GFP en las células HepG2. Teniendo en cuenta que la proteína Core del VHC puede regular la actividad del gen p53, se evaluó el nivel transcripcional de este gen. Se observó una disminución en el nivel de mARN de p53 en las células luego de la transducción, comparado con las células control. Aunque las células transducidas con rSFV-Core presentaron el menor nivel de mARN de p53, la diferencia no fue significativa comparada con las células transducidas con rSFV-GFP. Los resultados confirman que rSFV permite la expresión transitoria de proteínas heterólogas en líneas celulares de hepatoma humano. Se necesitan estudios adicionales para determinar si la expresión disminuida de Core puede deberse a degradación de la proteína viral.

ABSTRACT The Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) encodes the structural protein Core, which in addition to being the capsid subunit, participates in different mechanisms of HCV infection pathogenesis. Since HCV in vitro replication system has limitations, the use of viral vectors could be a useful tool to study the Core protein properties. To validate the Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) strategy in transduced HepG2 cells to study the HCV Core protein, the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Core protein expressions were detected 24 to 96 hours post-transduction in HepG2 cells transduced with rSFV. Core protein expression was lower than GFP expression in HepG2 cells. Since HCV Core protein can regulate the activity of the p53 gene, the transcriptional level of this gene was evaluated. A decrease in the level of p53 mRNA was observed in the cells after transduction, compared to the control cells. Although the cells transduced with rSFV-Core had the lowest level of p53 mRNA, the difference was not significant compared to cells transduced with rSFV-GFP. The results confirm that rSFV allows the transient expression of heterologous proteins in human hepatoma cell lines. Additional studies are needed to determine whether the decreased expression of Core may be due to the degradation of the viral protein.

RESUMO Racional: A gastrectomia laparoscópica tem numerosas vantagens perioperatórias, mas a sobrevivência em longo prazo após este procedimento tem sido menos estudada. Objetivo: Comparar resultados de sobrevivência, oncológica e perioperatória entre a gastrectomia completamente laparoscópica vs. aberta para câncer gástrico precoce. Método: Este estudo foi retrospectivo e os principais resultados foram a sobrevivência global e específica de cinco anos, contagem de linfonodos e taxa de ressecção R0. Resultado secundário foi a morbidade pós-operatória. Resultados: Foram incluídos 116 pacientes (59% homens, idade 68 anos, comorbidades 73%, IMC 25) que foram submetidos a 50 gastrectomias laparoscópicas e 66 gastrectomias abertas. As características demográficas, a localização do tumor, o tipo de operação, a extensão da dissecção dos linfonodos e do estágio não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A taxa geral de complicações foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (40% vs. 28%, p=ns) e complicações classificadas Clavien 2 (36% vs. 18%, p=0,03), respiratórias (9% vs. 0%, p=0,03) e as da parede abdominal (12% vs. 0%, p=0,009) foram significativamente menores após a gastrectomia laparoscópica. A contagem de linfonodos (21 contra 23, p=ns) e a taxa de ressecção R0 (100% vs. 96%; p=ns) não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A sobrevida global de cinco anos (84% vs. 87%, p=0,31) e a sobrevida específica (93% vs. 98%, p=0,20) não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos de gastrectomia laparoscópica e aberta. Conclusão: Estes resultados suportam resultados oncológicos similares e sobrevida em longo prazo para pacientes com câncer gástrico precoce após gastrectomia laparoscópica e gastrectomia aberta. Além disso, a abordagem laparoscópica está associada com morbidade menos grave e menor ocorrência de complicações respiratórias e da parede abdominal.

