Resumo Introdução: A função da metaloproteinase da matriz 2 e 9 nas metástases e no desenvolvimento de carcinoma hipofaríngeo ainda não foi esclarecida. Objetivos: Observar a relação entre a metaloproteinase da matriz 2 e 9 e as metástases e o desenvolvimento de carcinoma hipofaríngeo. Método: Este estudo incluiu 42 pacientes com câncer hipofaríngeo. Os níveis de expressão de mRNA e proteína de metaloproteinase da matriz 2 e 9 no carcinoma hipofaríngeo e nos tecidos paracancerígenos foram detectados por reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcrição reversa e Western blot. Resultados: A detecção por reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcrição reversa mostrou que o mRNA de metaloproteinase da matriz 2 e 9 foi expresso nos tecidos cancerígenos e do pericarcinoma, mas quase não foi expresso em tecidos de controle polipoides. A intensidade da expressão no tecido cancerígeno foi significativamente maior do que no tecido do pericarcinoma (metaloproteinase da matriz 2: t = 2,529, p = 0,015; metaloproteinase da matriz 9: t = 4,781, p = 0,001). A expressão do mRNA no tecido cancerígeno aumentou com o aumento do estágio clínico do tumor (metaloproteinase da matriz 2: F = 4,003, p = 0,026; metaloproteinase da matriz 9: F = 5,501, p = 0,008). Sua intensidade de expressão foi associada à metástase de linfonodos (estadiamento N) e aumentou com o grau de metástase linfática (metaloproteinase da matriz 2: F = 8,965, p = 0,005; metaloproteinase da matriz 9: F = 5,420, p = 0,025). Não houve alteração significativa no estadiamento T do tumor. Com o aumento do estágio patológico do tumor, a expressão do mRNA de metaloproteinase da matriz 2 e 9 foi aumentada (metaloproteinase da matriz 2: F = 3,884, p = 0,029; metaloproteinase da matriz 9: F = 3,783, p = 0,032). O nível de expressão proteica da MMP-2 e MMP-9 foi o mesmo do que o do mRNA. Conclusão: A expressão de metaloproteinase da matriz 2 e 9 no carcinoma hipofaríngeo foi significativamente maior do que a do tecido do pericarcinoma e se ampliou com o aumento do estágio clínico. O nível de expressão foi relacionado à metástase linfonodal e ao estágio patológico do tumor. Assim, a metaloproteinase da matriz 2 e 9 pode estar envolvida na ocorrência, no desenvolvimento, na invasão e metástase de carcinoma hipofaríngeo por meio de vários mecanismos.

Abstract Introduction: The role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 in the metastasis and development of hypopharyngeal carcinoma has not been clarified. Objectives: To observe the relationship between matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and the metastasis, development of hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: This study included 42 hypopharyngeal cancer patients. The mRNA and protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 in hypopharyngeal carcinoma and paracancerous tissues were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detection showed that the mRNA of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 was expressed in both cancer and pericarcinoma tissues, but was almost not expressed in polypoid control tissues. The expression intensity in the cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in the pericarcinoma tissue (matrix metalloproteinase-2: t = 2.529, p = 0.015; matrix metalloproteinase-9: t = 4.781, p <0.001). The mRNA expression in the cancer tissue was enhanced with the increase of the tumor clinical stage (matrix metalloproteinase-2: F = 4.003, p = 0.026; matrix metalloproteinase-9: F = 5.501, p = 0.008). Its expression intensity was associated with the metastasis of lymph nodes (N staging) and increased with the degree of lymphatic metastasis (matrix metalloproteinases-2: F = 8.965, p = 0.005; matrix metalloproteinase-9: F = 5.420, p = 0.025). There was no significant change in T staging of tumor. With the increase of tumor pathological stage, the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 was strengthened (matrix metalloproteinase-2: F = 3.884, p = 0.029; matrix metalloproteinase-9: F = 3.783, p = 0.032). The protein expression level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 was the same as that of mRNA. Conclusion: The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 in hypopharyngeal carcinoma was significantly higher than that in pericarcinoma tissue, and it was enhanced with the increase of clinical stage. The expression level was related to lymph node metastasis and tumor pathological stage. Thus, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 may be involved in the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of hypopharyngeal carcinoma through a variety of mechanisms.

ABSTRACT This study examined the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and clonal complex (CC) characteristics of serogroup 6 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected from children in Beijing, China, between 1997 and 2016. Serotypes were determined using the Quellung reaction, and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolates were determined using the disc-diffusion method or by E-test. Sequence types (STs) were assigned based on multilocus sequence typing. A total of 250 isolates were examined, with 55.2%, 30.0%, 12.8%, and 2.0% of isolates identified as serotypes 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D, respectively. All of the isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin and vancomycin, and the non-suceptibitility rate to penicillin was 41.6%. Eighty-two distinct STs, assigned to 13 CCs and 28 singletons, were identified. CC982 was the most prevalent CC amongst serotype 6A isolates (34%), followed by CC9789 and CC3173. Amongst serotype 6B isolates, CC90 and CC4542 were the most common, accounting for 25.3% and 14.7% of isolates respectively. Over the study period, the prevalence of CC982, CC4542, and CC4536 isolates showing susceptibility to penicillin and cefuroxime decreased, and the proportion of CC3173, CC9789, CC855, and CC902 isolates showing non-susceptibility to these two antibiotics increased.