RESUMO As funções fagocíticas de neutrófilos/monócitos e parâmetros bioquímicos foram avaliados no sangue periférico de pacientes com periodontite com ou sem diabetes do tipo 2, ou em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2, ou em pessoas saudáveis sistemicamente. 58 participantes foram divididos em quatro grupos: Controle - pacientes sistemicamente e periodontalmente saudáveis (C, n = 16), Periodontite (P, n = 14), Diabetes Tipo 2 (DM, n = 11) e Periodontite associada a diabetes tipo 2 (DMP, n = 17). Amostras de sangue foram usadas para analisar a atividade fagocítica e a produção de ânion superóxido por microscopia óptica. Observou-se menor atividade fagocítica dos neutrófilos em amostras não opsonizadas (p = 0,008, Kruskal-Wallis) do grupo periodontite e em amostras opsonizadas (p = 0,029, Kruskal-Wallis) do grupo periodontite associada ao diabetes tipo 2 quando esses grupos foram comparados aos indivíduos saudáveis sob um estímulo de levedura:monócito de 20:1. Pacientes com periodontite associada (p = 0,0007, sensibilizados; Kruskal-Wallis, 20: 1) ou não com diabetes (p = 0,018 e 0,0007, nas proporções 5: 1 e 20: 1 de levedura: monócito, respectivamente, em amostras sensibilizadas; Kruskal- Wallis) também demonstraram menor função fagocítica dos monócitos em comparação com o grupo controle. Não houve diferença significativa na produção de ânion superóxido entre os grupos avaliados. A perda de inserção clínica grave foi associada a níveis mais baixos de HDL na periodontite e maior percentual de A1C nos pacientes com periodontite associada ao diabetes (p<0,05; correlações de Person e Spearman, respectivamente). Os pacientes com ambas as doenças associadas apresentaram níveis mais altos de triglicerídeos e PCR (p<0,001, Kruskal- Wallis) em comparação aos pacientes com somente diabetes. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a periodontite interfere negativamente na resposta imune inata e pode representar um risco maior para complicações sistêmicas, como a doença cardiovascular, em pacientes com diabetes ou mesmo em indivíduos saudáveis.

ABSTRACT Phagocytic functions by neutrophils/ monocytes and biochemical parameters were assessed in peripheral blood of patients with periodontitis, whether or not associated to type 2 diabetes, or patients with type 2 diabetes, or systemically healthy people. Fifty-eight participants were divided into four groups: Control – systemically and periodontally healthy patients (C, n=16), Periodontitis (P, n=14), Type 2 Diabetes (DM, n=11) and Periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes (DMP, n=17). Blood samples were used to analyze phagocytic activity and the production of superoxide anion using optical microscopy. Significantly lower phagocytic activity of neutrophils was observed in non-opsonized samples (p = 0.008, Kruskal- Wallis) of the periodontitis group and in opsonized samples (p = 0.029, Kruskal-Wallis) of the periodontitis associated with type 2 diabetes group when these groups were compared to the healthy individuals when a 20:1 yeast: phagocyte stimulus was used. Periodontitis patients, whether associated (p = 0.0007, sensitized; Kruskal-Wallis, 20:1) or not with diabetes (p = 0.018 and 0.0007, in the proportions 5:1 and 20:1 yeast: monocyte respectively in sensitized samples; Kruskal-Wallis) also showed lower phagocytic function of monocytes compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in the production of superoxide anion among the evaluated groups. Severe clinical attachment loss was associated with lower levels of HDL in periodontitis patients and a higher percentage of A1C in diabetes with periodontitis patients (p<0.05; Pearson and Spearman correlations, respectively). Patients with both associated diseases had higher levels of triglycerides and CRP (p<0.001, Kruskal-Wallis) compared to patients with diabetes only. The results of the present study suggest that periodontitis negatively interferes with the innate immune response and may represent a major risk of systemic complications such as cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients or even in healthy individuals.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate decomposition and release of C and of N from the litter of forest Caatinga species in the humification phase, as well as to estimate the residence time of C and N. Litter decomposition of the species was evaluated in 2014/2015 in the municipality of Floresta, Pernambuco, Brazil, using a method of the litter bags at 270; 300; 330; and 360 day. Litter from species of the Fabaceae family presented different decomposition groups, suggesting that decomposition was more influenced by the C/N ratio than N concentration only. The N release was 6.25% greater than the release of C. C will remain in the litter for more time, while N will be almost totally released in approximately 1.14 years. The species litter decomposition were shared, suggesting that the nutrients cycling is fundamental in the preservation of the Caatinga, mainly due to the longer residence time of C.