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic gastrectomy has numerous perioperative advantages, but the long-term survival of patients after this procedure has been less studied. Aim: To compare survival, oncologic and perioperative outcomes between completely laparoscopic vs. open gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Methods: This study was retrospective, and our main outcomes were the overall and disease-specific 5-year survival, lymph node count and R0 resection rate. Our secondary outcome was postoperative morbidity. Results: Were included 116 patients (59% men, age 68 years, comorbidities 73%, BMI 25) who underwent 50 laparoscopic gastrectomies and 66 open gastrectomies. The demographic characteristics, tumour location, type of surgery, extent of lymph node dissection and stage did not significantly differ between groups. The overall complication rate was similar in both groups (40% vs. 28%, p=ns), and complications graded at least Clavien 2 (36% vs. 18%, p=0.03), respiratory (9% vs. 0%, p=0.03) and wound-abdominal wall complications (12% vs. 0%, p=0.009) were significantly lower after laparoscopic gastrectomy. The lymph node count (21 vs. 23 nodes; p=ns) and R0 resection rate (100% vs. 96%; p=ns) did not significantly differ between groups. The 5-year overall survival (84% vs. 87%, p=0.31) and disease-specific survival (93% vs. 98%, p=0.20) did not significantly differ between the laparoscopic and open gastrectomy groups. Conclusion: The results of this study support similar oncologic outcome and long-term survival for patients with early gastric cancer after laparoscopic gastrectomy and open gastrectomy. In addition, the laparoscopic approach is associated with less severe morbidity and a lower occurrence of respiratory and wound-abdominal wall complications.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Adverse Event is the result of health care that unintentionally caused harm. Currently, adverse events are a global public health problem and a major challenge for prevention and control programs. Objective: To determine the causes that occasioned the occurrence of adverse events related to the surgical act in a third level of health care’s institution. Methods: A descriptive study with retrospective temporality was carried out in Cali, Colombia in 2015. A documentary review was carried out on 164 records of adverse events reporting. A data collection format was designed taking as reference the adverse event reporting instrument of the National Institute for Drug and Food Surveillance. Results: Registered adverse events were classified in preventable adverse events (58.44 %), non-preventable adverse events (13.64 %), unsafe actions (22.73 %), and incidents (5.19 %). Conclusions: Adverse events are due to untimely cancellations of surgical procedures, neglect in medication management, wrong identification of patients, non-hand washing by the surgical team; and lack of cleanliness in the operating room during refills.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los eventos adversos constituyen actualmente un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y un gran reto para los programas de control y prevención. Objetivo: Determinar las causas que ocasionan la presencia de sucesos adversos relacionados con el acto quirúrgico en una institución de salud de tercer nivel. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con temporalidad retrospectiva realizado en Cali, Colombia en 2015. Se revisaron 164 registros de reporte de evento adverso. Se diseñó un formato de recolección de datos y se tomó como referente el instrumento de reporte de evento adverso del Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos. Resultados: Los sucesos adversos registrados se clasificaron en eventos adversos prevenibles 58,44 %, eventos adversos no prevenibles 13,64 %, acciones inseguras 22,73 % e incidentes 5,19 %. Conclusiones: Los sucesos adversos obedecen a cancelaciones inoportunas de los procedimientos quirúrgicos, descuido en la administración de medicamentos, identificación incorrecta de pacientes, no lavado de manos por parte del equipo quirúrgico y falta de aseo en el quirófano durante los recambios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Adverse Event is the result of health care that unintentionally caused harm. Currently, adverse events are a global public health problem and a major challenge for prevention and control programs. Objective: To determine the causes that occasioned the occurrence of adverse events related to the surgical act in a third level of health care’s institution. Methods: A descriptive study with retrospective temporality was carried out in Cali, Colombia in 2015. A documentary review was carried out on 164 records of adverse events reporting. A data collection format was designed taking as reference the adverse event reporting instrument of the National Institute for Drug and Food Surveillance. Results: Registered adverse events were classified in preventable adverse events (58.44 %), non-preventable adverse events (13.64 %), unsafe actions (22.73 %), and incidents (5.19 %). Conclusions: Adverse events are due to untimely cancellations of surgical procedures, neglect in medication management, wrong identification of patients, non-hand washing by the surgical team; and lack of cleanliness in the operating room during refills.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los eventos adversos constituyen actualmente un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial y un gran reto para los programas de control y prevención. Objetivo: Determinar las causas que ocasionan la presencia de sucesos adversos relacionados con el acto quirúrgico en una institución de salud de tercer nivel. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con temporalidad retrospectiva realizado en Cali, Colombia en 2015. Se revisaron 164 registros de reporte de evento adverso. Se diseñó un formato de recolección de datos y se tomó como referente el instrumento de reporte de evento adverso del Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos. Resultados: Los sucesos adversos registrados se clasificaron en eventos adversos prevenibles 58,44 %, eventos adversos no prevenibles 13,64 %, acciones inseguras 22,73 % e incidentes 5,19 %. Conclusiones: Los sucesos adversos obedecen a cancelaciones inoportunas de los procedimientos quirúrgicos, descuido en la administración de medicamentos, identificación incorrecta de pacientes, no lavado de manos por parte del equipo quirúrgico y falta de aseo en el quirófano durante los recambios.

