Abstract Geographic information systems make it possible to obtain fine scale maps for environmental monitoring from airborne sensors on aerial platforms, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which offer products with low costs and high space-time resolution. The present study assessed the performance of an UAV in the evaluation of the seasonal behavior of five vegetation coverages: Coffea spp., Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp. and two forest remnants. For this, vegetation indices (Excess Green and Excess Red minus Green), meteorological data and moisture of surface soils were used. In addition, Sentinel-2 satellite images were used to validate these results. The highest correlations with soil moisture were found in coffee and Forest Remnant 1. The Coffea spp. had the indices with the highest correlation to the studied soil properties. However, the UAV images also provided relevant results for understanding the dynamics of forest remnants. The Excess Green index (p = 0.96) had the highest correlation coefficients for Coffea spp., while the Excess Red minus Green index was the best index for forest remnants (p = 0.75). The results confirmed that low-cost UAVs have the potential to be used as a support tool for phenological studies and can also validate satellite-derived data.

Psychotria genus (Rubiaceae) is featured into the angiosperm, being the most speciose genus comprising approximately 1600 species. The available references demonstrate that Psychotria has several uses on traditional medicine including spiritual and cultural purposes, and presents great potential on pharmacological properties, especially the one related to neurodegenerative diseases. Despite its wide biological properties, this genus has shown complex phylogenetic analysis due to lack of chemotaxonomic information. In recent years, the interest in these plants has increased considerably and many active compounds have been isolated. Phytochemical investigations described in the literature confirmed the indole alkaloids as the major compounds and besides that, another particular chemical constituent are cyclic peptides, known as cyclotides. This present review will cover the relevant literature from 1962 until 2015, and outlines the current data on taxonomy, chemotaxonomy, traditional uses, pharmacological properties, chemical composition and ecological approach from Psychotria genus.

RESUMO Objetivou-se, com este estudo, determinar o índice de qualidade do solo (IQS), em relação a atributos químicos e físicos, e espacializá-lo, além de avaliar a utilização deste índice no pagamento por serviços ambientais na Sub-Bacia Hidrográfica das Posses, Extrema, Minas Gerais, representativa do Bioma Mata Atlântica. Os valores do IQS foram influenciados tanto pela substituição da mata nativa por povoamento de eucalipto, quanto por pastagens e culturas anuais, refletindo na redução da qualidade do solo na profundidade amostrada nos sistemas avaliados. A espacialização do IQS apresentou valores variando de 0,40 a 0,80, ocorrendo algumas áreas pontuais com elevados índices e algumas com índices superiores a 1,00 (mata nativa). O reflorestamento com eucalipto condicionou solos, em sua maioria, com baixas deteriorações físicas e químicas devido ao acúmulo de serrapilheira. Já os menores valores do IQS estão associados às pastagens. O modelo pelo qual o IQS se ajustou foi o exponencial, possibilitando a krigagem ordinária. O IQS apresenta grande potencial para uso no pagamento de agricultores que prestam serviços de conservação do solo e água.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine and spatialize the soil quality index (SQI), in relation to chemical and physical attributes, and evaluate its use in the payment for environmental services in the Sub-Basin of Posses, Extrema-MG, Brazil, which represents the Atlantic Forest Biome. SQI values were influenced by both the replacement of native forests by stands of eucalyptus and by pastures and annual crops, reflecting in the reduction of soil quality in the sampled layer in the evaluated systems. The spatialization of SQI showed values ranging from 0.40 to 0.80, with some specific areas with high values and others with values above 1.00 (native forest). The reforestation with eucalyptus conditioned most of the soils with low chemical and physical deterioration, due to accumulation of litter. The lowest SQI values are associated with pastures. SQI adjusted to the exponential model, which allowed the use of ordinary Kriging. The SQI has a great potential of use in the payment to farmers who provide services of soil and water conservation.

Escalating energy and electricity costs have become one of the largest drivers of expenditure in mining operations. Over the last eight years, energy costs have tripled when expressed as a percentage of total expenses in South African mines. In an effort to manage and reduce electricity costs, energy management strategies can be developed, inefficient operating units replaced, and the operation of energy-consuming components of ventilation systems optimized. Power consumption on mines is controlled mainly by three strategies, namely load clipping, by which energy use is reduced for certain parts of the day; load shifting, by which energy use is shifted to other parts of the day; and energy efficiency, by which energy use is reduced permanently. In this paper several projects that were implemented using the first two strategies of load clipping and load shifting are investigated. The actual and potential savings that can be achieved by implementing such energy-saving interventions are presented. To reduce the operating costs of ventilating and cooling underground mines permanently, system optimization studies must be completed. Methods that can be used to reduce energy usage by optimizing cooling and ventilation systems are described, and network simulation models that accurately reflect the current and planned ventilation conditions are discussed. These models are then used to examine various options for improving the overall ventilation and cooling strategy. Different optimization scenarios can be simulated, and this assists the design engineer in obtaining the most energy-efficient system that will satisfy design workplace conditions. The final outcome is a reduction in operating costs, which can result in better operating margins and an extension of the life of mine.