SUMMARY: The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is an accessory organ involved on the olfactory pathway, that detects pheromones and emits signals in order to modulate social and reproductive behavior. The VNO stem cells replace neurons throughout life. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize cells derived from the vomeronasal organ from New Zealand rabbits. Five male rabbits with 120 days were used for cell isolation and culture. Results: VNO-derived cells presented labelling for proliferation (PCNA), undifferentiated profile (Nanog), neuronal (GFAP), mesenchymal stem cells (CD73, CD90 and CD105 and Stro-1). Also, presence of cytoskeletal (Vimentin, b-tubulin and CK-18) and absence of hematopoietic markers (CD34, CD117 and CD45) both by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. By PCR it was possible to verify the expression of some undifferentiated profile (Oct-4), neuronal (Nestin) and mesenchymal (CD73, CD105 and Vimentin) genes. Functionally, VNO-derived cells differentiate in vitro into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes, and presented no tumorigenic potential when injected to Balb/c nu/nu mice. In conclusion, the rabbit VNO-derived cells have a profile that could be supportive to VNO olfactory/neuroreceptor epithelium by delivering factors to epithelial turnover or even by differentiation into epithelial cells to replacement of commissural epithelium.

RESUMEN: El órgano vomeronasal (OVN) es un órgano accesorio de la vía olfatoria, que detecta feromonas y emite señales que afectan la modulación del comportamiento social y reproductivo. Las células madre OVN reemplazan las neuronas durante toda la vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar y caracterizar células derivadas del órgano vomeronasal de conejos raza Nueva Zelanda. Para el aislamiento y el cultivo celular se utilizaron cinco conejos machos con una edad de 120 días. Las células del OVN presentaron etiquetado para la proliferación (PCNA), un perfil indiferenciado (Nanog), neuronal (GFAP), células madre mesenquimales (CD73, CD90 y CD105 y Stro-1). Además, se ob- servó presencia de citoesqueleto (Vimentina, β-tubulina y CK-18) y ausencia de marcadores hematopoyéticos (CD34, CD117 y CD45) tanto por inmunofluorescencia como por citometría de flujo. Me- diante PCR fue posible verificar la expresión de algunos genes de perfil indiferenciado (Oct-4), neuronal (Nestin) y mesenquimatoso (CD73, CD105 y Vimentin). Las células derivadas del OVN se diferencian in vitro en adipocitos, osteocitos y condrocitos, y no presentan un potencial tumorigénico al ser infiltrados en ratones Balb / c nu / nu. En conclusión, las células derivadas de OVN de conejo tienen un perfil que podría ser compatible con el epitelio olfatorio / neurorreceptor de OVN transmitiendo factores al recambio epitelial o incluso mediante la diferenciación en células epiteliales para reemplazar el epitelio comisural.

