The Parnaíba Basin covers an area of 665,888 km2 between the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil. It is completely made up of siliciclastic sedimentary and volcanic rocks with ages varying between the Silurian and the Cretaceous. Among the formations of the Basin, the Tianguá Formation is considered a potential source rock. However, there are few geochemical and/or geological studies and no research work on the molecular parameters of the organic matter (OM) present in its outcropping rocks (OR). Thus, the objective of the present work is to characterize the OM, concerning the depositional paleoenvironment and the degree of thermal evolution, through molecular parameters and OM content. The OM was extracted using the Soxhlet system, chromatographed by classical methods, and analyzed using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS. The samples exhibited low total organic carbon values (TOC < 1) and the molecular parameters of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons suggested a marine depositional environment, with algae, bacteria, and terrestrial plants input. The C30 biomarkers (24-n-propylcholestane), identified using synthetic standards and usually associated with the Chrysophyte algae, corroborated the marine origin of the depositional environment. In addition, some molecular parameters suggested little thermal evolution.

The Barreirinha Formation-Upper Devonian, is the main petroleum source rock of the Amazon Basin, deposited during the great Devonian Transgression, contributing to significant accumulations of organic matter (OM) in anoxic conditions, which allowed its preservation. The present work had the objective of characterizing the molecular composition of biomarkers in outcrops samples of the Barreirinha Formation, aiming to evaluate the paleoenvironment, thermal evolution, and the preservation of OM total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicate considerable amounts of immature OM deposited in a low oxygenation environment. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) data corroborate that the OM was deposited in a suboxic to the oxic environment and low salinity (absence or low relative abundance of β-carotane and gammacerane). 24-N-Propyl-cholestane was detected and identified by synthetic pattern co-injection. High concentrations of tetracyclic polyprenoids (TPPs) in ascending order from base to top, high hopane/sterane ratios, to suggest that the samples had a high molecular weight n-alkanes, C29 steranes, low thermal evolution, and anoxic depositional paleoenvironment.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos de deriva simulada dos herbicidas clomazone e sulfentrazone em dois clones comerciais de E. grandis x E. urophylla, da Votorantim Celulose e Papel (VCP1 e VCP2). Na simulação, as doses do herbicida clomazone variaram de 0 a 2.000 mL ha-1 e no sulfentrazone, de 0 a 1.500 mL ha-1. As mudas dos dois clones, previamente selecionadas, foram plantadas em vasos com capacidade para 5,0 L. O solo utilizado foi o Neossolo Quartzarênico, sendo a aplicação dos herbicidas realizada 80 dias após o plantio. O delineamento experimental utilizado em cada herbicida foi o de blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 8, com três repetições. O efeito do clomazone resultou em folhas novas rosadas, amareladas e, em alguns casos, esbranquiçadas, como um todo ou em parte dela, enquanto as nervuras se mantiveram verdes. Observou-se, também, que as folhas velhas se tornaram mais verdes e grossas. Ocorreu redução nas características de crescimento, variando de 13 a 57%, e as doses consideradas críticas do herbicida clomazone foram de 800 e 1.200 ml ha-1 nos clones VCP1 e VCP2, respectivamente. Com o sulfentrazone, os sintomas da deriva foram necroses generalizadas nas folhas novas e velhas; ao redor da necrose, formaram-se região arroxeada e deformação intensa nas folhas novas e regular nas folhas velhas, bem como houve perda de dominância apical. As características de crescimento indicaram redução de 9 a 66%. A dose crítica desse herbicida foi de 75 ml ha-1 no clone VCP1 e 1.200 ml ha-1 no VCP2. Conclui-se que uma possível deriva dos herbicidas estudados e utilizados em cana-de-açúcar poderá causar prejuízos ao crescimento dos clones avaliados.

This research aimed to develop accurate information about the effects of two simulated herbicide drift (clomazone and sulfentrazone) on the growth of Votorantim Celulose e Papel Eucalyptus grandis x E. urohylla comercial clones (VCP1 and VCP2). This research imposed doses to clomazone ranging between 0 and 2000 mL ha-1 and 0 to 1500 mL ha-1 to sulfentrazone. One cutting of each clone was planted in 5.0 liter plastic pots filled with sandy soil. 80 days after the planting, the herbicide applications were carried out. The treatments were applied to plots with completely randomized blocks with a 2x8 factorial design and replicated three times. The clomazone effects resulted in yellowish, pinkish young leaves and, in some cases, a whitening effect between leaf veins and strongly green and thicker older leaves. The growth parameters were reduced between 13 and 57% and the critical doses of clomazone were from 800 to 1200 ml ha-1, for the clones VCP1 and VCP2, respectively. For sulfentrazone, the drift symptoms included speckling and spotting of younger and older leaves, and purple rings around the spots. High deformation of younger leaves, regular deformation of older leaves, and apical dominance also occurred. The growth parameters indicated a reduction between 9 and 66%. The critical doses to sulfentrazone were 75 - 1200 ml ha-1, for the clones VCP1 and VCP2, respectively. We may conclude from this research that clomazone and sulfentrazone drift could affect the development of the clones evaluated.