Sinopse Relata-se a composição dos óleos essenciais obtidos a partir de Piper marginatum (folhas, 1,4%): p-cimeno 25,0%, menoterpenos 7,0%, sesquiterpenos 4,7%, álcoois sesquiterpênicos 33,3%, safrol 4,2%, etilpiperonilcctona 25,0%; Lippia grandis (folhas, 2,2%) : p-cimeno 19,6%, linalol 3.5%, timol 10,0%, carvacrol 59,5%; Licaria macrophylla (casca e madeira de tronco, 0,5%): borneol 3,0%, nerolidol 5,0%, elemol 25,0%, álcool terciário sesquiterpênico 40,0%.

Summary The paper describes the composition of essential oils obtained from Piper marginatum (leaves, 1.4%) : p-cymene 25,0%, monoterpenes 7.0%, sesquiterpenes 4.7%, sesquiterpene alcohols 33.3%, safrol 4.2%, ethylpiperonylketone 25.0%; Lippia grandis (leaves, 2.2%): p-cymene 19.6%, linalol 3.5%, thymol 10.0%, carvacrol 59.5%; Licaria macrophylla (trunk wood and bark, 0.5%): borneol 3%, nerolidol 5%. elemol 25%, sesquiterpene tertiary alcohol 40%.

Sinopse Na Amazônia se encontram algumas espécies de Galyptranthes (Myrtaceae). A comparação do óleo essencial de suas folhas varia de espécie para espécie. Assim é que o óleo destilado de C. spruceana Berg (rendimento de 1,7%) contém os terpenos α - pineno (5,8%), β - pineno (8,1%), limoneno (54,6%), um álcool monoterpênico (1,2%), neral (2,0%), geranial (3,2%) e perilaldeido (25,0%); enquanto o óleo destilado de uma espécie de Calyptranthes não identificada (rendimento 2,2%), contém metilchavicol de alilbenzeno (98,7%).

Summary Several arboreous Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae) species occur in Amazonia. The composition of the essential oil of their leaves varies widely from species to species. Thus, the oil distilled from C. spruceana Berg (Yield 1,7%) contains the terpenes α pinene (5,8%), β- pinene (8,1%), limonene (54,6%), a monoterpenic alcohol (1,2%), neral (2,0%), geranial (3,2%) and perillaldehyde (25,0%); while the oil distilled from an unidentified Calyptranthes species (yield 2,2%) contains the allylbenzene methylchavicol (98,7%)

Sinopse Timol é o principal componente dos óleos essenciais destilados das folhas de Conobea scoparioides Benth. (Scrophulariaceae), com rendimento 0,6% e das partes aéreas do arbusto Lippia origanoides H.B.K. (Verbenaceae). Ambos os óleos contem, também, para-cimeno.

Summary Thymol is the principal component of the essential oils distilled from the leaves of Conobea scoparioides Benth. (Scrophulariaceae), yield 0.6%, and from the aerial parts of the shrub Lippia origanoides H.B.K. (Verbenaceae). Both oils also contain para cymene.

Sinopse A maior parte das espécies de Aniba (Lauraceae) se encontra na Amazônia. São representadas por árvores que contêm óleo essencial em todos os seus órgãos. Os óleos dos diferentes órgãos de qualquer espécie mostram somente uma pequena variação em sua composição. Em contrapartida, pode ser notada uma variação tão surpreendentemente drástica entre espécies diferentes que podem ser classificadas em grupos. O grupo linalol compreende A. duckei Kosterm. e A. rosaeodora Ducke. O grupo benzoato de benzilo compreende A. burchellii Kosterm., A. firmula (Nees & Mart.) Mez., A. fragrans Ducke, A. gardneri (Meissn.) Mez, A. guianensis Aubl., A. parviflora (Meissn.) Mez. e A. permollis (Nees) Mez. O grupo alilbenzeno compreende A. canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez., A. hostmanniana (Nees) Mez e A. pseudocoto (Rusby) Kosterm. A análise detalhada revelou a presença, em alguns destes óleos ,de produtos raros de plantas como l-nitro-2feniletano, benzoato de feniletilo O-metilisoeugenol e 2, 4, 5-trimetoxialilbenzeno.