RESUMEN El artículo presenta una matriz metodológica que busca sintetizar lo que es posible esperar de la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad (CEV). Esta categorización facilitará un ejercicio crítico sobre las apuestas priorizadas por la Comisión, y evitará que, en el futuro, esta sea evaluada por lo que las personas esperaban de ella y no por lo propuesto en el mandato. La primera parte del artículo presenta los presupuestos conceptuales que subyacen tras la herramienta metodológica, la segunda desarrolla la matriz y la conclusión categoriza el decreto que reglamenta la CEV, a la luz de la matriz metodológica.

ABSTRACT The article presents a methodological matrix that seeks to synthesize what can be expected from the Commission for the Clarification of the Truth (CCT). This categorization will facilitate a critical exercise on the bets prioritized by the Commission, and will avoid that, in the future, this one is evaluated by what people expected of it and not by what was proposed in the mandate. The first part of the article presents the conceptual assumptions underlying the methodological tool; the second develops the matrix; and the conclusion categorizes the decree that regulates the CCT, in light of the methodological matrix.

Introdução: A tuberculose é uma infecção oportunista comum em pacientes transplantados renais. Objetivo: Oferecer uma descrição clínica e laboratorial de pacientes transplantados com diagnóstico de tuberculose e sua resposta ao tratamento durante o período entre 2005 e 2013 no Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo descritivo. Resultados: Em 641 transplantes renais, a tuberculose foi confirmada em 12 pacientes. Destes, 25% tinham histórico de rejeição aguda e 50% apresentaram níveis de creatinina superiores a 1,5 mg/dl antes da infecção. A patologia geralmente se apresentava como pulmonar (50%) e disseminada (33,3%). A primeira fase do tratamento consistiu de três meses de HZRE (isoniazida, pirazinamida, rifampicina e etambutol) em 75% dos casos e HZME (isoniazida, pirazinamida, moxifloxacina e etambutol) em 25% dos pacientes. Durante a segunda fase do tratamento, 75% dos pacientes receberam isoniazida e rifampicina e 25% isoniazida e etambutol. A duração do tratamento variou entre seis e 18 meses. Em 41,7% dos pacientes, hepatotoxicidade foi associada ao início do tratamento da tuberculose. Durante o seguimento de um ano a função renal manteve-se estável e a taxa de mortalidade foi de 16,7%. Conclusão: A tuberculose foi responsável por diversos sintomas inespecíficos na população de transplantados renais estudada. Tuberculose pulmonar e disseminada foram as formas mais frequentes de acometimento e necessitaram de tratamento prolongado. Medicamentos contra a tuberculose apresentaram alta toxicidade e mortalidade. Esta infecção deve ser considerada quando o paciente apresenta síndrome febril de origem desconhecida, especialmente durante o primeiro ano após o transplante renal.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a common opportunistic infection in renal transplant patients. Objective: To obtain a clinical and laboratory description of transplant patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and their response to treatment during a period ranging from 2005 to 2013 at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study. Results: In 641 renal transplants, tuberculosis was confirmed in 12 cases. Of these, 25% had a history of acute rejection, and 50% had creatinine levels greater than 1.5 mg/dl prior to infection. The disease typically presented as pulmonary (50%) and disseminated (33.3%). The first phase of treatment consisted of 3 months of HZRE (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and ethambutol) in 75% of the cases and HZME (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin and ethambutol) in 25% of the cases. During the second phase of the treatment, 75% of the cases received isoniazid and rifampicin, and 25% of the cases received isoniazid and ethambutol. The length of treatment varied between 6 and 18 months. In 41.7% of patients, hepatotoxicity was associated with the beginning of anti-tuberculosis therapy. During a year-long follow-up, renal function remained stable, and the mortality rate was 16.7%. Conclusion: Tuberculosis in the renal transplant population studied caused diverse nonspecific symptoms. Pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis were the most frequent forms and required prolonged treatment. Antituberculosis medications had a high toxicity and mortality. This infection must be considered when patients present with a febrile syndrome of unknown origin, especially during the first year after renal transplant.