O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é uma hortaliça da família Lamiaceae, utilizada na culinária ou como matéria prima para a indústria de fármacos e óleos essenciais. Amostras de plantas de manjericão apresentando sintomas de murcha, seca de hastes e podridão de colo foram coletadas na área rural de Brazlândia (DF) durante a estação chuvosa de 2005. Outras duas amostras foram coletadas em plantas cultivadas em campo aberto e casas de vegetação na região de Ponte Alta (DF). Isolados de um fungo, identificado como Fusarium oxysporum, foram obtidos em todas as amostras. Testes de patogenicidade foram conduzidos com mudas das cultivares O. basilicum 'Dark Opal' e 'Italian Large Leaf', e de acessos das espécies O. americanum L. (manjericão de folha miúda), O. campechianum Mill. (alfavaca), Origanum manjorana L. (manjerona), Origanum vulgare L. (orégano), Mentha arvensis L. (menta), Coleus blumei Benth. (tapete), Leonorus sibiricus L. (rubim) e Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) W.T. Aiton (cordão-de-frade). Todos os isolados fúngicos mostraram-se altamente virulentos sobre as duas cultivares de manjericão. Em O. campechianum e O. americanum os isolados causaram apenas suave escurecimento vascular e leve redução de crescimento, sendo avirulentos sobre acessos das espécies O. manjorana, O. vulgare, M. arvensis, C. blumei, L. sibiricus e L. nepetaefolia. Este conjunto de dados indicou que o agente causal da doença é o fungo F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici, constituindo-se no primeiro registro formal deste patógeno no Brasil. Os lotes de sementes utilizados nas áreas de ocorrência da doença foram submetidos a um teste de sanidade visando verificar a presença do patógeno. O fungo F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici foi detectado em quatro dos seis lotes e os isolados obtidos das sementes contaminadas mostraram similar sintomatologia e um idêntico perfil de virulência aos verificados em campo e casa de vegetação, sugerindo que as sementes representam o mais provável veículo de introdução e potencial disseminação deste patógeno no Brasil.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L) is one of the most important vegetable crops in the family Lamiaceae, being employed mainly as a source of essential oils for the pharmaceutical industry. Samples of plants showing symptoms of wilt, stem blight and collar root rot were collected during the 2005 hot rainy season in the rural area of Brazlândia (Federal District) in central Brazil. Two other samples displaying identical symptoms were collected under greenhouse and field conditions in Ponte Alta (DF). The fungus Fusarium oxysporum was consistently isolated in all samples. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using seedlings and stem cuttings of the O. basilicum cultivars 'Dark Opal' and 'Italian Large Leaf' as well as accessions of the species O. americanum L, O. campechianum Mill., Origanum manjorana L., O. vulgare L., Mentha arvensis L., Coleus blumei Benth., Leonorus sibiricus L. and Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) W.T. Aiton. All isolates were highly virulent on O. basilicum cultivars, whereas O. campechianum and O. americanum cultivars reacted with a slight vascular browning and with a very mild reduction in plant growth rate. All isolates were considered avirulent to O. manjorana, O. vulgaris, M. arvensis, C. blumei, L. sibiricus and L. nepetaefolia accessions. The experimental data indicated that the causal agent of this disease is the fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici. This is the first formal report of this pathogen in Brazil. The remaining seeds from commercial lots that were sowed in the areas where the pathogen was first described were evaluated for the presence of F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici. This fungus was detected in four out of six seed lots and the seed-derived isolates were able to induce similar set of symptoms in the same group of plant accessions. This result strongly suggests that this new disease in Brazil was most likely introduced into the country via contaminated seeds.

Quatro ensaios foram implantados no verão para avaliar a produtividade, o florescimento prematuro e a queima-das-folhas em genótipos de cenoura conduzidos em sistema orgânico e convencional. Os ensaios foram instalados em Brazlândia e na Embrapa Hortaliças. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos (genótipos Alvorada, Brasília RL, Brasília Bionatur, Kuronan, Nantes 3 Tip Top, Carandaí AG 106, Brazlândia e Pop. 0212246) e cinco repetições. Os nutrientes foram incorporados ao solo através de composto orgânico, no sistema orgânico e, fertilizantes químicos, no sistema convencional. Aos 70 dias da semeadura as plantas foram avaliadas no campo para incidência de doenças. Foi também identificada a prevalência de patógenos. A colheita foi realizada 95 dias após a semeadura. O florescimento prematuro foi mais freqüente no genótipo Brasília Bionatur, no sistema convencional, em Brazlândia. Foi observada diferença entre genótipos para queima-das-folhas nos dois sistemas. Nantes foi a mais suscetível, enquanto a Pop. 0212246 foi uma das mais resistentes nos dois sistemas de cultivo. Alternaria dauci prevaleceu em Brazlândia, enquanto Cercospora carotae foi observado em ambas as localidades, no sistema orgânico. Quanto à produção comercial e total os genótipos Pop. 0212246 e Brazlândia estiveram entre os mais produtivos, independente do sistema de cultivo. Para produtividade comercial e total, número e peso de raízes refugadas o sistema convencional apresentou resultados superiores ao orgânico. As cultivares Brasília RL, Brazlândia e a Pop. 0212246 podem ser recomendadas para plantio no período de verão, no DF, independente do sistema de cultivo. A Pop. 0212246 apresenta características agronômicas desejadas pelo mercado e poderá futuramente ser disponibilizada para produtores da região.

