Fundamento: Há poucos dados sobre a definição de parâmetros simples e robustos para predizer artefato de imagem em tomografia computadorizada (TC) cardíaca. Objetivos: Avaliar o valor da simples medida da espessura do tecido subcutâneo (espessura pele-esterno) como preditor de artefato de imagem em TC cardíaca. Métodos: O estudo avaliou 86 pacientes submetidos a angiotomografia computadorizada cardíaca (ATCC) com sincronização prospectiva com ECG e avaliação de escore de cálcio coronário com 120 kV e 150 mA. A qualidade da imagem foi medida objetivamente pelo artefato de imagem na aorta em ATCC, sendo 'artefato baixo' definido como aquele < 30 UH. Os diâmetros torácicos anteroposterior e laterolateral, o artefato de imagem na aorta e a espessura pele-esterno foram medidos como preditores de artefato em ATCC. A associação de preditores e artefato de imagem foi avaliada usando-se correlação de Pearson. Resultados: A dose média de radiação foi 3,5 ± 1,5 mSv. O artefato de imagem médio na ATCC foi de 36,3 ± 8,5 UH, sendo o artefato de imagem médiona fase sem contraste do exame de 17,7 ± 4,4 UH. Todos os preditores foram independentemente associados com artefato em ATCC. Os melhores preditores foram espessura pele-esterno, com correlação de 0,70 (p < 0,001), e artefato de imagem na fases em contraste,com correlação de 0,73 (p < 0,001). Ao avaliar a habilidade de predizer artefato de imagem baixo, as áreas sob a curva ROC para o artefato de imagem na fases em contraste e para a espessura pele-esterno foram 0,837e 0,864, respectivamente. Conclusão: Tanto espessura pele-esterno quanto artefato de escore de cálcio são preditores simples e precisos de artefato de imagem em ATCC. Tais parâmetros podem ser incorporados aos protocolos de TC padrão para ajustar adequadamente a exposição à radiação.

Background: Few data on the definition of simple robust parameters to predict image noise in cardiac computed tomography (CT) exist. Objectives: To evaluate the value of a simple measure of subcutaneous tissue as a predictor of image noise in cardiac CT. Methods: 86 patients underwent prospective ECG-gated coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and coronary calcium scoring (CAC) with 120 kV and 150 mA. The image quality was objectively measured by the image noise in the aorta in the cardiac CTA, and low noise was defined as noise < 30HU. The chest anteroposterior diameter and lateral width, the image noise in the aorta and the skin-sternum (SS) thickness were measured as predictors of cardiac CTA noise. The association of the predictors and image noise was performed by using Pearson correlation. Results: The mean radiation dose was 3.5 ± 1.5 mSv. The mean image noise in CT was 36.3 ± 8.5 HU, and the mean image noise in non-contrast scan was 17.7 ± 4.4 HU. All predictors were independently associated with cardiac CTA noise. The best predictors were SS thickness, with a correlation of 0.70 (p < 0.001), and noise in the non-contrast images, with a correlation of 0.73 (p < 0.001). When evaluating the ability to predict low image noise, the areas under the ROC curve for the non-contrast noise and for the SS thickness were 0.837 and 0.864, respectively. Conclusion: Both SS thickness and CAC noise are simple accurate predictors of cardiac CTA image noise. Those parameters can be incorporated in standard CT protocols to adequately adjust radiation exposure.

Alguns autores têm sugerido que um escore de cálcio (CAC) igual à zero pode ser usado para descartar o diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda. Objetivo do estudo é avaliar a precisão do diagnóstico de um CAC zero quando comparado com a angiotomografia coronária (ATC) no Pronto-Socorro. 135 pacientes sintomáticos sem doença arterial coronariana (DAC) prévia atendidos no Pronto-Socorro, foram submetidos ao CAC e à ATC para descartar a DAC. Todos os pacientes tinham eletrocardiograma e marcadores cardíacos normais e apresentaram escore de risco TIMI de 0 a 2. A ATC foi considerada positiva no caso de identificação de qualquer lesão obstrutiva (> 50%). A média de idade era de 51,7 ± 13,6 anos, com 50,6% de homens. Setenta e três (54,1%) pacientes apresentaram um escore zero de cálcio. Desses, 3 (4,1%) tiveram uma obstrução > 50% e foram submetidos a angiografia coronária invasiva. O escore de cálcio mostrou uma sensibilidade de 92,9%, especificidade de 75,3% e valores preditivos positivos e negativos de, respectivamente, 62,9% e 95,9%. As razões de verossimilhança positiva e negativa foram respectivamente de 3,7 e 0,09 para a detecção de lesões maiores do que 50% na ATC. A razão de verossimilhança negativa de 0,09 é muito boa para descartar a maioria dos casos de obstrução coronária significativa em estudos epidemiológicos. No entanto, é importante entender que em um cenário clínico, todas as evidências, incluindo histórico, exame clínico, dados de biomarcadores miocárdicos e do eletrocardiograma, devem ser interpretados em conjunto. Em nosso estudo, três casos com um escore CAC zero tinham obstrução coronariana superior a 50% na ATC.

Some authors have suggested that a zero calcium score (CAC) can be used to rule out the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Objective this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a zero CAC when compared to the coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) at the emergency department. 135 symptomatic patients with no previous coronary heart disease (CHD) who presented to the emergency department were submitted to CAC and CCTA to rule out CHD. All patients had normal electrocardiogram and cardiac biomarkers and were TIMI risk score 0 to 2. The CCTA was considered positive if any obstructive lesion (> 50%) was identified. The mean age was 51.7 ± 13.6 years with 50.6% of men. Seventy-three (54.1%) patients had a calcium score of zero. Of them, 3 (4.1%) had an obstruction > 50 % and underwent invasive coronary angiography. Calcium score showed a sensitivity of 92.9%, specificity of 75.3%, positive and negative predictive values of, respectively, 62.9% and 95.9%. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were respectively of 3.7 and 0.09 to detect lesions greater than 50% in the CCTA. A negative likelihood ratio of 0.09 is very good to rule out most cases of significant coronary obstruction in epidemiologic studies. However, it is important to understand that in a clinical scenario, all evidence including history, clinical examination, data from eletrocardiogram and myocardial biomarkers have to be interpreted together. In our study, three cases with a zero CAC score had coronary obstruction higher than 50% at the CCTA.

OBJECTIVE: To study the seasonal variation in mortality due to myocardial infarction in the city of São Paulo. METHODS: We analyzed the database of PROAIM (Programa de Aprimoramento de Informações de Mortalidade) containing the registrations of the certificates of deaths due to myocardial infarction (International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, classification I21) of the residents of the municipality of São Paulo during 12 months (from December 1996 to November 1997). The number of deaths was corrected for a standard period of 90 days and then it was divided by the corresponding population to obtain the event rate per 10 thousand inhabitants. The magnitude of the seasonal variation, which was defined by the difference of the relative risks between the seasons with higher and lower mortality, was estimated. RESULTS: A total of 5,615 deaths due to myocardial infarction were included in the study. Sixty-one per cent occurred in the male sex, and the mean age was 68 years. The mortality rate during winter was always higher and that during summer was lower than that during the other seasons (P<0.01), independent from age and sex. Seasonal variations in deaths due to myocardial infarction was 30% in the general group, being 23% in individuals who died younger than 75 years, and 44% in the older ones. CONCLUSION: A marked seasonal variation in mortality due to myocardial infarction was observed in the city of São Paulo, with a significant increase in its magnitude and age distribution during the winter, similar to those reported in regions of North America and Europe with temperate climates.