In order to evaluate the resistance to Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea on 105 genotypes of Solanum phureja (local name in Colombia papa criolla), bioassays were conducted through propagation by lateral stem cuttings. Inoculation was performed with a 1 x 10(6) sporeballs mL-1 solution. The level of resistance or susceptibility of each genotype to the pathogen was determined at three different times: 1) At 15 days after inoculation (DAI), the presence of zoosporangia was evaluated in roots under optical microscopy; 2) At flowering, the presence of galls was observed in roots and 3) At harvest, the tubers were screened for the detection of pustules. Asymptomatic plants, (i.e. plants seemingly without pathogen´s structures or disease symptoms) were evaluated by PCR using specific primers. At 15 DAI it was not possible to determine the degree of resistance in the genotypes and later there were no disease symptoms on tubers. Nevertheless, disease was detectable through gall formation on roots at the flowering stage. The most susceptible genotype was Criolla Colombia. Thirty genotypes, including the commercial variety Criolla Paisa, were highly resistant and presented neither pathogen´s structures nor symptoms.

Se realizaron bioensayos con 105 genotipos de Solanum phureja (papa criolla) para evaluar la resistencia a la sarna polvosa causada por Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea. Estos fueron propagados por esquejes de tallo lateral. La inoculación se realizó con una solución a una concentración de 1x10(6) quistosoros mL-1. Se determinó el grado de resistencia o susceptibilidad de cada genotipo al patógeno en tres momentos diferentes: 1) después de 15 días de la inoculación se evaluó en el microscopio la presencia de zoosporangios en raíces; 2) en estado de floración, se observó la presencia de agallas de raíces; y 3) en la cosecha se evaluaron los tubérculos, observando la presencia de pústulas. Las plantas asintomáticas, aquellas donde no se observaron estructuras del patógeno o síntomas de la enfermedad, fueron evaluadas mediante la técnica de PCR con primers específicos. Los resultados mostraron que a los 15 días no fue posible discriminar el grado de resistencia de los genotipos. Igualmente no hubo presencia de síntomas de la enfermedad en los tubérculos, sin embargo sí se observaron síntomas de agallas en raíces en la evaluación en estado de floración. El genotipo más susceptible fue Criolla Colombia y 30 genotipos presentaron una alta resistencia sin presentar síntomas de la enfermedad o signos del patógeno, dentro de los cuales se incluye la variedad Criolla Paisa.

Este artículo analiza el derecho a la verdad con el propósito de elucidar las complejidades y tensiones que implica establecer el signficado de la verdad en contextos transicionales. Para ello, explora la experiencia adelantada por un grupo de mujeres en San Carlos (Antioquia) en el Centro de Acercamiento para la Reparación y la Reconciliación.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the right of truth in order to elucidate the complexity and tensions involved in defining what 'truth' means in transitional contexts. Following this purpose, it explores the experience undergone by the women of San Carlos (Antioquia) in the Centro de Acercamiento para la Reparación y la Reconciliación.

Los hábitos de nidificación de las abejas sin aguijón del género Paratrigona son diversos y todavía desconocidos para la mayoría de las especies. En este trabajo se presenta información sobre estos aspectos y sobre la taxonomía de P. eutaeniata en el suroccidente de los Andes colombianos. Hasta ahora esta especie se creía restringida a los bosques andinos y subandinos de la vertiente occidental de la cordillera Oriental, al norte de Colombia. Se describe e ilustra por primera vez la arquitectura interna del nido, la reina, y variaciones morfológicas de la obrera y el macho. También se usa un modelo de distribución de especies para predecir la distribución potencial de P. eutaeniata en el noroccidente de Sur América.