ABSTRACT The use of cover crop in agricultural fields has been well elucidated, especially regarding nitrogen fixation from legume crops and their function as weed protection. Furthermore, to cover crops can benefit the soil microbial community. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the benefits of mulching and cover cropping systems on soil microbial growth and activity, and their effects on plant mineral nutrition in pomelo (Citrus maxima ) and macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia ) orchards. The treatments included: 1) control [Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup at 4 l per ha)], 2) manual weed control, 3) mulching with dead leaves from their respective trees (macadamia and pomelo), 4) millet, 5) faba bean, 6) millet + faba bean. All the treatments were applied for 120 days before soil and plant leaves were sampled for analyses. Plant mineral nutrition, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and soil microbial biomass N (MBN); basal respiration (BRA), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization (COL); number of AMF spores (SPO) in soil; total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were evaluated. Plant nutrition was not altered by the treatments; however, the MBC, COL and SPO markedly increased in response to mulching and faba bean + millet treatments. Especially in macadamia soils, these treatments had a great response to soil microbiology. Significant negative correlations were also detected for the COL, SPO, BRA and TOC with the Nutrient Balance Index (NBI). These results indicate that in short-term the cover cropping system is useful to improve the soil microbial growth and AMF formation in soils of pomelo and macadam orchards.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o emprego da espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo (NIRS) para a predição de formas de P, C e N, em solos desenvolvidos de basalto, com uso de modelos multivariados e de amostras com diferentes granulometrias. Amostras de Latossolos e Nitossolos provenientes de áreas de cultivo, pastagem e vegetação nativa foram coletadas nas camadas de 0,0-0,20 e de 0,60-0,80 m, e analisadas quanto aos teores de P disponível, P remanescente, C orgânico, C total e N total. Os espectros na região entre 1.100 e 2.500 nm foram obtidos de amostras com granulometria menor do que 2,0 e 0,2 mm. Modelos multivariados de predição foram construídos e validados a partir dos resultados obtidos pelos métodos de referência e dos espectros. O peneiramento das amostras em malha de 0,2 mm melhorou a relação entre os comprimentos de onda no NIRS e os teores de C orgânico, C total e N total no solo, o que permitiu a obtenção de melhores modelos de calibração e predição para esses atributos. Independentemente do tamanho das partículas, os modelos não apresentam robustez, acurácia e precisão adequadas de predição para o P extraível e o P remanescente.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict P, C, and N forms in soils developed from basalt, using multivariate models and soil samples with different granulometries. Samples from Oxisols and Alfisols from croplands, pasture, and native vegetation areas were collected at the 0.0-0.20 and 0.60-0.80-m soil layers, and analyzed for contents of available P, remaining P, organic C, total C, and total N. Spectra in the region between 1,100 and 2,500 nm were obtained on samples with granulometry smaller than 2.0 and 0.2 mm. Multivariate prediction models were constructed and validated from the results obtained by the reference methods and spectra. Sample screenings through 0.2 mm mesh improved the relationship between wavelengths in NIRS and the contents of organic C, total C, and total N in the soil, which allowed better calibration and prediction models for these attributes. Irrespectively of particle sizes, the models did not show appropriate robustness, accuracy, and precision for extractable P and remaining P.

Antecedentes: los pollos de engorde pasan la mayoría de su vida en contacto con la cama; la calidad de la cama puede afectar la salud y desempeño del ave. Objetivo: fueron evaluados los efectos de diferentes tratamientos de la cama sobre el desempeño y lesiones en la canal de pollos de engorde durante cinco lotes consecutivos con 640 aves cada uno. Métodos: se empleó un modelo completamente aleatorizado con ocho tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos incluyeron (1) cama no tratada, (2) cama sometida a compostaje en el galpón, (3) cama tratada (CT) con sulfato de aluminio, (4) CT con yeso agrícola, (5) CT con cal, (6) CT con calcáreo dolomítico, (7) CT con zeolita y (8) CT con carbón vegetal. Heno de pasto elefante picado fue usado como cama en todos los lotes. Resultado: los tratamientos no influenciaron el desempeño ni las lesiones en la canal de los pollos en ningún lote. Además, ninguno de los tratamientos de las camas fue económicamente viables. Conclusión: el tratamiento de la cama de pollo no solo no afecta el desempeño ni las lesiones en la canal de los pollos sino que eleva los costos de producción de las aves.

Background: broilers spend most of their lives in contact with litter; litter quality can affect their health and performance. Objective: the effects of litter treatment on performance and carcass lesions were evaluated in five consecutive flocks with 640 male broilers each. Methods: a completely randomized model was used comprising eight treatments and four replicates. The treatments included (1) untreated litter, (2) litter subjected to in-house composting, (3) litter treated (LT) with aluminum sulfate, (4) LT with gypsum, (5) LT with quicklime, (6) LT with dolomitic limestone, (7) LT with zeolite, and (8) LT with charcoal. Chopped elephant-grass hay was used as poultry litter in all flocks. Results: none of the litter treatments were found to influence the performance and carcass lesions of the male broilers in all five flocks. Furthermore, poultry litter treatments were not economically viable. Conclusion: poultry litter treatments did not affect the performance and scores of carcass lesions of male broilers, but increased the cost of poultry production.