Four experiments were carried out with carrots genotypes during summer season in Distrito Federal, Brazil, to evaluate yield, bolting and leaf blight under organic and conventional conditions. The experiments were carried out in two locations and in each one two experiments were established, considering both crop systems. The experimental design was a random block with eight treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of the cvs. Alvorada, Brasília RL, Brasília Bionatur, Kuronan, Nantes 3 Tip Top, Carandaí AG 106, Brazlândia and Pop. 0212246. The soil was fertilized with organic compost for the organic trial and with chemical fertilizer for the conventional trial. Plants were evaluated for leaf blight incidence, 70 days after sowing date, through visual observation. Roots were harvested 95 days after sowing, washed, classified and weighted. Bolting was more frequent in Brasília Bionatur, under conventional condition, in Brazlândia. A difference of susceptibility to leaf blight among genotypes was observed in plants cultivated in the organic system. Nantes was the most susceptible while Pop. 0212246 was the most resistant. Alternaria dauci was observed more frequently at Brazlândia, while Cercospora carotae was observed at both locations, similarly, under organic conditions. For commercial and total yield, commercial and total root number, Pop. 0212246 and Brazlândia were the best materials in both crop systems. Total and commercial yield, total and commercial root number, number and weight of refused roots were higher in the conventional area, compared to the organic area. Brasília and Brazlândia can be recommended for Distrito Federal, independently of crop system, during summer season. Pop. 0212246 showed desirable agronomical characteristics and can be, in the future, available for farmers in Distrito Federal.

Criptococose é considerada a infecção fúngica sistêmica oportunista mais comum em pacientes com AIDS. Nestes pacientes tem predominado como agente etiológico Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, e muito raramente relata-se C. neoformans var. gattiii, mesmo nas regiões onde se verifica a sua prevalência. Foram estudados 50 pacientes com lesões de criptococose meningoencefálica associada com AIDS. Os isolados foram identificados através de características microscópicas e macroscópicas exibidas em meios de ágar Sabouraud, ágar niger e Christensen. As variedades de C. neoformans foram determinadas pela reação de coloração obtida em meio de L-canavanina glicina-azul de bromotimol (CGB). Em todos os pacientes examinados foram isolados C. neoformans, sendo identificados C. neoformans var. neoformans em 47 isolados e C. neoformans var. gattii em 3. Os resultados encontrados mostram que a criptococose em pacientes com AIDS pode também ser causada por C. neoformans var. gatti, apesar de haver predominância de C. neoformans var neoformans nesta população.

Cryptococcosis is considered the most frequent fungal systemic opportunist infection in patients with AIDS. C. neoformans var. neoformans infects the patients with AIDS more often than C. neoformans var. gattii which has been rarely isolated from patients with AIDS. Even in endemic regions of C. neoformans var. gattii, the variety of neoformans is still the most common agent diagnosed in cryptococcosis of patients with AIDS. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from fifty patients with neurocryptococcosis associated with AIDS were studied. The fungi were isolated in agar Sabouraud medium, and were identified by microscopic and macroscopic examination by agar Sabouraud, agar niger and Christensen's urea medium. The variety was determined based on a color characteristic reaction on glycine-L-canavanina-bromothymol blue agar. From all of the fifty patients' cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) we were able to recover C. neoformans. The isolates were identified as C. neoformans var. neoformans in 47 patients and as C. neoformans var. gattii. in the 3 remaining patients. These findings suggest that both varieties, gattii and neoformans, are agents of neurocryptococcosis in patients with AIDS.

Infecções oportunistas da cavidade bucal são primariamente causadas por fungos do gênero Candida e freqüentemente ocorrem em pacientes com câncer que estão sobtratamento quimioterápico e antibacteriano. De 44 amostras coletadas da mucosa oral de pacientes com câncer, observou-se o isolamento de 25 leveduras do gênero Candida em cultivo realizado em ágar Sabouraud-dextrose. Foram identificados Candida albicans em 24 (96%) isolados e C. krusei em 1 (4%). As características fenotípicas das amostras de Candida albicans mostraram que todos os isolados foram fortemente proteolíticos, capazes de produzir fosfolipases e possuíam os biotipos caracterizados como 811(95,8%) e 511 (4,2%) em relação a susceptibilidade às toxinas killer.

Opportunistic infections of the oral cavity are primarily caused by Candida and frequently occur in patients with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy and antibiotic treatment. Of the specimens received from the oral mucosa of 44 patients with cancer, 25 (56.8%) yielded Candida on culture in Sabouraud agar. Twenty four of these isolates were identified as C. albicans (96%) and 1 as C. krusei (4%). The phenotypic characteristics of these isolates showed that all of them were strongly proteolytic, had a high ability to produce phospholipase, and presented the byotypes characterized as 811 (95.8%) and 511 (4.2%) in terms of susceptibility to killer toxins.