Summary Most Aniba (Lauraceae) species occur in Amazonia. They are represented by trees which contain essential oil in all of their organs. Oils from different organs of any species show little variation in composition. In contradistinction, such surprisingly drastic variation may be noted among different species, that they can be classified into groups. The linalool — group comprises A. duckei Kosterm. and A. rosaeodora Ducke. The benzyl benzoate — group comprises A. burchellii Kosterm., A. firmula (Nees et Mart.) Mez., A. fragrans Ducke, A. gardneri (Meissn.) Mez, A. guianensis Aubl., A. parviflora (Meissn.) Mez and A. permollis (Nees) Mez. The allylbenzene — group comprises A. canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez. A. hostmanniana (Nees) Mez and A. pseudocoto (Rusby) Kosterm. Detailed analysis revealed the presence in some of these oils of such rare plant products as l-nitro-2-phenylethane, phenylathyl benzoate, O-methylisoeugenol and 2, 4, 5-trimethoxyallylbenzene.

Sinopse A continuidade da produção de óleo essencial de pau-rosa na Amazônia, não está assegurada, em virtude das dificuldades resultantes da propagação e do crescimento lento da Aniba duckei Kosterm. Com o propósito de resolver o problema se estabeleceram duas linhas de pesquisas: 1. a análise (incluindo variações periódicas da composição) do óleo das fôlhas de pau-rosa (rendimento de 2,0-2,5%) obtido da Aniba duckei Kosterm. (Lauraceae). 2. um estudo das plantas comuns na Amazônia, quanto a seu teor de linalol, que levou a descoberta do óleo das fôlhas (rendimento 0,8%) obtido de Croton cajuçara Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), contendo mais de 66% de linalol.

Summary The continuity of resewood oil production in Amazonia is not assured, due to difficulties in propagation and slow growth of Aniba duckei Kosterm. With the purpose of solving this old problem, two lines of research were pursued: 1. The analysis (including seasonal variation of composition) of rosewood leaf (yield 2-2.5%, and buranch (yield 1-1.7%) oil, obtained from A. duckei Kosterm. (Lauraceae). 2. A survey of common amazonian plants for linalool content, which led td the discovery of sacaca leaf oil (yield 0.8%), obtained from Croton cajuçara Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), containing over 66% linolool.

Sinopse Como parte de um estudo químico de plantas brasileiras, comunica-se a presença de óleos essenciais na madeira de Dicypellium caryophyllatum Nees (Lauraceae), de composição: eugenol 95,5% O-metileugenol 1,6%; as fôlhas de Myrcia polyantha D.C., var. coriácea Bg. (Myrtaceae), com um rendimento de 2%, de composição: limoneno 4,5%, nera 128,0%, geranial 40,2%, sesquiterpenos 14,6%; a casca de Parkia oppositifolia Spr. ex Benth. (Leguminose-mimoeoidaeae), de composição: salicilato de metila 98,2%; a madeira do tronco de Dalbergia decipuiaris Rizz. et Mattos (Leguminosae-Papilionatae), de composição: nerolidol 97,2%; a madeira do tronco de Poecilanthe parviflora Benth. (Leguminosae-Papilionatae): nerolidol 26,0%; as fôlhas de Piper cavalcantei Yuncker (Piperaceae), rendimento 1,9% de composição: safrol 69,0%, metileugenol 8,0%, terpenos 23,0%.

Summary As part of a chemical survey of brazilian plants, we report the presence of essential oils in the wood of Dicypellium caryophyllatum Nees (Lauraceae), composition: eugenol 95,5%, O-methyleugenol 1,6%; the leaves of Myrcia polyantha D.C., var. coriacea Bg. (Myrtaceae), yield: 2%, composition: limonene 4,5%, neral 28,0%, geranial 50,2%, sesquiterpenes 14,6%; the bark of Parkia oppositifolia Spr. ex Benth. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). composition: methyl salicylate 98,2%; the trunk wood of Dalbergia decipularis Rizz. et Mattos (Leguminosae-Papilionatae), composition: nerolidol 97,2%; the trunk wood of Poecilanthe parviflora Benth. (Leguminosae-Papilionatae), composition: nerolidol 26,0%; the leaves of Piper cavalcautei Yuncker (Piperaceae), yield: 1.9%, composition: safrol 69,0% methyleugenol 8,0% terpenes 23,0%.