Antecedentes: os frangos de corte passam a maioria de suas vidas em contato com a cama e a qualidade desta pode afetar a saúde e o desempenho produtivo da ave. Objetivo: Avaliou-se os efeitos dos tratamentos da cama de frango sobre o desempenho no crescimento e lesões na carcaça de frangos de corte. Métodos: avaliaram-se 640 aves por lote, durante cinco lotes consecutivos, analisaram-se empregando um modelo completamente casualizado com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de (1) cama não tratada, (2) cama submetida a compostagem no galpão, (3) cama tratada (CT) com sulfato de alumínio, (4) CT com gesso agrícola, (5) CT com cal virgem, (6) CT com calcário dolomítico, (7) CT com zeolita e (8) CT com carvão vegetal. Feno de capim elefante picado foi usado como cama em todos os lotes. Resultado: os diferentes tratamentos não influenciaram o desempenho na produção e as lesões na carcaça dos frangos em nenhum lote, entretanto, os tratamentos da cama foram economicamente inviáveis. Conclusão: o tratamento da cama de frango não afeta o desempenho produtivo e os escores de lesões na carcaça dos frangos de corte, além, eleva os custos da produção avícola.

RESUMOO uso racional de nutrientes é de fundamental importância para obtenção de alta produção e com alta qualidade nutricional. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de frutos de pimentão cultivado sob diferentes manejos de fertirrigação e níveis de nitrogênio e potássio. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 6 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de três sistemas de manejo da fertirrigação (M1-Fertirrigação a partir da marcha de absorção; M2-Fertirrigação a partir do monitoramento da condutividade da solução do solo; M3-monitoramento da concentração de íons de N e K na solução do solo) com seis níveis de N e K (N0K0, N50K50, N100K100, N150K150, N200K200 e N300K300 (%) da dose recomendada para a cultura sob fertirrigação convencional (M1) ou hidroponia (M2 e M3)). A qualidade dos frutos foi avaliada para as seguintes características: pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, teor de vitamina C e relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável. Os manejos de fertirrigação afetaram apenas o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS) e a acidez titulável (AT), reduzindo os SS e AT. As variáveis estudadas foram ajustadas com modelos quadráticos para os níveis de N e K.

ABSTRACTThe rational use of nutrients is of fundamental importance for obtaining high productivity of high nutritional quality. This work was developed with the aim of evaluating the quality of pepper fruit grown under different fertigation managements and different levels of nitrogen and potassium. The experimental design was of randomised blocks in a 3 x 6 factorial scheme with four replications. The treatments resulted from the combination of three fertigation managements (M1-based on the rate of absorption; M2-monitoring the conductivity of the soil solution; M3-monitoring concentrations of N and K ions in the soil solution) with six levels of N and K (N0K0, N50K50, N100K100, N150K150, N200K200 and N300K300) as a percentage of the recommended dosage for the crop under conventional fertigation (M1) or hydroponics (M2 and M3). Fruit quality was evaluated for the following characteristics: pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C content and the ratio of soluble solids to titratable acidity. The different fertigation managements only affected the levels of soluble solids (SS) and titratable acidity (TA), reducing the SS and TA. The variables under study were adjusted for the levels of N and K using quadratic models.

A biomassa microbiana do solo (BMS) exerce papel importante na ciclagem de nutrientes em agroecossistemas, sendo limitada por diversos fatores como a disponibilidade de água no solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da disponibilidade da água do solo sobre a biomassa microbiana e sua variação temporal, em um Latossolo Amarelo concrecionário em uma floresta secundária na Amazônia Oriental. Utilizaram-se o método da fumigação-extração para estimar o carbono e o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana do solo (C-BMS e N-BMS) e uma adaptação da fumigação-incubação para determinar a respiração basal (CO2-BMS). Foram calculados o quociente metabólico (qCO2) e a relação C microbiano:C orgânico (CMIC:CORG), a partir desses resultados. A umidade do solo foi significativamente menor durante a estação seca e nas parcelas-controle. A irrigação elevou a umidade do solo em níveis próximos dos valores encontrados na época chuvosa; entretanto, não causou efeito significativo sobre a BMS. Não foi observada sazonalidade das variáveis estudadas, apenas a relação C/N microbiana sugeriu mudança na estrutura da comunidade microbiana com a troca da estação chuvosa para seca.