The nesting habits of stingless bees in the genus Paratrigona are diverse and still unknown for most of the species. Herein we present information on these aspects and on the taxonomy of P. eutaeniata in the southwestern Andes of Colombia. To date, this species has been considered restricted to the Andean and sub-Andean forests of the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental, in northern Colombia. We describe and illustrate for the first time the internal nest architecture, the queen, and morphological variations of the worker and the male. We also used a species distribution model to predict the potential distribution of P. eutaeniata in northwestern South America.

Describimos e ilustramos tres especies nuevas de abejas del género Chilicola Spinola que habitan en grandes alturas en la cordillera Oriental de Colombia: C. (Anoediscelis) paramoides Gonzalez sp. nov., C. (Hylaeosoma) bochica Gonzalez sp. nov., and C. (Oroediscelis) deborahae Gonzalez sp. nov. También presentamos notas biológicas y discutimos la relación filogenética de C. deborahae; los nidos de esta especie fueron encontrados dentro de inflorescencias secas de Espeletia argentea Humb. & Bonpl. (Asteraceae) y análisis palinológicos mostraron que el 80% de los granos de polen encontrados en las celdas de cría pertenecían a Arcytophyllum aff. nitidum y A. muticum (Rubiaceae). También se registra la avispa ichneumonida Grotea sp. parasitando celdas de cría de C. deborahae.

We describe and illustrate three new bee species of the genus Chilicola Spinola that occur at high altitudes in the Eastern Andes of Colombia: C. (Anoediscelis) paramoides Gonzalez sp. nov., C. (Hylaeosoma) bochica Gonzalez sp. nov., and C. (Oroediscelis) deborahae Gonzalez sp. nov. We also provide biological notes and discuss the phylogenetic relationships of C. deborahae; nests of this species were found inside dry flower stems of Espeletia argentea Humb. & Bonpl. (Asteraceae) and a palynological analysis showed that 80 % of the pollen grains found in brood cells belonged to Arcytophyllum aff. nitidum and A. muticum (Rubiaceae). The ichneumonid wasp Grotea sp. is also recorded parasitizing brood cells of C. deborahae.

INTRODUCCIÓN: una sólida educación a los pacientes en temas relacionados con la diabetes y la monitorización de la glucosa, se han asociado con mejor control metabólico, mayor entendimiento de la enfermedad, auto confianza y mejor cuidado clínico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio de corte transversal, en la jornada No más ciegos por diabetes en Antioquia 2005. Se diligenció un cuestionario indagando acerca de la monitorización, tipo de diabetes, tratamiento y complicaciones; se midieron la glucometría, el peso, la talla y el perímetro abdominal. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 210 pacientes, de los cuales 36,6% no saben que tipo de diabetes tienen, 59,7% no saben que es la hemoglobina glicosilada y 25,8% saben que este examen debe realizarse cada 3 a 4 meses, sin embargo, solo se le había realizado a siete pacientes (3,3%) con la frecuencia ideal. El 36,4% tienen glucómetro y 60,6% de los pacientes saben que se deben realizarse una evaluación oftalmológica anual. En los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 el 26,2% tuvo glucometrías postprandial menores de 140 mg/dl. Las complicaciones informadas con mayor frecuencia fueron el compromiso renal y descompensación aguda en los Diabéticos tipo 1, la dislipidemia y la neuropatía periférica en los diabéticos tipo 2.

INTRODUCTION: A better knowledge about diabetes by patients has been associated with better understanding of the disease, self esteem and improved clinical care and metabolic control. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It is a cohort study, made during the “No more blind by Diabetes” session, 2005. The study population fills out the form with questions about the blood glucose control, type of diabetes and treatment. Also a measure of blood glucose, height, weight, and abdominal circumference was made. RESULTS: 210 patients were included, 36.6% did not know which type of diabetes they have, 59.7% did not know what glycosylated hemoglobin is, 25.8% know that the frequency to evaluated this test is about 3 o 4 months, but only 3.3% had the recommended frequency. The 36.4% has glucose monitors and 60.6% know that the frequency of eye examination should be annual. In type 2 diabetic patients, only 26.2% had glucose test in the ideal range for postprandial glucose (less than 140 mg/dl). Kidney disease and acute hyperglycemic crises with impaired mental status were the most frequently complications reported by patients with type 1 diabetes, meanwhile neuropathy and lipid problems were the most frequently complications reported by patients with type 2 diabetes.