Soil microbial biomass (SMB) plays an important role in nutrient cycling in agroecosystems, and is limited by several factors, such as soil water availability. This study assessed the effects of soil water availability on microbial biomass and its variation over time in the Latossolo Amarelo concrecionário of a secondary forest in eastern Amazonia. The fumigation-extraction method was used to estimate the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content (SMBC and SMBN). An adaptation of the fumigation-incubation method was used to determine basal respiration (CO2-SMB). The metabolic quotient (qCO2) and ratio of microbial carbon:organic carbon (CMIC:CORG) were calculated based on those results. Soil moisture was generally significantly lower during the dry season and in the control plots. Irrigation raised soil moisture to levels close to those observed during the rainy season, but had no significant effect on SMB. The variables did not vary on a seasonal basis, except for the microbial C/N ratio that suggested the occurrence of seasonal shifts in the structure of the microbial community.

Na região semiárida, o manejo inadequado dos sistemas de cultivo, aliado à baixa produção de fitomassa, pode contribuir para reduzir os estoques de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) do solo; portanto, a adoção de sistemas de manejo para a preservação desses elementos é necessária. Objetivou-se avaliar as alterações promovidas nos estoques de C e N do solo por sistemas agrícolas agroflorestais (agrossilvipastoril e silvipastoril) e tradicional (com derrubada da vegetação, queima e cultivo por dois-três anos), confrontando-os à vegetação natural de Caatinga, após 13 anos, em experimento instalado em um Luvissolo Crômico órtico típico, no município de Sobral, Ceará. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-6, 6-12, 12-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm, em quatro repetições, considerando os relevos plano, convexo e côncavo em cada situação de estudo, sendo determinados o C orgânico total, o N total e as densidades do solo. Entre os sistemas agroflorestais estudados, o silvipastoril, em longo prazo, promoveu as maiores reduções nos estoques de C e N, enquanto o agrossilvipastoril as menores perdas, representando alternativa sustentável para o sequestro de C e N do solo nessas condições semiáridas. O sistema de cultivo tradicional apresentou reduções de 58,87 e 9,57 Mg ha-1 dos estoques de C orgânico e N total, respectivamente, indicando sua não adequação para as condições semiáridas brasileiras. Os relevos côncavo, no sistema agrossilvipastoril, e plano, no silvipastoril, apresentaram os maiores estoques de C orgânico, enquanto para o N total, a forma côncava apresentou os maiores valores na vegetação nativa, agrossilvipastoril e silvipastoril.

In the semiarid region of Brazil, inadequate management of cropping systems and low plant biomass production can contribute to reduce soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks; therefore, management systems that preserve C and N must be adopted. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in soil C and N stocks that were promoted by agroforestry (agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral) and traditional agricultural systems (slash-and-burn clearing and cultivation for two and three years) and to compare these systems with the natural Caatinga vegetation after 13 years of cultivation. The experiment was carried out on a typical Ortic Chromic Luvisol in the municipality of Sobral, Ceará, Brazil. Soil samples were collected (layers 0-6, 6-12, 12-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) with four replications. The plain, convex and concave landforms in each study situation were analyzed, and the total organic C, total N and densities of the soil samples were assessed. The silvopastoral system promoted the greatest long-term reductions in C and N stocks, while the agrosilvopastoral system promoted the smallest losses and therefore represents a sustainable alternative for soil C and N sequestration in these semiarid conditions. The traditional agricultural system produced reductions of 58.87 and 9.57 Mg ha-1 in the organic C and total N stocks, respectively, which suggests that this system is inadequate for these semiarid conditions. The organic C stocks were largest in the concave landform in the agrosilvopastoral system and in the plain landform in the silvopastoral system, while the total N values were highest in the concave landform in the native, agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral systems.

Biological nitrogen fixation, performed by diazotrophic bacteria, plays an important role in the maintenance of agricultural systems, as it contributes with significant amounts of the nitrogen (N) needed for plant growth, totally or partially exempting the use of industrial N fertilisers. Twenty-five bacterial strains isolated from nodules of Leucaena leucocephala and Phaseolus vulgaris trap plants were studied. These nodules were formed after inoculation with suspensions of soil samples collected close to the root system of Sesbania virgata. In previous studies, these bacteria were identified as Cupriavidus necator. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of these strains to fix N2 in the free-living state and to use carbon (C) sources; their resistance to antibiotics; growth in media with different pH values and salt concentrations and symbiotic efficiency with L. leucocephala and P. vulgaris. In each test, these strains were compared to C. taiwanensis LMG 19424T. Although a high variability regarding antibiotic resistance, salt tolerance and use of C sources were observed among the 25 C. necator strains, a large group behaved similar regarding salt tolerance (20 strains) and antibiotic resistance (22 strains). C. necator strains behaved in a different way of LMG 19424T. Only one of the 25 strains studied, UFLA02-69, was not able to establish symbiosis with its trap species, P. vulgaris. Only the strains LMG19424T and UFLA01-672 were efficient in symbiosis with L. leucocephala. The ability to use C sources, grow in different pHs and salt concentrations and resistance to several antibiotics, may grant high saprophytic competence and greater competitivity to these strains in relation to the native Leguminosae-nodulating bacterial populations, suggesting potential use in inoculant strain selection studies for legumes cultivated in soils with a wide range of pH and salt concentrations.

The flavonoid rutin is recognized as playing an important role in the protection of plants against lepidopterans. Bioassays with this compound are generally carried out using artificial diets. Proteins of high energy value, such as casein, are important ingredients of insect artificial diets as a source of essential amino acids. However, such proteins can generally increase the allelochemical activity. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of rutin on larvae of the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner by incorporating this allelochemical into diets with different concentrations of casein. Three casein concentrations (0, 7 g, or 14 g) combined with none, 0.65%, or 1.30% of rutin were added to the rearing diet and offered to the larvae from hatching to pupation. Rutin negatively affected larval development, the amount of food consumed, and pupal weight of A. gemmatalis. These negative effects were clearly seen in insects fed on diets with 7 g of casein to which any concentration of rutin was added. The effects of rutin when added to the diets without casein were stronger than in diets containing a suitable amount of casein (14 g). The greater negative effects of rutin in diets containing suboptimal concentrations of casein indicate that casein can increase the effects of rutin only when the diets are nutritionally unsuitable for insect development.

A chemical study on the EtOAc extract produced by Xylaria sp., an endophytic fungus from Piper aduncum, resulted in the isolation of a new cytochalasin 1, along with five known 19,20-epoxycytochalasin D (2), C (3), N (4), Q (5), and R (6). The 1-6 were evaluated against the fungi C. cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum and only 5 showed weak activity. The cytotoxicity in vitro against HeLA and CHO cells lines were investigated and the cytochalasins 2-4, and 6 showed a strong activity against HeLA. The DNAdamaging activity of 1-6 were also investigated against mutant strains of S. cerevisiae.

A reciclagem do lodo de esgoto em solos agrícolas é uma das formas mais racionais de utilização desse material. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto em alguns atributos químicos de um Argissolo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar por dois anos. O experimento foi instalado em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico cultivado com a variedade RB855536. O ensaio foi realizado durante dois períodos (outubro de 2002 a agosto de 2003 - ano agrícola 2003/04 e outubro de 2003 a outubro de 2004 - ano agrícola 2004/05). Os tratamentos testados foram oito: (a) Controle; (b) Fertilização Mineral (120 kg ha-1 N + 150 kg ha-1 K2O); c) LE + 0N, incorporado no solo após a aplicação (ISA); (d) LE + 0N, incorporado no solo 60 dias após a aplicação (IS60A); (e) LE + 60 kg ha-1 N (ISA); (f) LE + 60 kg ha-1 N (IS60A); (g) LE + 120 kg ha-1 N (ISA); e (h) LE + 120 kg ha-1 N (IS60A). O lodo de esgoto foi resultante de tratamento biológico e aeróbio, e a dose aplicada foi calculada em função da mineralização do N e suficiente para fornecer 120 kg ha-1 de N. Os resultados mostram que a aplicação do lodo causou incrementos nos teores de C do solo, sendo aqueles verificados no segundo ano maiores dos que os do primeiro. A incorporação do LE 60 dias após sua aplicação resultou nos maiores teores de C, provavelmente em função da desidratação do resíduo e do menor contato deste com as partículas do solo. Os demais atributos avaliados (pH, P, K, Ca e Mg) não foram alterados com a aplicação do resíduo. Apesar disso, nas folhas, os tratamentos com lodo apresentaram os maiores teores de P, indicando que o LE pode ter atuado como fonte do nutriente. Verificou-se aumento nos teores de Cu e Zn disponíveis no solo com a aplicação do LE. Os teores de metais, nutrientes e não-nutrientes de plantas, estiveram dentro das faixas consideradas adequadas, tanto no solo quanto nas folhas de cana-de-açúcar, mesmo com a reaplicação do lodo. Apesar de esses metais terem sido adicionados no solo, via LE, não foi observado aumento nos teores de Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb no solo com a aplicação do resíduo. De maneira similar, os teores desses elementos nas folhas não foram alterados pela adição de lodo no solo.

The application of sludges, especially sewage-sludge (SS) to agricultural soils is one of the most rational ways of using this residue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of SS on some chemical properties of an SS-amended Ultisol under sugarcane (variety RB 855536) for two years; from October 2002 to August 2003 - growing season 2003/04 and from October 2003 to October 04, designated 2004/05 crop season. Eight treatments were evaluated: (a) control; (b) Mineral fertilization (120 kg ha-1 N+150 kg ha-1 K2O); (c) LE + 0N, incorporated into soil just after application (ISA); (d) LE + 0N, incorporated into soil 60 days after application (IS60A); (e) LE + 60 kg ha-1 N (ISA); (f) LE + 60 kg ha-1 N (IS60A); (g) LE + 120 kg ha-1 N (ISA); h) LE + 120 kg ha-1 N (IS60A). The SS was obtained from a biologic and aerobic municipal sewage treatment plant and the application rate was based on nitrogen mineralization rate (28 %) and sugarcane N requirement (120 kg ha-1). The soil was sampled in the 0-20 cm layer and analyzed for pH, C, available P, exchangeable K, Ca and Mg, DTPA pH 7.3 extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, total Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb content. Sugarcane leaves were collected at the age of 4.5 months and analyzed for P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb. SS application resulted in higher soil C levels in the second study period. The IS60A treatment resulted in a higher soil C content, probably due to SS dehydration and the reduced contact with soil particles. The other soil attributes (pH, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg) were not affected by residue application. Besides, the SS treatments resulted in a higher P leaf content, indicating SS as a reasonable P source. The metal and nutrient contents in soil and leaves were within a range considered adequate, even under successive SS applications. Despite the heavy metal application to the soil through SS, no increase in Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb contents was observed in the soil or in sugarcane leaf concentrations.

Neste estudo foram avaliados atributos qualitativos e quantitativos da microbiota do solo, visando monitorar alterações por diferentes manejos do solo e das culturas. As avaliações foram feitas em um ensaio a campo, conduzido há 14 anos em Londrina, PR, sob plantio convencional (PC) ou plantio direto (PD) e com sucessão (S) (soja/trigo) ou rotação (R) (tremoço/milho/aveia-preta/soja/trigo/soja/trigo/soja) de culturas, quando todos os sistemas estavam com soja no estádio de florescimento pleno. Os incrementos no C e N da biomassa microbiana (CBM e NBM) no PD foram de 114 e 157 %, respectivamente, em comparação ao PC; além disso, o quociente metabólico (qCO2) foi inferior em 37 % no PD, indicando maior eficiência metabólica da microbiota do solo. Não foram detectadas diferenças nesses atributos em função dos sistemas de rotação e sucessão de culturas. A diversidade genética da comunidade bacteriana total do solo foi superior no PD e inferior no PC com sucessão de culturas. Em relação à fixação biológica do N2, a massa, o N total e a fração de N-ureídos acumulados na parte aérea e a eficiência dos nódulos em fixar N2 foram superiores no PD. A diversidade genética dos rizóbios foi afetada, principalmente, pelo manejo das culturas, sendo superior com a rotação, provavelmente pelo maior número de espécies de plantas. Contudo, com a rotação ocorreu decréscimo na eficiência do processo de fixação biológica do N2, o que pode estar relacionado com os teores mais elevados de N no solo, ou com a menor pressão de seleção por bactérias eficientes. Desse modo, para microrganismos do solo com função específica, como os rizóbios, a diversidade genética pode ser distinta da funcionalidade.

In this study, quantitative and qualitative microbiological parameters were evaluated to detect differences related to soil and crop management. The study was carried out in a field experiment installed 14 years ago on a Rhodic Eutrudox, in Londrina, PR, Brazil. Treatments were a combination of a crop sequence (S) (soybean/wheat) and a crop rotation (R) (lupin/maize/black oat/soybean/wheat/soybean/wheat/soybean), either under conventional tillage (CT) or no-tillage (NT). Evaluations were performed when all systems were under the soybean cropping season, at full flowering. Amounts of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MB-C and MB-N, respectively) were 114 and 157 % higher in NT than in CT. Furthermore, the metabolic quotient (qCO2) was lower under NT, indicating higher metabolic efficiency of the soil microbes. These parameters were not affected by the crop sequence/rotation. Genetic diversity of the total soil bacterial community was higher under NT and lower in the CT system with crop sequence. Regarding the biological N2 fixation, it was found that plant biomass, total N and fraction of N-ureides in shoots, as well as nodule efficiency, were higher under NT. Genetic diversity of rhizobia was affected mainly by crop management and was higher under crop rotation, probably due to the greater number of plant species. However, crop rotation decreased the efficiency of the biological N2 fixation process, which may be related to more abundant N in the soil or to a lower selection pressure for efficient rhizobia. For soil microbes with specific functions, e.g., rhizobia, genetic diversity may therefore differ from functionality.

INTRODUÇÃO: Alterações no mecanismo hemostático têm sido associadas ao desenvolvimento de complicações vasculares em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). A eficiência dos mecanismos da anticoagulação natural mediados pelas proteínas C (PC) e S (PS), bem como pela antitrombina (AT), depende da integridade da célula endotelial. Sendo assim, a avaliação dos níveis plasmáticos dessas proteínas poderia fornecer importantes informações acerca da anticoagulação natural que se contrapõe ao estado de hipercoagulabilidade no diabetes. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo a determinação dos níveis de AT, PC e PS e dos co-fatores fator V (FV) e fator VIII (FVIII) em indivíduos com e sem DM2 e hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Indivíduos hígidos (controles, n = 16), pacientes com DM2 (n = 7), com hipertensão (HAS, n = 12) e com DM2 associado à HAS (DM2 + HAS, n = 18) foram incluídos neste estudo para avaliação da anticoagulação natural. RESULTADOS: Para os níveis de AT o grupo HAS apresentou níveis aumentados em relação ao controle. O grupo DM2 + HAS apresentou níveis aumentados de PC. Para a PS não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os grupos. O aumento do FV ocorreu apenas no grupo DM2 + HAS; já para o FVIII não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O aumento da AT é ainda pouco conhecido no meio científico; outros estudos já observaram aumento de PC em pacientes com DM2 e normoalbuminúria, entretanto o mecanismo permanece desconhecido. O aumento de FV observado no grupo DM2 + HAS e não no grupo DM2 pode acontecer em decorrência da HAS. Como o FVIII é uma proteína de fase aguda, a ausência de diferença significativa entre os grupos indica que os indivíduos avaliados não apresentavam processos inflamatórios importantes.

BACKGROUND: Hemostatic abnormalities have been associated with vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Efficiency of the natural anticoagulation mechanism mediated by proteins C (PC), S (PS) and antithrombin (AT) depends on intact endothelial cells, so the evaluation of these proteins may contribute to a better understanding of the natural anticoagulation status, considering that they inhibit the state of hypercoagulability. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to measure AT, PC and PS levels and the cofactors, factors V (FV) and VIII (FVIII), in subjects with and without DM2 and hypertension (HAS). MATERIAL AND METHOD: 16 healthy subjects (controls), seven patients with DM2, 12 with hypertension (HAS) and 18 with DM2 associated to HAS (DM2 + HAS) were included in this study for natural anticoagulation evaluation. RESULTS: HAS group showed increased levels of AT compared with controls. DM2 + HAS group showed increased levels of PC. For PS and FVIII, no difference was observed among groups. Nevertheless, the increase of FV was observed in DM2 + HAS group, while DM2 group did not show increase. CONCLUSION: AT increase is not yet well known for all conditions. Previous studies have already described PC increase in normoalbuminuric patients with DM2, however its cause is also unknown. FV increase observed in DM2 + HAS group suggests that HAS should contribute to this increase. As FVIII is an acute phase protein the data for FVIII may indicate that assessed subjects had no important inflammatory condition.